Month: November 2022

Procyanidin B2 Attenuates Nicotine-Induced Hepatocyte Pyroptosis through a PPARγ-Dependent Mechanism was written by Liu, Jia;Yao, Qinyu;Xie, Xinya;Cui, Qi;Jiang, Tingting;Zhao, Ziwei;Du, Xiong;Lai, Baochang;Xiao, Lei;Wang, Nanping. And the article was included in Nutrients in 2022.Product Details of 29106-49-8 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Procyanidin B2 (PCB2), a natural flavonoid, has been demonstrated to exert anti-oxidation and anti-inflammatory effects on hepatic diseases. Increasing evidence shows the hepatoxicity of nicotine. However, whether PCB2 protects against nicotine-induced hepatoxicity and the underlying mechanisms remains uncharacterized. Here, we reported that nicotine promoted hepatocyte pyroptosis, as evidenced by the elevation of propidium iodide (PI)-pos. cells, the activation of Caspase-1 and gasdermin D (GSDMD), the enhanced expression of NOD-like receptor containing pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) and the increased release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. The silencing of GSDMD by small interfering RNA (siRNA) efficiently inhibited the release of LDH and the secretion of IL-1β and IL-18. In addition, rosiglitazone (RGZ) prevented hepatocyte pyroptosis induced by nicotine. Furthermore, we showed that PCB2 attenuated nicotine-induced pyroptosis through the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) in hepatocytes. Moreover, administration of PCB2 ameliorated liver injury and hepatocyte pyroptosis in nicotine-treated mice. Hence, our findings demonstrated that PCB2 attenuated pyroptosis and liver damage in a PPARγ-dependent manner. Our results suggest a new mechanism by which PCB2 exerts its liver protective effects. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R,2’R,3R,3’R,4R)-2,2′-Bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-[4,8′-bichromane]-3,3′,5,5′,7,7′-hexaol (cas: 29106-49-8Product Details of 29106-49-8).

(2R,2’R,3R,3’R,4R)-2,2′-Bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-[4,8′-bichromane]-3,3′,5,5′,7,7′-hexaol (cas: 29106-49-8) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.Product Details of 29106-49-8

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Polydatin-Induced Direct and Bystander Effects in A549 Lung Cancer Cell Line was written by Verma, Neha;Tiku, Ashu Bhan. And the article was included in Nutrition and Cancer in 2022.SDS of cas: 27208-80-6 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Polydatin, a natural analog of resveratrol, has many biol. activities. The better bioavailability of polydatin than resveratrol makes it an ideal candidate for therapy. Polydatin has protective effects against various diseases (cardiovascular, neurol., inflammatory, etc.) including cancer. However, its mechanism of action has not been fully established. Therefore, the present study was initiated to explore the mechanism/s associated with chemotherapeutic effects of polydatin in in vitro using lung cancer A549 cells. The effects of polydatin on cell proliferation and metastasis were assessed using various parameters like MTT, colony formation, DNA damage, apoptosis, and wound healing. Polydatin treatment reduced the proliferation of A549 cells by inducing DNA damage and cell cycle arrest in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibition of cell proliferation was induced by dual mechanism of senescence and apoptosis. Proteins involved in various pathways were studied using western blotting and immunocytochem. Interestingly, senescent and apoptotic cells induced a differential bystander response (proliferative/toxic) in naive A549 cells. Our results show that polydatin can induce both senescence and apoptosis in A549 cells in a concentration-dependent manner and the differential bystander effects induced by polydatin are regulated by mTOR pathway. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(3-Hydroxy-5-((E)-4-hydroxystyryl)phenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 27208-80-6SDS of cas: 27208-80-6).

(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(3-Hydroxy-5-((E)-4-hydroxystyryl)phenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 27208-80-6) belongs to alcohols. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.SDS of cas: 27208-80-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

New method for the determination of endocrine disrupting chemicals in Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was written by Garcia-Fernandez, L.;Garcia-Corcoles, M. T.;Navalon, A.;Martin-Pozo, L.;Hidalgo, F.;Zafra-Gomez, A.. And the article was included in Microchemical Journal in 2022.Recommanded Product: 4,4′-Methylenediphenol The following contents are mentioned in the article:

There are numerous types of contaminants that pose a health risk to aquatic organisms and consequently also to humans through consumption. Endocrine disrupting compounds are found in daily-use products and have the potential to mimic natural hormones. The main objective of this work is to optimize and validate a method for the determination of bisphenols, parabens and triclocarban in natural samples of Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis). The procedure involves ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and a subsequent clean-up of the extracts using dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) with C18 adsorbent, and anal. by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatog.-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Sensitivity, accuracy (trueness and precision), linearity and selectivity of the method were studied. The limits of detection ranged from 0.2 ng g-1 to 1.5 ng g-1 dry weight The trueness of the method (estimation of recovery) was between 90 % for TCC (triclocarban) and 109.6 % for BPP (bisphenol P), with an estimated precision lower than 12.6 % for all the investigated analytes. The application of the method was to specimens of Mytilus galloprovincialis collected along the Mediterranean coast of Granada (South Spain), where the species is abundant. The study conducted in different sample sites revealed EDCs presence in this aquatic species. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4,4′-Methylenediphenol (cas: 620-92-8Recommanded Product: 4,4′-Methylenediphenol).

4,4′-Methylenediphenol (cas: 620-92-8) belongs to alcohols. The oxygen atom of the strongly polarized O―H bond of an alcohol pulls electron density away from the hydrogen atom. This polarized hydrogen, which bears a partial positive charge, can form a hydrogen bond with a pair of nonbonding electrons on another oxygen atom. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.Recommanded Product: 4,4′-Methylenediphenol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

High-resolution atmospheric-pressure MALDI mass spectrometry imaging workflow for lipidomic analysis of late fetal mouse lungs was written by Garikapati, Vannuruswamy;Karnati, Srikanth;Bhandari, Dhaka Ram;Baumgart-Vogt, Eveline;Spengler, Bernhard. And the article was included in Scientific Reports in 2019.Safety of (2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) provides label-free, non-targeted mol. and spatial information of the biomols. within tissue. Lipids play important roles in lung biol., e.g. as surfactant, preventing alveolar collapse during normal and forced respiration. Lipidomic characterization of late fetal mouse lungs at day 19 of gestation (E19) has not been performed yet. In this study we employed high-resolution atm. pressure scanning microprobe matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization MSI for the lipidomic anal. of E19 mouse lungs. Mol. species of different lipid classes were imaged in E19 lung sections at high spatial and mass resolution in pos.- and neg.-ion mode. Lipid species were characterized based on accurate mass and on-tissue tandem mass spectrometry. In addition, a dedicated sample preparation protocol, homogenous deposition of matrixes on tissue surfaces and data processing parameters were optimized for the comparison of signal intensities of lipids between different tissue sections of E19 lungs of wild type and Pex11β-knockout mice. Our study provides lipid information of E19 mouse lungs, optimized exptl. and data processing strategies for the direct comparison of signal intensities of metabolites (lipids) among the tissue sections from MSI experiments To best of our knowledge, this is the first MSI and lipidomic study of E19 mouse lungs. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate (cas: 923-61-5Safety of (2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate).

(2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate (cas: 923-61-5) belongs to alcohols. The oxygen atom of the strongly polarized O―H bond of an alcohol pulls electron density away from the hydrogen atom. This polarized hydrogen, which bears a partial positive charge, can form a hydrogen bond with a pair of nonbonding electrons on another oxygen atom. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.Safety of (2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Rapid lipid bilayer membrane formation on Parylene coated apertures to perform ion channel analyses was written by Ahmed, Tanzir;van den Driesche, Sander;Bafna, Jayesh Arun;Oellers, Martin;Hemmler, Roland;Gall, Karsten;Wagner, Richard;Winterhalter, Mathias;Vellekoop, Michael J.. And the article was included in Biomedical Microdevices in 2020.Synthetic Route of C37H74NO8P The following contents are mentioned in the article:

We present a chip design allowing rapid and robust lipid bilayer (LBL) membrane formation using a Parylene coated thin silicon nitride aperture. After bilayer formation, single membrane channels can be reconstituted and characterized by electrophysiol. The ability for robust reconstitution will allow parallelization and enhanced screening of small mol. drugs acting on or permeating across the membrane channel. The aperture was realized on a microfabricated silicon nitride membrane by using standard clean-room fabrication processes. To ensure the lipid bilayer formation, the nitride membrane was coated with a hydrophobic and biocompatible Parylene layer. We tested both Parylene-C and Parylene-AF4. The contact angle measurements on both Parylene types showed very good hydrophobic properties and affinity to lipids. No precoating of the Parylene with an organic solvent is needed to make the aperture lipophilic, in contradiction to Teflon membranes. The chips can be easily placed in an array utilizing a 3D printed platform. Experiments show repetitive LBL formation and destruction (more than 6 times) within a very short time (few seconds). Through measurements we have established that the LBL layers are very thin. This allows the investigation of the fusion process of membrane proteins i.e. outer membrane protein (OmpF) in the LBL within a few minutes. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate (cas: 923-61-5Synthetic Route of C37H74NO8P).

(2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate (cas: 923-61-5) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.Synthetic Route of C37H74NO8P

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Exploring the therapeutic potential of Cu(II)-complexes with ligands derived from pyridoxal was written by Nunes, Patrique;Marques, Fernanda;Cavaco, Isabel;Costa Pessoa, Joao;Correia, Isabel. And the article was included in Inorganica Chimica Acta in 2020.SDS of cas: 65-22-5 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Three new copper(II) complexes formulated as [Cu(L)(X)], where X = H₂O or Cl and H₂L is a Schiff base (H₂L^1,2) or its reduced version (H₃L³Cl) derived from pyridoxal, are prepared, as well as two ternary complexes [Cu(L)(phen)] also containing 1,10-phenanthroline. All compounds are characterized by the usual techniques: elemental analyses, ESI mass spectrometry, UV-Vis absorption, FTIR and EPR spectroscopies. The ligands coordinate the Cu(II) center forming complexes with square-planar based geometries. Their antioxidant properties are evaluated with a radical scavenging activity assay, with one of the ligand precursors showing activity higher than the pos. control, ascorbic acid. The antiproliferative activity of all compounds is evaluated against two cancer cell lines: ovarian (A2780) and breast (MCF7). All complexes show moderate to excellent activity with the ternary Cu-complexes showing IC₅₀ values between 0.7 and 9.3μM after 24 h of incubation, values much lower than those reported for cisplatin, the reference drug. The hydrolytic stability of the complexes and their ability to bind albumin and DNA are evaluated by spectroscopic techniques, showing that the compounds bind bovine serum albumin. The [Cu(L)(phen)] complexes show ability to target DNA via intercalation. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylisonicotinaldehyde hydrochloride (cas: 65-22-5SDS of cas: 65-22-5).

3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylisonicotinaldehyde hydrochloride (cas: 65-22-5) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. Alcohols may be oxidized to give ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. These functional groups are useful for further reactions. Oxidation of organic compounds generally increases the number of bonds from carbon to oxygen (or another electronegative element, such as a halogen), and it may decrease the number of bonds to hydrogen.SDS of cas: 65-22-5

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Akebia saponin D regulates the metabolome and intestinal microbiota in high fat diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats was written by Zhou, Peipei;Yang, Xiaolin;Yang, Zhonglin;Huang, Wenzhe;Kou, Junping;Li, Fei. And the article was included in Molecules in 2019.Recommanded Product: 923-61-5 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Hyperlipidemia is a major component of metabolic syndrome, and regarded as one of the main risk factors causing metabolic diseases. We have developed a therapeutic drug, akebia saponin D (ASD), and determined its anti-hyperlipidemia activity and the potential mechanism(s) of action by analyzing the metabolome and intestinal microbiota. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high fat diet to induce hyperlipidemia, and then given ASD orally for 8 wk. Lipid levels in serum were determined biochem. Metabolites in serum, urine and feces were analyzed by UPLC-Q/TOF-MS, and the structure of the intestinal microbiota was determined by 16S rRNA sequencing. The ASD treatment significantly decreased the levels of TC, TG and LDL-c and increased the serum level of HDL-c. Metabolomics anal. indicated that the ASD treatment mainly impacted seven differential metabolites in the serum, sixteen differential metabolites in the urine and four differential metabolites in feces compared to the model group. The ASD treatment significantly changed eight bacteria at the genus level compared to the model group. In conclusion, ASD treatment can significantly alleviate HFD-induced hyperlipidemia and the hypolipidemic effect of ASD treatment is certainly associated with a systematic change in the metabolism, as well as dynamic changes in the structure of the intestinal microbiota. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate (cas: 923-61-5Recommanded Product: 923-61-5).

(2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate (cas: 923-61-5) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.Recommanded Product: 923-61-5

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Characterization of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway at the metabolic level in the red leaves of Pistacia chinensis was written by Song, Xiehai;Zhang, Jin;Chang, Xiaochao;Xian, Lihong;Liu, Yong. And the article was included in Scientia Horticulturae (Amsterdam, Netherlands) in 2022.Application of 29106-49-8 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Pistacia chinensis is a tree species with colorful leaves and great ornamental value. The mol. mechanism of its anthocyanin biosynthesis has been described from the transcriptional level. However, the type of anthocyanin cannot be obtained from the transcription level, which leads to the ambiguity of anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. In this study, the pathway of anthocyanin biosynthesis was described from the metabolic level. A total of 27 anthocyanins, five procyanidins, and six flavones were identified and quantified in the red leaves of P. chinensis in autumn using UPLC-MS/MS. The dominant anthocyanin in P. chinensis leaves was cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, and its content was 121.10 ng/g, which accounted for 95.88% of the total anthocyanins. The content of methylated and acylated anthocyanins was very low, indicating that the anthocyanins in P. chinensis leaves were not prone to methylation and acylation. In addition, procyanidin B1, procyanidin B3, afzelin, and quercetin-3-O-glucoside were identified, and their contents were 12.00 ng/g, 12.84 ng/g, 5.44 ng/g, and 13.72 ng/g, resp. These metabolites were clearly mapped on the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. The anthocyanins biosynthesis in P. chinensis leaves is mainly via the dihydroquercetin pathway. Overall, these results enhanced our understanding of the biochem. basis of leaf coloration in autumn. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R,2’R,3R,3’R,4R)-2,2′-Bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-[4,8′-bichromane]-3,3′,5,5′,7,7′-hexaol (cas: 29106-49-8Application of 29106-49-8).

(2R,2’R,3R,3’R,4R)-2,2′-Bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-[4,8′-bichromane]-3,3′,5,5′,7,7′-hexaol (cas: 29106-49-8) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Application of 29106-49-8

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Kinetic Model of Linear Complex Esterification between 2-Butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol, Adipic Acid, and Octanoic Acid was written by Lehmus, Matti O.;Toppinen, Sami;Selaentaus, Maaria K.;Kopola, Nina M.;Krause, A. Outi I.. And the article was included in Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research in 1999.Quality Control of 2-Butyl-2-ethylpropane-1,3-diol The following contents are mentioned in the article:

In the present study, a kinetic model of the autocatalyzed linear complex esterification of 2-butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol (BEPD), octanoic acid, and adipic acid was developed. The presented model describes complex esterification kinetics at low to intermediate conversions. For the first time, the concentrations of all components involved in the complex esterification reaction system were modeled individually, and the model was able to estimate accurately all 10 analyzed component concentrations in the entire temperature range studied. The model utilizes a simple second order rate law derived from the esterification mechanism to describe esterification kinetics. In order to avoid overparameterization of the model, simplifying assumptions regarding substitution effects were made which allowed the description of the entire set of 125 plausible esterification reactions with six kinetic parameters. The model was applied to both the simple polyol esterification of BEPD and octanoic acid and the complex esterification involving addnl. adipic acid, and all esterifications were carried out in the temperature range of 170-190 °C. As kinetic parameters of the simple polyol esterification could also be used in the modeling of the complex esterification, only four kinetic parameters were needed to be fitted simultaneously to describe complex esterification kinetics. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 2-Butyl-2-ethylpropane-1,3-diol (cas: 115-84-4Quality Control of 2-Butyl-2-ethylpropane-1,3-diol).

2-Butyl-2-ethylpropane-1,3-diol (cas: 115-84-4) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.Quality Control of 2-Butyl-2-ethylpropane-1,3-diol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Membrane determinants for the passive translocation of analytes through droplet interface bilayers was written by Faugeras, Vincent;Duclos, Olivier;Bazile, Didier;Thiam, Abdou Rachid. And the article was included in Soft Matter in 2020.Formula: C37H74NO8P The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Understanding how small mols. cross cell membranes is crucial to pharmaceutics. Several methods have been developed to evaluate such a process, but they need improvement since many false-pos. candidates are often selected. Robust tools enabling rapid and reproducible screening can increase confidence on hits, and artificial membranes based on droplet interface bilayers (DIBs) offer this possibility. DIBs consist in the adhesion of two phospholipid-covered water-in-oil droplets which reproduce a bilayer. By having donor and acceptor droplets, the permeability of an analyte can be studied. However, the relevance of this system relies on the comprehension of how well the phys. chem. of the produced bilayer recapitulates the behavior of cell membranes. This information is missing, and we address it here. Taking small fluorophores as model analytes, we studied their permeation through DIBs made of a wide range of phospholipids. We found that both the phospholipid acyl chain and polar head affect permeability. Overall, these parameters impact the phospholipid shape and thereupon the membrane lateral pressure, which is a major factor modulating with permeability in our system. These results depend on the nature of the chosen oil. We thereupon identified relevant phys. chem. conditions that best mimic the compactness and subsequent permeability of biol. membranes. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate (cas: 923-61-5Formula: C37H74NO8P).

(2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate (cas: 923-61-5) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. Alcohols may be oxidized to give ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. These functional groups are useful for further reactions. Oxidation of organic compounds generally increases the number of bonds from carbon to oxygen (or another electronegative element, such as a halogen), and it may decrease the number of bonds to hydrogen.Formula: C37H74NO8P

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts