Kosakivska, Iryna V. published the artcileMolecular mechanisms of plant adaptive responses to heavy metals stress, Application of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is review plant adaptive response heavy metal stress; heavy metals; micronutrients; pollutants; redistribution; transport.
Heavy metals (HMs) are among the main environmental pollutants that can enter the soil, water bodies, and the atm. as a result of natural processes (weathering of rocks, volcanic activity), and also as a result of human activities (mining, metallurgical and chem. industries, transport, application of mineral fertilizers). Plants counteract the HMs stresses through morphol. and physiol. adaptations, which are imparted through well-coordinated mol. mechanisms. New approaches, which include transcriptomics, genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics analyses, have opened the paths to understand such complex networks. This review sheds light on mol. mechanisms included in plant adaptive and defense responses during metal stress. It is focused on the entry of HMs into plants, its transport and accumulation, effects on the main physiol. processes, gene expressions included in plant adaptive and defense responses during HM stress. Anal. of new data allowed the authors to conclude that the most important mechanism of HM tolerance is extracellular and intracellular HM sequestration. Organic anions (malate, oxalate, etc.) provide extracellular sequestration of HM ions. Intracellular HM sequestration depends not only on a direct binding mechanism with different polymers (pectin, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, etc.) or organic anions but also on the action of cellular receptors and transmembrane transporters. We focused on the functioning chloroplasts, mitochondria, and the Golgi complex under HM stress. The currently known mol. mechanisms of plant tolerance to the toxic effects of HMs are analyzed.
Cell Biology International published new progress about Chemical industry. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Application of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.
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