Month: November 2022

Metabolomic signatures of the long-term exposure to air pollution and temperature was written by Nassan, Feiby L.;Kelly, Rachel S.;Kosheleva, Anna;Koutrakis, Petros;Vokonas, Pantel S.;Lasky-Su, Jessica A.;Schwartz, Joel D.. And the article was included in Environmental Health (London, United Kingdom) in 2021.HPLC of Formula: 923-61-5 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Long-term exposures to air pollution has been reported to be associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. However, the underlying metabolic mechanisms remain poorly understood. We aimed to determine the changes in the blood metabolome and thus the metabolic pathways associated with long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution and ambient temperature We quantified metabolites using mass-spectrometry based global untargeted metabolomic profiling of plasma samples among men from the Normative Aging Study (NAS). We estimated the association between long-term exposure to PM_2.5, NO₂, O₃, and temperature (annual average of central site monitors) with metabolites and their associated metabolic pathways. We used multivariable linear mixed-effect regression models (LMEM) while simultaneously adjusting for the four exposures and potential confounding and correcting for multiple testing. As a reduction method for the intercorrelated metabolites (outcome), we further used an independent component anal. (ICA) and conducted LMEM with the same exposures. Men (N = 456) provided 648 blood samples between 2000 and 2016 in which 1158 metabolites were quantified. On average, men were 75.0 years and had an average body mass index of 27.7 kg/m₂. Almost all men (97%) were not current smokers. The adjusted anal. showed statistically significant associations with several metabolites (58 metabolites with PM_2.5, 15 metabolites with NO₂, and 6 metabolites with temperature) while no metabolites were associated with O₃. One out of five ICA factors (factor 2) was significantly associated with PM_2.5. We identified eight perturbed metabolic pathways with long-term exposure to PM_2.5 and temperature: glycerophospholipid, sphingolipid, glutathione, beta-alanine, propanoate, and purine metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, and taurine and hypotaurine metabolism These pathways are related to inflammation, oxidative stress, immunity, and nucleic acid damage and repair. Using a global untargeted metabolomic approach, we identified several significant metabolites and metabolic pathways associated with long-term exposure to PM_2.5, NO₂ and temperature This study is the largest metabolomics study of long-term air pollution, to date, the first study to report a metabolomic signature of long-term temperature exposure, and the first to use ICA in the anal. of both. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate (cas: 923-61-5HPLC of Formula: 923-61-5).

(2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate (cas: 923-61-5) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.HPLC of Formula: 923-61-5

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Antioxidant and anti-aging effects of Warburgia salutaris bark aqueous extract: Evidences from in silico, in vitro and in vivo studies was written by Abdelfattah, Mohamed A. O.;Dmirieh, Malak;Ben Bakrim, Widad;Mouhtady, Omar;Ghareeb, Mosad A.;Wink, Michael;Sobeh, Mansour. And the article was included in Journal of Ethnopharmacology in 2022.Recommanded Product: (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(3-Hydroxy-5-((E)-4-hydroxystyryl)phenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol The following contents are mentioned in the article:

The genus Warburgia (family Canellaceae) is widely distributed over Afrotropical and Neotropical realms. Traditionally, W. salutaris (G. Bertol.) Chiov., and other Warburgia species are used as anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antimicrobial, and for wound healing, and treating several skin complaints as well. Specifically, different extracts from W. salutaris were reported to possess diuretic, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic effects. This work aimed to investigate the phytochem. composition of an aqueous extract from W. salutaris bark, and evaluate its antioxidant and anti-aging activities in silico, in vitro, and in vivo. HPLC-PDA-MS/MS was used to investigate the phytochem. components of the extract The antioxidant potential of the extract was evaluated in vitro using DPPH and FRAP assays. The Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes model was adopted to investigate the antioxidant and the anti-aging effects in vivo by determining the worms′ survival rate, level of ROS, HSP16 expression, and nuclear translocation of the transcription factor DAF16. Mol. operating environment (MOE) software was utilized for in silico mol. docking of the extract′s components into different enzymes involved in the aging process. Anti-collagenase, anti-elastase, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-hyaluronidase assays were used to evaluate the anti-aging effects in vitro. HPLC-MS anal. furnished 30 compounds, among them catechin, 11α-hydroxy muzigadiolide, mukaadial, pereniporin B, and 11α-hydroxycinnamosmolide. The major components of the extract showed appropriate fitting in the binding site of the target enzymes adopted in the study with considerable min. free binding energy relative to the standard inhibitors. The extract showed substantial in vitro antioxidant activity in DPPH and FRAP assays and in vitro anti-aging assays against collagenase, elastase, tyrosinase, and hyaluronidase with comparable IC50 values to the reference standards Moreover, it attenuated oxidative stress in vivo as it significantly increased the survival rate of ROS stressed C. elegans worms, decreased intracellular ROS, decreased the juglone-induced HSP16 expression and enhanced the nuclear localization of DAF16 in a dose-dependent manner. Our results support the traditional use of W. salutaris to counteract inflammation and oxidative stress associated with several pathol. conditions. In addition, W. salutaris bark extract can be considered as a substantial source for bioactive metabolites with strong potential as anti-aging and antioxidant agents. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(3-Hydroxy-5-((E)-4-hydroxystyryl)phenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 27208-80-6Recommanded Product: (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(3-Hydroxy-5-((E)-4-hydroxystyryl)phenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol).

(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(3-Hydroxy-5-((E)-4-hydroxystyryl)phenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 27208-80-6) belongs to alcohols. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.Recommanded Product: (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(3-Hydroxy-5-((E)-4-hydroxystyryl)phenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Advances in understanding Norway spruce natural resistance to needle bladder rust infection: transcriptional and secondary metabolites profiling was written by Trujillo-Moya, Carlos;Ganthaler, Andrea;Stoeggl, Wolfgang;Arc, Erwann;Kranner, Ilse;Schueler, Silvio;Ertl, Reinhard;Espinosa-Ruiz, Ana;Martinez-Godoy, Maria Angeles;George, Jan-Peter;Mayr, Stefan. And the article was included in BMC Genomics in 2022.Reference of 27208-80-6 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Needle rust caused by the fungus Chrysomyxa rhododendri causes significant growth decline and increased mortality of young Norway spruce trees in subalpine forests. Extremely rare trees with enhanced resistance represent promising candidates for practice-oriented reproduction approaches. They also enable the investigation of tree mol. defense and resistance mechanisms against this fungal disease. Here, we combined RNA-Seq, RT-qPCR and secondary metabolite analyses during a period of 38 days following natural infection to investigate differences in constitutive and infection-induced defense between the resistant genotype PRA-R and three susceptible genotypes. Gene expression and secondary metabolites significantly differed among genotypes from day 7 on and revealed already known, but also novel candidate genes involved in spruce mol. defense against this pathogen. Several key genes related to (here and previously identified) spruce defense pathways to needle rust were differentially expressed in PRA-R compared to susceptible genotypes, both constitutively (in non-symptomatic needles) and infection-induced (in symptomatic needles). These genes encoded both new and well-known antifungal proteins such as endochitinases and chitinases. Specific genetic characteristics concurred with varying phenolic, terpene, and hormone needle contents in the resistant genotype, among them higher accumulation of several flavonoids (mainly kaempferol and taxifolin), stilbenes, geranyl acetone, α-ionone, abscisic acid and salicylic acid. Combined transcriptional and metabolic profiling of the Norway spruce defense response to infection by C. rhododendri in adult trees under subalpine conditions confirmed the results previously gained on artificially infected young clones in the greenhouse, both regarding timing and development of infection, and providing new insights into genes and metabolic pathways involved. The comparison of genotypes with different degrees of susceptibility proved that several of the identified key genes are differently regulated in PRA-R, and that the resistant genotype combines a strong constitutive defense with an induced response in infected symptomatic needles following fungal invasion. Genetic and metabolic differences between the resistant and susceptible genotypes indicated a more effective hypersensitive response (HR) in needles of PRA-R that prevents penetration and spread of the rust fungus and leads to a lower proportion of symptomatic needles as well as reduced symptom development on the few affected needles. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(3-Hydroxy-5-((E)-4-hydroxystyryl)phenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 27208-80-6Reference of 27208-80-6).

(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(3-Hydroxy-5-((E)-4-hydroxystyryl)phenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 27208-80-6) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.Reference of 27208-80-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

HRP-conjugated-nanobody-based cELISA for rapid and sensitive clinical detection of ASFV antibodies was written by Zhao, Huijun;Ren, Jiahui;Wu, Shuya;Guo, Haoran;Du, Yongkun;Wan, Bo;Ji, Pengchao;Wu, Yanan;Zhuang, Guoqing;Zhang, Angke;Zhang, Gaiping. And the article was included in Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology in 2022.Synthetic Route of C9H18O5S The following contents are mentioned in the article:

African swine fever (ASF), which is caused by the ASF virus (ASFV), is a highly contagious hemorrhagic disease that causes high mortality to domestic porcine and wild boars and brings huge economic losses to world swine industry. Due to the lack of an effective vaccine, the control of ASF must depend on early, efficient, and cost-effective detection and strict control and elimination strategies. Traditional serol. testing methods are generally associated with high testing costs, complex operations, and high tech. requirements. As a promising alternative diagnostic tool to traditional antibodies, nanobodies (Nb) have the advantages of simpler and faster generation, good stability and solubility, and high affinity and specificity, although the system is dependent on the immunization of Bactrian camels to obtain the specific VHH library of the target protein. The application of Nbs in the detection of ASFV antibodies has not yet been reported yet. Using a phage display technol., one Nb against the ASFV p54 protein that exhibited high specificity and affinity, Nb8, was successfully screened. A HEK293T cell line stably expressing Nb8-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) fusion protein was established using the lentiviral expression system. Following the optimization of the reaction conditions, the Nb8-HRP fusion protein was successfully used to establish a competitive ELISA (cELISA) to detect ASFV-specific antibodies in pig serum, for the first time. There was no cross-reaction with healthy pig serum, porcine pseudorabies virus (PRV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) pos. sera. The optimal cut-off value for the cELISA by ROC anal. was 52.5%. A total of 209 serum samples were tested using the developed cELISA and a com. ELISA kit. The results showed that the relative specificity of the cELISA was 98.97%, and the relative sensitivity of the cELISA was 93.3%, with the percent agreement between the two ELISA methods being 98.56%. In conclusion, a specific, sensitive, and repeatable cELISA was successfully developed based on the Nb8 as a probe, providing a promising method for the detection of anti-ASFV antibodies in clin. pig serum. We successfully screened a specific, high affinity nanobody against ASFV p54 protein. We establish a method for continuous and stable expression of Nb-HRP fusion protein using a lentiviral packaging system. We establish a nanobody cELISA detection method that can monitor an ASF infection. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-(isopropylthio)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 367-93-1Synthetic Route of C9H18O5S).

(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-(isopropylthio)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 367-93-1) belongs to alcohols. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.Synthetic Route of C9H18O5S

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Impact of light irradiance on the biosynthesis of ABA-elicited phenolic compounds in suspension-cultured Vitis vinifera L. cells was written by Andi, Seyed Ali;Gholami, Mansour;Ford, Christopher M.;Maskani, Fereshteh. And the article was included in Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture in 2021.Related Products of 27208-80-6 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Phenolic compounds found in the berries of the grapevine Vitis vinifera L. are reported to reduce the incidence of some non-transmissible chronic pathologies such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, obesity and diabetes. Elicitation of plant cell suspension cultures offers a way to exptl. determine how manipulating metabolic pathways can result in biosynthesis of higher levels of desired secondary metabolites. The goal of this work was, using cell suspension cultures of callus tissues obtained from berry slices of V. vinifera cv. Shahani grown on an optimized medium, to investigate the effects of elicitation on the synthesis of stilbene compounds including trans-resveratrol and its glucoside trans-piceid, and anthocyanin pigments. The effects of different concentrations of the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA; 0, 50, 100 and 200μM) applied to cell suspension cultures grown under either high-level light irradiation (135.1μmol. s-1 m-2) or zero light conditions, were tested. The results showed that compared with dark conditions, cells treated with continuous light irradiation were capable of accumulating significantly higher levels of anthocyanin in all of the ABA concentrations Cell cultures subjected to high-level light irradiation did not show statistically higher piceid amounts than cells grown in dark condition except for 200μM ABA. A similar trend was found for resveratrol content of the cells exposed to the darkness. When cultures were grown in the presence of 200μM ABA under dark conditions, the accumulation of trans-resveratrol was seen at 4.12 and 3.02-fold higher levels than in dark and light-grown control cultures resp. Surprisingly, following light irradiation of 135.1μmol. s-1 m-2 with 200μM ABA, the cells accumulated the highest level of trans-piceid. This represented a remarkable increase of 19.97 and 12.71-fold in comparison with dark and light-grown control cultures resp. In addition, the combined elicitation of light irradiation and 50μM abscisic acid was found to be the most effective treatment for the production of anthocyanin. This value was 64.00 and 5.55-fold higher than those of the controls, resp. These data suggest that the transduction pathway of abscisic acid is part of a complex signaling network that includes the visible light signaling pathway. Similarly, the results of the current study suggest that combinations of dark/light together with abscisic acid can be used as an efficient method for the future scale-up of V. vinifera cell cultures for the production of high value phenolic compounds in a bioreactor system. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(3-Hydroxy-5-((E)-4-hydroxystyryl)phenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 27208-80-6Related Products of 27208-80-6).

(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(3-Hydroxy-5-((E)-4-hydroxystyryl)phenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 27208-80-6) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.Related Products of 27208-80-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Effectiveness of the fruit of Rosa odorata sweet var. gigantea (Coll. et Hemsl.) Rehd. et Wils in the protection and the healing of ethanol-induced rat gastric mucosa ulcer based on Nrf2/NF-κB pathway regulation was written by Liu, Xinnan;Quan, Shuai;Han, Qiaqia;Li, Jingyang;Gao, Xiaoxia;Zhang, Jingze;Liu, Dailin. And the article was included in Journal of Ethnopharmacology in 2022.Formula: C30H26O12 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Rosa odorata Sweet var. gigantea (Coll. et Hemsl.) Rehd. et Wils (Rosaceae), is also known as “GU-GONG-GUO”, the root of which has been recognized as common ethnodrug from the Yi nationality for treating inflammatory bowel disease. The aim of the present study was to investigate the preventive and curative effects of extract from the fruits of Rosa odorata Sweet var. gigantea (Coll.et Hemsl.) Rehd. et Wils (FOE) in vitro and in vivo as well as elucidate the potential mechanisms of the action involved. Male Wistar rats were applied to ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model. They were divided into six groups: control, model (GU), pos. (Magnesium aluminate chewable tablets, 125 mg/kg), FOE low (125 mg/kg), middle (250 mg/kg) and high (500 mg/kg) doses groups. Histopathol. observation of gastric tissues was detected by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The expression of Nrf2, HO-1, Keap1, NF-κB p65 and IKKα/β in gastric tissues were evaluated by immunohistochem. (IHC). The levels of cytokines in serum and tissues were measured by ELISA (ELISA). The expression of Nrf2, HO-1, Keap1, NF-κB p65, IKKα/β, PCNA and COX2 proteins were ulteriorly assessed by Western blotting to elucidate the mol. mechanism of FOE′s protective effect on gastric ulcer. MTT detection showed that LPS reduced RAW264.7 cell survival, and FOE blocked the inhibition of RAW264.7 cell growth induced by LPS. When RAW264.7 cells were treated with both FOE (100 μg mL^-1) and LPS (5 μg mL^-1) for 24 h, compared with the model group, the level of NO, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and MDA significantly decreased, and the activity of SOD was significantly reduced. Obvious pathol. injuries in the GU model group were observed, which was improved after treatments with FOE. The contents of pro-inflammatory factors in serum and tissues were decreased by 25% whereas prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) were increased by 30% in a dose-dependent manner after FOE (500 mg/kg) treatments. In addition to the promotion effects of superoxide dismutase (SOD), FOE (500 mg/kg) also attenuated the levels of nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) by 20%. Likewise, the expression of NF-κB p65, IKKα/β and Keap1 were suppressed after treatments with FOE whereas Nrf2 and HO-1 showed the opposite trend, which mechanisms were found to be associated with Nrf2/NF-κB signaling pathways. The study demonstrated that FOE is able to protect against GU via inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway and activating Nrf2 signaling pathway, which might provide a stronger theor. basis for the treatment of GU. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R,2’R,3R,3’R,4R)-2,2′-Bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-[4,8′-bichromane]-3,3′,5,5′,7,7′-hexaol (cas: 29106-49-8Formula: C30H26O12).

(2R,2’R,3R,3’R,4R)-2,2′-Bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-[4,8′-bichromane]-3,3′,5,5′,7,7′-hexaol (cas: 29106-49-8) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are among the most common organic compounds. They are used as sweeteners and in making perfumes, are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of other compounds, and are among the most abundantly produced organic chemicals in industry. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.Formula: C30H26O12

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Study of flame retardancy effect on the thermal degradation of a new green biocomposite and estimation of lower flammability limits of the gaseous emissions was written by Rashid, M.;Chetehouna, K.;Lemee, L.;Roudaut, C.;Gascoin, N.. And the article was included in Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry in 2022.Quality Control of 4,4′-Methylenediphenol The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Green biocomposites (GBCs) decompose and release significant amount of gases under high temperature that poses self-ignition risk and contribute to the growth of fire. Thermal characterization of green biocomposite is therefore an essential task to assess the characteristics of the material to approve its use at the industrial scale. In this context, research work has been carried out to evaluate thermal decomposition patterns of the material, to record the volatile emissions and to estimate the self-ignition risk so that the newly developed green biocomposite can be standardised based on the fire safety standards of marine, automotive and aeronautical industry. This research endeavour focuses on the thermal characterization of a newly developed green biocomposite for the evaluation of thermal stability, identification of gaseous emission and calculation of lower flammability limit (LFL). Intumescent fire-retardant coating composed of ammonium polyphosphate-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate (APP-THEIC) and boric acid (BA) was coated on a GBC that is composed of 38% bioepoxy and flax fiber to improve thermal profile of the material. The thermal stability of the newly developed material was evaluated using thermogravimetric anal. (TGA). An anal. pyrolyzer coupled with gas chromatograph and mass spectrometer (Py-GC-MS) was used at four selected temperatures, i.e. 350, 550, 750 and 900°C, to record the gaseous emissions from GBC. The evolved species during pyrolysis were identified on the pyrograms, and their lower flammability limit was determined using quant. structure-property relationship (QSPR). The hazards of the new materials for emergency response were identification using NFPA 704. In this study, the GBC developed was characterised based on its thermal decomposition profile, degradation temperature, gaseous emissions and lower flammability limit. It was observed on the TG curves that the green biocomposite fully degrades at approx. 600°C. The application of intumescent fire-retardant (IFR) coating improves the fire retardancy of the material, and final degradation temperature of the material reaches approx. 800°C. The newly developed green biocomposite needs to be tested under medium-scale tests to reach a conclusion about its thermal degradation profile. The QSPR study of the gaseous emissions evolved from the pyrolysis of green biocomposite reveals that the LFL decreases as the temperature is increased up to 750°C. Based on the toxicity anal. of the gaseous emission, the material releases high amount of phenol above 350°C, which is hazardous for health if inhaled. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4,4′-Methylenediphenol (cas: 620-92-8Quality Control of 4,4′-Methylenediphenol).

4,4′-Methylenediphenol (cas: 620-92-8) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.Quality Control of 4,4′-Methylenediphenol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Combination of UPLC-Q-TOF/MS and Network Pharmacology to Reveal the Mechanism of Qizhen Decoction in the Treatment of Colon Cancer was written by Kong, Xianbin;Liu, Chuanxin;Lu, Peng;Guo, Yuzhu;Zhao, Chenchen;Yang, Yuying;Bo, Zhichao;Wang, Fangyuan;Peng, Yingying;Meng, Jingyan. And the article was included in ACS Omega in 2021.Reference of 27208-80-6 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been utilized for the treatment of colon cancer. Qizhen decoction (QZD), a potential compound prescription of TCM, possesses multiple biol. activities. It has been proven clin. effective in the treatment of colon cancer. However, the mol. mechanism of anticolon cancer activity is still not clear. This study aimed to identify the chem. composition of QZD. Furthermore, a collaborative anal. strategy of network pharmacol. and cell biol. was used to further explore the critical signaling pathway of QZD anticancer activity. First, ultraperformance liquid chromatog.-quadrupole time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) was performed to identify the chem. composition of QZD. Then, the chem. composition database of QZD was constructed based on a systematic literature search and review of chem. constituents. Moreover, the common and indirect targets of chem. components of QZD and colon cancer were searched by multiple databases. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using the String database (https://www.string-db.org/). All of the targets were analyzed by Gene Oncol. (GO) bioanal. and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway anal., and the visual network topol. diagram of “Prescription-TCM-Chem. composition-Direct target-Indirect target-Pathway” was constructed by Cytoscape software (v3.7.1). The top mol. pathway ranked by statistical significance was further verified by mol. biol. methods. The results of UPLC-Q-TOF/MS showed that QZD had 111 kinds of chem. components, of which 103 were unique components and 8 were common components. Ten pivotal targets of QZD in the treatment of colon cancer were screened by the PPI network. Targets of QZD involve many biol. processes, such as the signaling pathway, immune system, gene expression, and so on. QZD may interfere with biol. pathways such as cell replication, oxygen-containing compounds, or organic matter by protein binding, regulation of signal receptors or enzyme binding, and affect cytoplasm and membrane-bound organelles. The main antitumor core pathways were the apoptosis metabolic pathway, the PI3K-Akt signal pathway, and so on. Expression of the PI3K-Akt signal pathway was significantly downregulated after the intervention of QZD, which was closely related to the inhibition of proliferation and migration of colon cancer cells by cell biol. methods. The present work may facilitate a better understanding of the effective components, therapeutic targets, biol. processes, and signaling pathways of QZD in the treatment of colon cancer and provide useful information about the utilization of QZD. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(3-Hydroxy-5-((E)-4-hydroxystyryl)phenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 27208-80-6Reference of 27208-80-6).

(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(3-Hydroxy-5-((E)-4-hydroxystyryl)phenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 27208-80-6) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.Reference of 27208-80-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Gold nanoparticle conjugation enhances the antiacanthamoebic effects of chlorhexidine was written by Aqeel, Yousuf;Siddiqui, Ruqaiyyah;Anwar, Ayaz;Shah, Muhammad Raza;Khan, Naveed Ahmed. And the article was included in Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy in 2016.COA of Formula: C8H10ClNO3 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Acanthamoeba keratitis is a serious infection with blinding consequences and often associated with contact lens wear. Early diagnosis, followed by aggressive topical application of drugs, is a prerequisite in successful treatment, but even then prognosis remains poor. Several drugs have shown promise, including chlorhexidine gluconate; however, host cell toxicity at physiol. relevant concentrations remains a challenge. Nanoparticles, subcolloidal structures ranging in size from 10 to 100 nm, are effective drug carriers for enhancing drug potency. The overall aim of the present study was to determine whether conjugation with gold nanoparticles enhances the antiacanthamoebic potential of chlorhexidine. Gold-conjugated chlorhexidine nanoparticles were synthesized. Briefly, gold solution was mixed with chlorhexidine and reduced by adding sodium borohydride, resulting in an intense deep red color, indicative of colloidal gold-conjugated chlorhexidine nanoparticles. The synthesis was confirmed using UV-visible spectrophotometry that shows a plasmon resonance peak of 500 to 550 nm, indicative of gold nanoparticles. Further characterization using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry showed a gold-conjugated chlorhexidine complex at m/z 699 ranging in size from 20 to 100 nm, as determined using at. force microscopy. To determine the amoebicidal and amoebistatic effects, amoebae were incubated with gold-conjugated chlorhexidine nanoparticles. For controls, amoebae also were incubated with gold and silver nanoparticles alone, chlorhexidine alone, neomycin-conjugated nanoparticles, and neomycin alone. The findings showed that gold-conjugated chlorhexidine nanoparticles exhibited significant amoebicidal and amoebistatic effects at 5 μM. Amoebicidal effects were observed by parasite viability testing using a Trypan blue exclusion assay and flow-cytometric anal. using propidium iodide, while amoebistatic effects were observed using growth assays. In contrast, chlorhexidine alone, at a similar concentration, showed limited effects. Notably, neomycin alone or conjugated with nanoparticles did not show amoebicidal or amoebistatic effects. Pretreatment of A. castellanii with gold-conjugated chlorhexidine nanoparticles reduced amoeba-mediated host cell cytotoxicity from 90% to 40% at 5 μM. In contrast, chlorhexidine alone, at similar concentrations, had no protective effects for the host cells. Similarly, amoebae treated with neomycin alone or neomycin-conjugated nanoparticles showed no protective effects. Overall, these findings suggest that gold-conjugated chlorhexidine nanoparticles hold promise in the improved treatment of A. castellanii keratitis. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylisonicotinaldehyde hydrochloride (cas: 65-22-5COA of Formula: C8H10ClNO3).

3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylisonicotinaldehyde hydrochloride (cas: 65-22-5) belongs to alcohols. The oxygen atom of the strongly polarized O―H bond of an alcohol pulls electron density away from the hydrogen atom. This polarized hydrogen, which bears a partial positive charge, can form a hydrogen bond with a pair of nonbonding electrons on another oxygen atom. Alcohols may be oxidized to give ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. These functional groups are useful for further reactions. Oxidation of organic compounds generally increases the number of bonds from carbon to oxygen (or another electronegative element, such as a halogen), and it may decrease the number of bonds to hydrogen.COA of Formula: C8H10ClNO3

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Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Determining the repellency of solid chemicals to mosquitoes was written by Linduska, J. P.;Morton, F. A.. And the article was included in Journal of Economic Entomology in 1947.Safety of 2-Butyl-2-ethylpropane-1,3-diol The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Although difficult to apply and retain on the skin, most solid substances have lower vapor pressure and lower rate of absorption by the skin than liquids. These characteristics appear to make solids a fertile field for study as repellents for mosquitoes and other blood-sucking insects. Solids were tested against adult mosquitoes by impregnating mercerized cotton stocking fabric with 3.3 g. solid per sq. ft. of fabric, slipping the impregnated fabric over the arm, and exposing the covered arm to caged mosquitoes for 2 min. daily until a total of 5 bites was recorded. The primary test mosquito was A edes aegypti; a less sensitive species to repellents, Anopheles quadrimaculatus, was also used. Dimethyl phthalate, which gives 30 days’ protection against A. aegypti at 3.3 g. per sq. ft., was used as a standard for comparison. Chemicals allowing fewer than 5 bites in 10 days were considered worthy of further study. Of 1339 solids tested, 9% were selected on the basis of this test for addnl. study. They were then considered from the viewpoints of toxicity (to human subjects), skin irritation, pronounced odor, and staining properties. Materials that passed these tests were subjected to more definite examination with respect to suitability for skin application, resistance to removal from cloth by cool-water rinsing, efficiency at reduced rates of impregnation in cloth, and irritation to human subjects. Solids that were repellent when impregnated in cloth were tested as repellents on the human skin as solutions in dimethyl phthalate, as aqueous suspensions, or both. The testing procedure of Granett (C.A. 34, 7035.1) was used. Solids that were highly effective skin repellents (protected longer than dimethylphthalate) were: n-butyl sulfone; p-methoxyacetophenone; 8-hydroxyquinoline; piperonal; α,α-β-trichloropropionamide; 2-ethyl-2-butyl-1,3-propanediol; N,n-propylacetanilide; propiophenone oxime. Solids impregnated in cloth that were repellent after rinsing in tap water at 28.9-29.4° for 30 min. were: o-phenylphenol; p-tert-butylphenol; hexachlorophenol; 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol (I); a mixture of chlorinated phenols; dinitro-o-sec-butylphenol (II); phenylcyclohexanol. II and I were best in the order given. Materials that provided more than 10 days’ protection when impregnated in cloth at 3.3 g. per sq. ft. were tested at half this dosage against A. aegyptii. The materials that passed this test were: o-phenylphenol; 2,4,6-trichlorophenol; 2,4-dinitro-o-cresol; p-nitroanisole; 2-isovaleryl-1,3-indandione (Valone); dinitro-o-sec-butylphenol; piperonal; 2-ethyl-2-butyl-1,3-propanediol; N-ethylacetanilide; N,n-propylacetanilide; 1-benzylcyclohexanol; 1-(p-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-2-butanol; N-methylpropionanilide; 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decane-4,7-diol. 2-Ethylhexane-1,3-diol (Rutgers 612) and dimethyl phthalate, used as standards, also passed these tests. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 2-Butyl-2-ethylpropane-1,3-diol (cas: 115-84-4Safety of 2-Butyl-2-ethylpropane-1,3-diol).

2-Butyl-2-ethylpropane-1,3-diol (cas: 115-84-4) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are among the most common organic compounds. They are used as sweeteners and in making perfumes, are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of other compounds, and are among the most abundantly produced organic chemicals in industry. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.Safety of 2-Butyl-2-ethylpropane-1,3-diol

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Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts