Barman, Milan K.’s team published research in Journal of Organic Chemistry in 2019 | CAS: 873-75-6

(4-Bromophenyl)methanol(cas: 873-75-6) undergoes three-component reaction with acetylferrocene and arylboronic acid to give ferrocenyl ketones containing biaryls.Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks It undergoes efficient trimethylsilylation reaction with 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane in the presence of catalytic amount of aspartic acid in acetonitrile.

In 2019,Journal of Organic Chemistry included an article by Barman, Milan K.; Das, Kuhali; Maji, Biplab. Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks. The article was titled 《Selective Hydroboration of Carboxylic Acids with a Homogeneous Manganese Catalyst》. The information in the text is summarized as follows:

Catalytic reduction of carboxylic acid to the corresponding alc. is a challenging task of great importance for the production of a variety of value-added chems. Herein, a Mn-catalyzed chemoselective hydroboration of carboxylic acids was developed with a high turnover number (>99,000) and turnover frequency (>2000 h-1) at 25°. This method displayed tolerance of electronically and sterically differentiated substrates with high chemoselectivity. Importantly, aliphatic long-chain fatty acids, including biomass-derived compounds, can efficiently be reduced. Mechanistic studies revealed that the reaction occurs through the formation of active Mn-hydride species via an insertion and bond metathesis type mechanism.(4-Bromophenyl)methanol(cas: 873-75-6Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks) was used in this study.

(4-Bromophenyl)methanol(cas: 873-75-6) undergoes three-component reaction with acetylferrocene and arylboronic acid to give ferrocenyl ketones containing biaryls.Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks It undergoes efficient trimethylsilylation reaction with 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane in the presence of catalytic amount of aspartic acid in acetonitrile.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Wu, Yang’s team published research in ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces in 2019 | CAS: 34374-88-4

2,4,6-Trihydroxybenzene-1,3,5-tricarbaldehyde(cas: 34374-88-4) is a member of phloroglucinol derivatives.Electric Literature of C9H6O6For acyl phloroglucinols, it is considered the largest category of compounds among phloroglucinols of natural characteristics.

In 2019,ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces included an article by Wu, Yang; Yan, Dongwan; Zhang, Zhongyue; Matsushita, Michio M.; Awaga, Kunio. Electric Literature of C9H6O6. The article was titled 《Electron Highways into Nanochannels of Covalent Organic Frameworks for High Electrical Conductivity and Energy Storage》. The information in the text is summarized as follows:

To enhance the electron transfer within the covalent organic frameworks (COFs), we obtained a nanocomposite of conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and redox-active AQ-COF by performing a facile in situ solid-state polymerization inside the nanochannels of COFs. The PEDOT chains functioned like electron highways within the nanochannels, resulting in a PEDOT@AQ-COF nanocomposite with an excellent elec. conductivity of 1.1 S cm-1 and a remarkably improved performance in faradaic energy storage. The all-organic PEDOT@AQ-COF electrode showed specific capacitance as high as 1663 F g-1 (at 1 A g-1), ultrafast charge/discharge rate performance (998 F g-1 at 500 A g-1), and excellent stability for 10 000 cycles. This research demonstrates a promising strategy for increasing the conductivity of COF-based materials and broadening their applications. The experimental process involved the reaction of 2,4,6-Trihydroxybenzene-1,3,5-tricarbaldehyde(cas: 34374-88-4Electric Literature of C9H6O6)

2,4,6-Trihydroxybenzene-1,3,5-tricarbaldehyde(cas: 34374-88-4) is a member of phloroglucinol derivatives.Electric Literature of C9H6O6For acyl phloroglucinols, it is considered the largest category of compounds among phloroglucinols of natural characteristics.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Eserci, Hande’s team published research in Journal of Molecular Structure in 2019 | CAS: 4048-33-3

6-Aminohexan-1-ol(cas: 4048-33-3) may be used along with glutaric acid to generate poly(ester amide)s with excellent film- and fiber forming properties. It can undergo cyclization over copper supported on γ-alumina and magnesia to form hexahydro-1H-azepine.COA of Formula: C6H15NO

In 2019,Journal of Molecular Structure included an article by Eserci, Hande; Senkuytu, Elif; Okutan, Elif. COA of Formula: C6H15NO. The article was titled 《New cyclotriphosphazene based nanotweezers bearing perylene and glycol units and their non-covalent interactions with single walled carbon nanotubes》. The information in the text is summarized as follows:

We report on the design, synthesis and characterization of three new amphiphilic four fragment cyclotriphosphazene nanotweezers based on thermally stable carrier/router cyclotriphosphazene, extended polycyclic aromatic perylene bisimides with hydrophobic aliphatic tail and solvophilic glycol units, suitable for the exfoliation of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). The ultrasonication of SWCNT and new cyclotriphosphazene derivatives provided disentangled and undamaged SWCNTs, which interact with the perylene units through π-π interactions. The newly synthesized perylene-cyclotriphosphazenes were characterized by elemental anal., mass, 31P, 1H and 13C NMR techniques. The photophyisical behavior of cyclotriphosphazene derivatives and their nanocomposites were investigated via UV- Vis absorption and fluorescence emission spectroscopy. It was found that non-geminal- cis-tris- perylenebisimide substituted compound exhibit an addnl. fluorescence peak compared with the parent compounds which is consistent with an intramol. excimer formation. Prepared nanocomposites were also characterized via Raman spectroscopy and the morphol. features were analyzed by HR- TEM. The quality of the nanocomposite dispersions in water were evaluated by zeta potential anal.6-Aminohexan-1-ol(cas: 4048-33-3COA of Formula: C6H15NO) was used in this study.

6-Aminohexan-1-ol(cas: 4048-33-3) may be used along with glutaric acid to generate poly(ester amide)s with excellent film- and fiber forming properties. It can undergo cyclization over copper supported on γ-alumina and magnesia to form hexahydro-1H-azepine.COA of Formula: C6H15NO

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Taheri-Ledari, Reza’s team published research in Ultrasonics Sonochemistry in 2019 | CAS: 100-83-4

3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde(cas: 100-83-4) can be used as a reactant along with ethyl acetoacetate and thiourea in the synthesis of corresponding dihydropyrimidine-2-thione (monastrol), using Yb(OTf)3 as a catalyst by Biginelli cyclocondensation reaction.COA of Formula: C7H6O2

In 2019,Ultrasonics Sonochemistry included an article by Taheri-Ledari, Reza; Rahimi, Jamal; Maleki, Ali. COA of Formula: C7H6O2. The article was titled 《Synergistic catalytic effect between ultrasound waves and pyrimidine-2,4-diamine-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles: Applied for synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridine pharmaceutical derivatives》. The information in the text is summarized as follows:

A convenient strategy for synthesis of the various derivatives of 1,4-dihydropyridine (1,4-DHP), as one of the most important pharmaceutical compounds I (R = Ph, 3NO2C6H4, 4ClC6H4, etc.; R1 = Me, Et), II, is presented in this study. For this purpose, firstly, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) were fabricated and suitably coated by silica network (SiO2) and trimethoxy vinylsilane (TMVS). Then, their surfaces were well functionalized with pyrimidine-2,4-diamine (PDA) as the main active sites for catalyzing the synthesis reactions. In this regard, the performance of three different methods including reflux, microwave (MW) and ultrasound wave (USW) irradiations have been comparatively monitored via studying various analyses on the fabricated nanocatalyst (Fe3O4/SiO2-PDA). Concisely, high efficiency of the USW irradiation (in an ultrasound cleaning bath with a frequency of 50 kHz and power of 250 W/L) has been well proven through the investigation of the main factors such as excellent surface-functionalization, core/shell structure conservation, particle uniformity, close size distribution of the particles, and great inhibition of the particle aggregation. Then, the effectiveness of the USW irradiation as a promising co-catalyst agent has been clearly demonstrated in the 1,4-dihydropyridines I, II synthesis reactions. It has been concluded that the USW could provide more appropriate conditions for activation of the catalytic sites of Fe3O4/SiO2-PDA NPs. However, high reaction yields (89%) have been obtained in the short reaction times (10 min) due to the substantial synergistic effect between the presented nanocatalyst and USW. The experimental process involved the reaction of 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde(cas: 100-83-4COA of Formula: C7H6O2)

3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde(cas: 100-83-4) can be used as a reactant along with ethyl acetoacetate and thiourea in the synthesis of corresponding dihydropyrimidine-2-thione (monastrol), using Yb(OTf)3 as a catalyst by Biginelli cyclocondensation reaction.COA of Formula: C7H6O2

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Zhao, Jie’s team published research in ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces in 2019 | CAS: 6381-59-5

Potassium sodium (2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxysuccinate tetrahydrate(cas: 6381-59-5) is a ferroelectric crystal with a high piezoelectric effect and electromechanical coupling coefficient. HPLC of Formula: 6381-59-5 Potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate has been used in the preparation of Lowry reagent for the determination of microsomal protein concentration in rat hepatic microsomes by Lowry method.

The author of 《A Sequential Process of Graphene Exfoliation and Site-Selective Copper/Graphene Metallization Enabled by Multifunctional 1-Pyrenebutyric Acid Tetrabutylammonium Salt》 were Zhao, Jie; Wen, Chenyu; Sun, Rui; Zhang, Shi-Li; Wu, Biao; Zhang, Zhi-Bin. And the article was published in ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces in 2019. HPLC of Formula: 6381-59-5 The author mentioned the following in the article:

This paper reports a procedure leading to shear exfoliation of pristine few-layer graphene flakes in water and subsequent site-selective formation of Cu/graphene films on polymer substrates, both of which are enabled by employing the water soluble 1-pyrenebutyric acid tetrabutylammonium salt (PyB-TBA). The exfoliation with PyB-TBA as an enhancer leads to as-deposited graphene films dried at 90°C that are characterized by elec. conductivity of ∼110 S/m. Owing to the good affinity of the tetrabutylammonium cations to the catalyst PdCl42-, electroless copper deposition selectively in the graphene films is initiated, resulting in a self-aligned formation of highly conductive Cu/graphene films at room temperature The excellent solution-phase and low-temperature processability, self-aligned copper growth, and high elec. conductivity of the Cu/graphene films have permitted fabrication of several electronic circuits on plastic foils, thereby indicating their great potential in compliant, flexible, and printed electronics. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Potassium sodium (2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxysuccinate tetrahydrate(cas: 6381-59-5HPLC of Formula: 6381-59-5)

Potassium sodium (2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxysuccinate tetrahydrate(cas: 6381-59-5) is a ferroelectric crystal with a high piezoelectric effect and electromechanical coupling coefficient. HPLC of Formula: 6381-59-5 Potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate has been used in the preparation of Lowry reagent for the determination of microsomal protein concentration in rat hepatic microsomes by Lowry method.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Liang, Hao’s team published research in Inorganic Chemistry Communications in 2019 | CAS: 873-75-6

(4-Bromophenyl)methanol(cas: 873-75-6) undergoes three-component reaction with acetylferrocene and arylboronic acid to give ferrocenyl ketones containing biaryls.COA of Formula: C7H7BrO It is used in the synthesis of amphiphilic, symmetric rod-coil, triblock copolymer of poly(9,9-didodecylfluorene-2,7-diyl) and poly(hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate)

The author of 《Direct growth of Au nanoparticles on g-C3N4 for photocatalytic selective alcohol oxidations》 were Liang, Hao; Wang, Jinguo; Jin, Bei; Li, Dianfeng; Men, Yong. And the article was published in Inorganic Chemistry Communications in 2019. COA of Formula: C7H7BrO The author mentioned the following in the article:

Direct growth of Au nanoparticles on g-C3N4 has been successfully achieved by a facile in-situ redox reaction between oxidative Au precursor and reductive gases produced via urea decomposition for the first time, which exhibits the highly enhanced activity for selective alc. oxidations in aqueous medium under visible-light irradiation due to the synergetic effects of the increased surface area, the enhanced light-harvesting ability and the improved separation efficiency of photocharges. Meanwhile, this photocatalyst also demonstrates strong stability, showing good potential in practical applications. This work can deliver some new insights to develop highly active photocatalysts for organic transformation reactions. In addition to this study using (4-Bromophenyl)methanol, there are many other studies that have used (4-Bromophenyl)methanol(cas: 873-75-6COA of Formula: C7H7BrO) was used in this study.

(4-Bromophenyl)methanol(cas: 873-75-6) undergoes three-component reaction with acetylferrocene and arylboronic acid to give ferrocenyl ketones containing biaryls.COA of Formula: C7H7BrO It is used in the synthesis of amphiphilic, symmetric rod-coil, triblock copolymer of poly(9,9-didodecylfluorene-2,7-diyl) and poly(hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate)

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Xu, Fang’s team published research in ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces in 2019 | CAS: 34374-88-4

2,4,6-Trihydroxybenzene-1,3,5-tricarbaldehyde(cas: 34374-88-4) is a member of phloroglucinol derivatives. Regarding monomeric phloroglucinols, this group encompasses acryl phloroglucinols, phloroglucinol-terpene adducts, phloroglucinol glycosides, halogenated phloroglucinols, prenylated phloroglucinols, and cyclicroup polyketides.Product Details of 34374-88-4

The author of 《Ion Rejection in Covalent Organic Frameworks: Revealing the Overlooked Effect of In-Pore Transport》 were Xu, Fang; Wei, Mingjie; Zhang, Xin; Wang, Yong. And the article was published in ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces in 2019. Product Details of 34374-88-4 The author mentioned the following in the article:

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), possessing highly ordered and intrinsic nanopores with high d. and tunable sizes, are expected to find important applications in ion separation and desalination. The design of COF membranes with outstanding permselectivity requires understanding the ion rejection behaviors of COF multilayers. However, the ion rejection mechanism of COF multilayers remains to be elucidated because it may significantly differ from that of conventional polyamide membranes. Herein, we use nonequilibrium mol. dynamics simulations to investigate the ion transport through multilayers of TpHZ, which is a stable, imine-linked COF. Surprisingly, we find that the rejection to NaCl is determined by its rejection to Na+ rather than to Cl-, although hydrated Cl- is bigger than hydrated Na+. Inside the channels of the TpHZ multilayers, Na+ ions transport evidently slower than water mols., implying that the in-pore transport effect instead of the commonly thought pore-entrance sieving effect governs ion rejection. The in-pore transport effect of Na+ is mainly due to the hydration of Na+ with pore wall and stronger capability of the hydrated Na+ ions to form hydrogen bonds with pore wall, both of which are primarily originated from the polarity of the COF. This work reveals the significant role of in-pore transport in ion rejection, which is overlooked in commonly used polyamide desalination membranes, and develops a universal equation capable of describing ion rejections of all membranes, especially those that contain structures of nanopores or nanochannels by considering both the effects of pore-entrance sieving and in-pore transport. The results came from multiple reactions, including the reaction of 2,4,6-Trihydroxybenzene-1,3,5-tricarbaldehyde(cas: 34374-88-4Product Details of 34374-88-4)

2,4,6-Trihydroxybenzene-1,3,5-tricarbaldehyde(cas: 34374-88-4) is a member of phloroglucinol derivatives. Regarding monomeric phloroglucinols, this group encompasses acryl phloroglucinols, phloroglucinol-terpene adducts, phloroglucinol glycosides, halogenated phloroglucinols, prenylated phloroglucinols, and cyclicroup polyketides.Product Details of 34374-88-4

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Waiba, Satyadeep’s team published research in Journal of Organic Chemistry in 2019 | CAS: 873-75-6

(4-Bromophenyl)methanol(cas: 873-75-6) undergoes three-component reaction with acetylferrocene and arylboronic acid to give ferrocenyl ketones containing biaryls.Recommanded Product: (4-Bromophenyl)methanol It undergoes efficient trimethylsilylation reaction with 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane in the presence of catalytic amount of aspartic acid in acetonitrile.

The author of 《Manganese-Catalyzed Acceptorless Dehydrogenative Coupling of Alcohols With Sulfones: A Tool To Access Highly Substituted Vinyl Sulfones》 were Waiba, Satyadeep; Barman, Milan K.; Maji, Biplab. And the article was published in Journal of Organic Chemistry in 2019. Recommanded Product: (4-Bromophenyl)methanol The author mentioned the following in the article:

The development of first-row-transition-metal catalysts that can match with the reactivities of the noble metals is considered to be challenging yet very much a desirable goal in homogeneous catalysis. It has become even more fascinating to develop processes where these metals show a unique reactivity and selectivity than their higher congeners. Herein, we report on the catalytic activity of a pincer complex of the abundant earth metal manganese for an unprecedented acceptorless dehydrogenative coupling of alkyl sulfones with alcs. Thus, highly functionalized vinyl sulfones were obtained in moderate to good yields. Both benzylic and aliphatic alcs. could be utilized, and several functional groups including bromides and iodides are tolerated under the reaction conditions. The reaction is environmentally benign, producing dihydrogen and water as byproducts. Preliminary mechanistic experiments involving kinetic, deuterium-labeling, and NMR experiments were performed.(4-Bromophenyl)methanol(cas: 873-75-6Recommanded Product: (4-Bromophenyl)methanol) was used in this study.

(4-Bromophenyl)methanol(cas: 873-75-6) undergoes three-component reaction with acetylferrocene and arylboronic acid to give ferrocenyl ketones containing biaryls.Recommanded Product: (4-Bromophenyl)methanol It undergoes efficient trimethylsilylation reaction with 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane in the presence of catalytic amount of aspartic acid in acetonitrile.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Zhang, Yu-Rui’s team published research in Free Radical Biology & Medicine in 2019 | CAS: 627-18-9

3-Bromopropan-1-ol(cas: 627-18-9) is used in the synthesis of fluorescent halide-sensitive quinolinium dyes, chiral, quaternary prolines through cyclization of quaternary amino acids and molten salt-polymers. It is utilized for the study of micellar media and in microemulsions based on cationic or a nonionic surfactant by reacting with phenols.Reference of 3-Bromopropan-1-ol

The author of 《Design and synthesis a mitochondria-targeted dihydronicotinamide as radioprotector》 were Zhang, Yu-Rui; Wang, Jun-Ying; Li, Yuan-Yuan; Meng, Yuan-Yuan; Zhang, Yuan; Yang, Fu-Jun; Xu, Wen-Qing. And the article was published in Free Radical Biology & Medicine in 2019. Reference of 3-Bromopropan-1-ol The author mentioned the following in the article:

Radiation-induced damage to the mitochondrial macromols. and electron transfer chain (ETC), causing the generation of primary and secondary reactive oxygen (ROS) species. The continuous ROS production after radiation will trigger cell oxidative stress and ROS-mediated nucleus apoptosis and autophagy signaling pathways. Scavenging radiation-induced ROS effectively can help mitochondria to maintain their physiol. function and relief cells from oxidative stress. Nicotinamide is a critical endogenous antioxidant helping to neutralize ROS in vivo. In this study, we designed and synthesized a novel mitochondrial-targeted dihydronicotinamide (Mito-N) with the help of mitochondrial membrane potential to enter the mitochondria and scavenge ROS. According to experiment results, Mito-N significantly increased cell viability by 30.75% by neutralizing the accumulated ROS and resisting DNA strands breaks after irradiation Furthermore, the mice survival rate also improved with the treatment of Mito-N, by effectively ameliorating the hematopoietic system infliction under LD irradiation In the experiment, the researchers used 3-Bromopropan-1-ol(cas: 627-18-9Reference of 3-Bromopropan-1-ol)

3-Bromopropan-1-ol(cas: 627-18-9) is used in the synthesis of fluorescent halide-sensitive quinolinium dyes, chiral, quaternary prolines through cyclization of quaternary amino acids and molten salt-polymers. It is utilized for the study of micellar media and in microemulsions based on cationic or a nonionic surfactant by reacting with phenols.Reference of 3-Bromopropan-1-ol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Giorgetti, Arianna’s team published research in Drug Testing and Analysis in 2020 | CAS: 7748-36-9

Oxetan-3-ol(cas: 7748-36-9) is used as a reagent in the synthesis of 5-fluoro-4,6-dialkoxypyrimidine GPR119 agonists. It is also used as a reagent in the synthesis of cyclic sulfone hydroxyethylamines as potent and selective β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) inhibitors.Recommanded Product: 7748-36-9

《Detection and phase I metabolism of the 7-azaindole-derived synthetic cannabinoid 5F-AB-P7AICA including a preliminary pharmacokinetic evaluation》 was published in Drug Testing and Analysis in 2020. These research results belong to Giorgetti, Arianna; Mogler, Lukas; Haschimi, Belal; Halter, Sebastian; Franz, Florian; Westphal, Folker; Fischmann, Svenja; Riedel, Jan; Putz, Michael; Auwarter, Volker. Recommanded Product: 7748-36-9 The article mentions the following:

In June 2018, a ′research chemica′l labeled ′AB-FUB7AICA′ was purchased online and anal. identified as 5F-AB-P7AICA, the 7-azaindole analog of 5F-AB-PINACA. Here we present data on structural characterization, suitable urinary consumption markers, and preliminary pharmacokinetic data. Structure characterization was performed by NMR spectroscopy, gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry, IR and Raman spectroscopy. Phase I metabolites were generated by applying a pooled human liver microsome assay (pHLM) to confirm the anal. results of authentic urine samples collected after oral self-administration of 2.5 mg 5F-AB-P7AICA. Analyses of pHLM and urine samples were performed by liquid chromatog.-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and liquid chromatog.-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). An LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of 5F-AB-P7AICA in serum was validated. Ten phase I metabolites were detected in human urine samples and confirmed in vitro. The main metabolites were formed by hydroxylation, amide hydrolysis, and hydrolytic defluorination, though – in contrast with most other synthetic cannabinoids – the parent compound showed the highest signals in most urine samples. The compound detection window was more than 45 h in serum. The concentration-time profile was best explained by a two-phase pharmacokinetic model. 5F-AB-P7AICA was detected in urine samples until 65 h post ingestion. Monitoring of metabolite M07, hydroxylated at the alkyl chain, next to parent 5F-AB-P7AICA, is recommended to confirm the uptake of 5F-AB-P7AICA in urinalysis. It seems plausible that the shift of the nitrogen atom from position 2 to 7 (e.g. 5F-AB-PINACA to 5F-AB-P7AICA) leads to a lower metabolic reactivity, which might be of general interest in medicinal chem. The results came from multiple reactions, including the reaction of Oxetan-3-ol(cas: 7748-36-9Recommanded Product: 7748-36-9)

Oxetan-3-ol(cas: 7748-36-9) is used as a reagent in the synthesis of 5-fluoro-4,6-dialkoxypyrimidine GPR119 agonists. It is also used as a reagent in the synthesis of cyclic sulfone hydroxyethylamines as potent and selective β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) inhibitors.Recommanded Product: 7748-36-9

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts