Tag: M.W=100-150

Khorasani, Reza published the artcileHydrogen production from dairy wastewater using catalytic supercritical water gasification: Mechanism and reaction pathway, Formula: C4H10OS, the main research area is hydrogen production dairy wastewater catalytic supercritical water gasification.

The supercritical water gasification (SCWG) of real dairy wastewater (cheese-based or whey) was performed in a batch reactor in presence of two catalysts (MnO2, MgO) and one additive (formic acid). The operational conditions of this work were at a temperature range of 350-400 C and the residence time of 30-60 min. The catalysts and formic acid were applied in 1 wt%, 3 wt%, and 5 wt% to determine their effect on hydrogen production The concentrations of catalysts and formic acid were calculated based on the weight of feedstock without ash. The results showed that increased temperature and prolonged residence time contributed to the hydrogen production (HP) and gasification efficiency (GE). The gas yield of hydrogen in the optimum condition (400 C and 60 min) was achieved as 1.36 mmol/gr DAF (dry ash free). Formic acid addition was favored towards enhancing hydrogen content while the addition of metal oxides (MnO2 and MgO) had an apex in their hydrogen production and they reached the highest hydrogen in 1 wt% concentration then ebbed. Moreover, GE was increased by the addition of the catalysts and formic acid concentrations The highest hydrogen content (35.4%) was obtained in 1 wt% MnO2 and the highest GE (32.22%) was attained in the 5 wt% formic acid concentration A reaction pathway was proposed based on the GC-MS data of feedstock and produced liquid phase at different condition as well as similar studies.

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy published new progress about Catalysts. 505-10-2 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is 3-(Methylthio)propan-1-ol, and the molecular formula is C4H10OS, Formula: C4H10OS.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Hu, Yan published the artcileGossypium barbadense and Gossypium hirsutum genomes provide insights into the origin and evolution of allotetraploid cotton, Product Details of C4H6O5, the main research area is Gossypium allotetraploidy whole genome evolution.

Allotetraploid cotton is an economically important natural-fiber-producing crop worldwide. After polyploidization, Gossypium hirsutum L. evolved to produce a higher fiber yield and to better survive harsh environments than Gossypium barbadense, which produces superior-quality fibers. The global genetic and mol. bases for these interspecies divergences were unknown. Here we report high-quality de novo-assembled genomes for these two cultivated allotetraploid species with pronounced improvement in repetitive-DNA-enriched centromeric regions. Whole-genome comparative analyses revealed that species-specific alterations in gene expression, structural variations and expanded gene families were responsible for speciation and the evolutionary history of these species. These findings help to elucidate the evolution of cotton genomes and their domestication history. The information generated not only should enable breeders to improve fiber quality and resilience to ever-changing environmental conditions but also can be translated to other crops for better understanding of their domestication history and use in improvement.

Nature Genetics published new progress about Cell wall. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Product Details of C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Yang, Nanmu published the artcileHBXIP drives metabolic reprogramming in hepatocellular carcinoma cells via METTL3-mediated m6A modification of HIF-1α, Synthetic Route of 97-67-6, the main research area is hepatocellular carcinoma HBXIP METTL3 m6A HIF1alpha hepatocyte prognosis; HBXIP; HIF-1α; METTL3; N6-methyladenosine methylation; hepatocellular carcinoma.

Cancer cells sustain high levels of glycolysis and glutaminolysis via reprogramming of intracellular metabolism, which represents a driver of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression. Understanding the mechanisms of cell metabolic reprogramming may present a new basis for liver cancer treatment. Herein, we collected HCC tissues and noncancerous liver tissues and found hepatitis B virus X-interacting protein (HBXIP) was found to be upregulated in HCC tissues and associated with poor prognosis. The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in HCC cells was evaluated after the intervention of METTL3. The possible m6A site of HIF-1α was queried and the binding relationship between METTL3 and HIF-1α was verified. The interference of HBXIP suppressed HCC malignant behaviors and inhibited the Warburg effect in HCC cells. METTL3 was upregulated in HCC tissues and pos. regulated by HBXIP. Overexpression of METTL3 restored cell metabolic reprogramming in HCC cells with partial loss of HBXIP. HBXIP mediated METTL3 to promote the metabolic reprogramming and malignant biol. behaviors of HCC cells. The levels of total m6A in HCC cells and m6A in HIF-1α were increased. METTL3 had a binding relationship with HIF-1α and mediated the m6A modification of HIF-1α. In conclusion, HBXIP drives metabolic reprogramming in HCC cells via METTL3-mediated m6A modification of HIF-1α.

Journal of Cellular Physiology published new progress about Apoptosis. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Synthetic Route of 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

He, Nianzhe published the artcileDiscovery of selective Mcl-1 inhibitors via structure-based design and structure-activity relationship analysis, Product Details of C4H11NO2, the main research area is cervical cancer Mcl1 Bcl2 anticancer apoptosis structure activity relationship; Apoptosis; Cancer; Mcl-1; Protein–protein interaction.

Based on Nap-1, a Mcl-1/Bcl-2 dual inhibitor reported by our group, we carried out a structure-guided mol. design and structure-activity relationship (SAR) anal. to study structural features contributing to Mcl-1 binding selectivity and affinity. A series of derivatives of Nap-1 with various pharmacophores were synthesized and among them a dual Mcl-1/Bcl-2 inhibitor A4 with enhanced affinities (IC50 = 0.15 μM for Mcl-1, 0.43 μM for Bcl-2) and a selective Mcl-1 inhibitor B9 with a 20-fold selectivity over Bcl-2 (IC50 = 0.51 μM vs 9.46 μM) were obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The SAR data and binding modes of A4 and B9 investigated by 2D-NMR derived docking study illustrated that p2 pockets exhibiting different geometry and binding features between Mcl-1 and Bcl-2 contribute to specific binding properties of Mcl-1. In addition, apoptosis-inducing potencies of A4 and B9 were consistent with their binding selectivity determined in vitro.

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications published new progress about Apoptosis. 22483-09-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is 2,2-Dimethoxyethanamine, and the molecular formula is C4H11NO2, Product Details of C4H11NO2.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Garcia-Caballero, Melissa published the artcileRole and therapeutic potential of dietary ketone bodies in lymph vessel growth, Safety of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is dietary ketone body lymph vessel growth therapeutics.

Abstract: Lymphatic vessels (LVs), lined by lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), are indispensable for life1. However, the role of metabolism in LECs has been incompletely elucidated. In the present study, it is reported that LEC-specific loss of OXCT1, a key enzyme of ketone body oxidation2, reduces LEC proliferation, migration and vessel sprouting in vitro and impairs lymphangiogenesis in development and disease in Prox1ΔOXCT1 mice. Mechanistically, OXCT1 silencing lowers acetyl-CoA levels, tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolite pools, and nucleotide precursor and deoxynucleotide triphosphate levels required for LEC proliferation. Ketone body supplementation to LECs induces the opposite effects. Notably, elevation of lymph ketone body levels by a high-fat, low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet or by administration of the ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate increases lymphangiogenesis after corneal injury and myocardial infarction. Intriguingly, in a mouse model of microsurgical ablation of LVs in the tail, which repeats features of acquired lymphoedema in humans, the ketogenic diet improves LV function and growth, reduces infiltration of anti-lymphangiogenic immune cells and decreases edema, suggesting a novel dietary therapeutic opportunity.

Nature Metabolism published new progress about Apoptosis. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Safety of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Miniero, Daniela Valeria published the artcileThe Interaction of Hemin, a Porphyrin Derivative, with the Purified Rat Brain 2-Oxoglutarate Carrier, Product Details of C4H6O5, the main research area is hemin porphyrin derivative rat brain oxoglutarate carrier; induced-fit molecular docking; inhibition; kinetic study; mitochondrial carrier; porphyrin derivatives; single binding centre gated pore mechanism.

The mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate carrier (OGC), isolated and purified from rat brain mitochondria, was reconstituted into proteoliposomes to study the interaction with hemin, a porphyrin derivative, which may result from the breakdown of heme-containing proteins and plays a key role in several metabolic pathways. By kinetic approaches, on the basis of the single binding center gated pore mechanism, we analyzed the effect of hemin on the transport rate of OGC in uptake and efflux experiments in proteoliposomes reconstituted in the presence of the substrate 2-oxoglutarate. Overall, our exptl. data fit the hypothesis that hemin operates a competitive inhibition in the 0.5-10 μM concentration range. As a consequence of the OGC inhibition, the malate/aspartate shuttle might be impaired, causing an alteration of mitochondrial function. Hence, considering that the metabolism of porphyrins implies both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial processes, OGC may participate in the regulation of porphyrin derivatives availability and the related metabolic pathways that depend on them (such as oxidative phosphorylation and apoptosis). For the sake of clarity, a simplified model based on induced-fit mol. docking supported the in vitro transport assays findings that hemin was as good as 2-oxoglutarate to bind the carrier by engaging specific ionic hydrogen bond interactions with a number of key residues known for participating in the similarly located mitochondrial carrier substrate binding site.

Biomolecules published new progress about Apoptosis. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Product Details of C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Giordano, Luca published the artcileAlternative oxidase attenuates cigarette smoke-induced lung dysfunction and tissue damage, Application of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is lung dysfunction tissue damage cigarette smoke alternative oxidase; COPD; alternative oxidase; cigarette smoke; mitochondria.

Cigarette smoke (CS) exposure is the predominant risk factor for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and the third leading cause of death worldwide. We aimed to elucidate whether mitochondrial respiratory inhibition and oxidative stress are triggers in its etiol. In different models of CS exposure, we investigated the effect on lung remodeling and cell signaling of restoring mitochondrial respiratory electron flow using alternative oxidase (AOX), which bypasses the cytochrome segment of the respiratory chain. AOX attenuated CS-induced lung tissue destruction and loss of function in mice exposed chronically to CS for 9 mo. It preserved the cell viability of isolated mouse embryonic fibroblasts treated with CS condensate, limited the induction of apoptosis, and decreased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In contrast, the early phase inflammatory response induced by acute CS exposure of mouse lung, i.e., infiltration by macrophages and neutrophils and adverse signaling, was unaffected. The use of AOX allowed us to obtain novel pathomechanistic insights into CS-induced cell damage, mitochondrial ROS production, and lung remodeling. Our findings implicate mitochondrial respiratory inhibition as a key pathogenic mechanism of CS toxicity in the lung. We propose AOX as a novel tool to study CS-related lung remodeling and potentially to counteract CS-induced ROS production and cell damage.

American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology published new progress about Apoptosis. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Application of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Qi, Zihe published the artcileEnhanced Cytotoxicity of Cadmium by a Sulfated Polysaccharide from Abalone, Product Details of C4H6O5, the main research area is cytotoxicity cadmium sulfated polysaccharide abalone lipid metabolism disorder; abalone gonadal polysaccharide; apoptosis; cadmium ion; cell cycle; lipidomics; metabolism.

Consumption of seafood is a common route of cadmium ion (Cd2+) exposure to consumers. The seafood matrixes may alter the toxicity profile of Cd2+ due to the interaction between Cd2+ and biomacromols. in seafood. In this study, enhanced cytotoxicity of Cd2+ was found in the presence of an abalone gonad sulfated polysaccharide (AGSP) and the mechanism was investigated at a metabolic level. The formation of the AGSP-Cd2+ complex was demonstrated by isothermal titration calorimetry. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased and mitochondrial membrane potential reduced upon exposure to the AGSP-Cd2+ complex as compared with those of Cd2+ exposure. The decreased cell viability after incubation with the AGSP-Cd2+ complex also suggested enhanced Cd2+ toxicity induced by AGSP. The metabolomics and lipidomics anal. revealed that, compared with the Cd2+ group, the AGSP-Cd2+ downregulated the phospholipid metabolism and resulted in more serious damage in the cellular membrane. The lipid metabolism disorder, in turn, amplified the generation of ROS, leading to a decrease in cell viability. These results provided new evidence of the enhanced Cd2+ toxicity upon interaction with seafood polysaccharides, and much attention should be paid to the effect of food ingredients on heavy metal ion toxicity.

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry published new progress about Apoptosis. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Product Details of C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Reed, Kristi J. published the artcileDiethylene glycol and its metabolites induce cell death in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells in vitro, Application of 2,2′-Oxydiacetic acid, the main research area is diethylene glycol neuronal cell death neurotoxicity diglycolic acid HEAA; Diethylene glycol; Diglycolic acid; Hydroxyethoxyacetate; Neurotoxicity; SH-SY5Y cell death.

Diethylene glycol (DEG) intoxication results in metabolic acidosis, renal and hepatic dysfunction, and late-stage neurotoxicity. Though the renal and hepatic toxicity of DEG and its metabolites 2-hydroxyethoxyacetic acid (2-HEAA) and diglycolic acid (DGA) have been well characterized, the resultant neurotoxicity has not. SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were incubated with all 3 compounds at increasing concentrations for 24, 48, or 120 h. At all 3 time points, 50 mmol/L DGA and 100 mmol/L DEG showed significant Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) staining with addnl. concentrations showing similar staining patterns at 24 h (100 mmol/L DGA) and 48 h (50 mmol/L DEG, 100 mmol/L DGA). Only the 200 mmol/L 2-HEAA concentration induced SH-SY5Y cell death. Interestingly at 24 and 48 h, 100 mmol/L DEG induced significant increases in apoptotic cell death markers, which progressed to necrosis at 120 h. Similar to DEG, 50 mmol/L DGA induced significant increases in SH-SY5Y cell apoptosis and necrosis markers at both 24 and 48 h. As expected, high DGA concentrations (100 mmol/L) at 120 h induced significant SH-SY5Y cell necrosis with no apoptosis detected. However, at 120 h lower DGA concentrations (20 mmol/L) significantly increased oligonucleosome formation alone and in combination with 2-HEAA or DEG. Taken together, these results indicate that DGA and DEG at threshold concentrations induce neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells.

Toxicology In Vitro published new progress about Apoptosis. 110-99-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is 2,2′-Oxydiacetic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Application of 2,2′-Oxydiacetic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Zhang, Hong published the artcileCytotoxicity and degradation product identification of thermally treated ceftiofur, Name: 2,2-Dimethoxyethanamine, the main research area is ceftiofur cytotoxicity thermal treatment cell proliferation.

Ceftiofur (CEF) is a cephalosporin antibiotic and is a commonly used drug in animal food production As a heat-labile compound, the residual CEF toxicity after thermal treatment has rarely been reported. This study was to investigate the potential toxicity of thermally treated CEF and determine the toxic components. By cytotoxicity tests and liquid chromatog.-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) assays, the cytotoxicity of the thermally treated CEF (TTC) and the components of TTC was identified, resp. Our results showed that TTC exhibited significantly increased toxicity compared with CEF towards LO2 cells by inducing apoptosis. Through LC-MS assays, we identified that the toxic compound of TTC was CEF-aldehyde (CEF-1). The IC50 value of CEF-1 on LO2 cells treated for 24 h was 573.1μg mL-1, approx. 5.3 times lower than CEF (3052.0μg mL-1) and 3.4 times lower than TTC (1967.0μg mL-1). Moreover, we found that CEF-1 was also present in thermally treated desfuroylceftiofur (DFC), the primary metabolite of CEF, indicating that residual CEF or DFC could produce CEF-1 during the heating process. These findings suggest that CEF-1 is a newly identified toxic compound, and CEF-1 may pose a potential threat to food safety or public health.

RSC Advances published new progress about Apoptosis. 22483-09-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is 2,2-Dimethoxyethanamine, and the molecular formula is C4H11NO2, Name: 2,2-Dimethoxyethanamine.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts