Kurata, Yu published the artcileThe role of hypoxia in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis, Product Details of C4H6O5, the main research area is HIF1 oxygen tension hypoxia lupus nephritis; hypoxia; hypoxia-inducible factor; systemic lupus erythematosus.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is asystemic autoimmune disease of multi-factorial etiol. T cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of SLE by amplifying inflammatory responses and helping B cells to produce autoantibodies. Naive T cells are activated by recognition of an antigen signal and initiate immune responses including differentiation, expansion, and effector functions. Activated T cells shift their metabolic program toward glycolysis to generate energy and biosynthetic precursors. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), a transcription factor, plays a key role in the metabolic reprogramming of immune cells. HIF-1 regulates cellular adaptation to hypoxia and upregulates an array of target genes. In order to accommodate to hypoxic conditions, where mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is disrupted, HIF-1 upregulate genes related to glucose uptake and glycolysis. Proinflammatory CD4-T helper type17 (TH17) cells are important mediators involved in the pathogenesis of SLE. The differentiation of naive CD4-T cells into TH17 cell lineage depends on HIF-1 via the facilitation of glycolysis and direct upregulation of a key transcription factor. In patients with lupus nephritis patients, HIF-1alpha expression was shown to be upregulated in both the glomeruli and the interstitium, and glomerular HIF-1 a expression was associated with the severity of renal histopathol.
Kidney International published new progress about Anemia. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Product Details of C4H6O5.
Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts