Fate and transport modelling framework for assessing risks to soil and groundwater from chemicals accidentally released during surface operations: An Australian example application from shale gas developments was written by Mallants, Dirk;Doble, Rebecca;Beiraghdar, Yousef. And the article was included in Journal of Hydrology (Amsterdam, Netherlands) in 2022.Name: 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) This article mentions the following:
Shale and tight gas developments in the Beetaloo (28,000 km2) and Cooper (139,000 km2) basins of Australia are subject to stringent State and Federal Government controls and assessments. Several scientific investigations are ongoing to improve the scientific basis of the risks from unconventional gas developments to water and the environment. In this study a framework was developed to derive estimates of chem. dilution associated with leakage to groundwater from accidental release of chems. used for shale and tight gas extraction in Australia. The quant. assessment accounted for key landscape parameters that determine natural attenuation: soil type, depth to groundwater and groundwater velocity. Both basins were discretised into 1000 x 1000 m2 grids for which the unsaturated zone and groundwater dilution factors were derived. Migration of chems. through deep unsaturated zones was calculated with the HYDRUS-1D simulator, taking account of best-available hydraulic properties from a digital soil database. A three-dimensional anal. solution of the advection-dispersion equation provided estimates of dilution in groundwater after solutes travelled 500 m from the center (source location) to the edge of every grid cell. The combined vadose zone-groundwater dilution factors were used to determine under which conditions concentrations of hydraulic fracturing chems. or flowback water accidentally released into the environment would decrease to levels that are no longer considered harmful to the environment. When the method was applied to 39 hydraulic fracturing chems. scheduled for stimulation of a shale gas well, ecotoxicol. risk quotients (RQ) were calculated to indicate which chems. were of no environmental concern. This work contributes to increasing the efficiency of quant. impact assessments and provides a framework to develop dedicated monitoring and management practices to support regulation and management of the gas industry in Australia. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) (cas: 111-46-6Name: 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol)).
2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) (cas: 111-46-6) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.Name: 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol)
Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts