Month: November 2022

Tissue-specific transcriptome analyses reveal candidate genes for stilbene, flavonoid and anthraquinone biosynthesis in the medicinal plant Polygonum cuspidatum was written by Wang, Xiaowei;Hu, Hongyan;Wu, Zhijun;Fan, Haili;Wang, Guowei;Chai, Tuanyao;Wang, Hong. And the article was included in BMC Genomics in 2021.Name: (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(3-Hydroxy-5-((E)-4-hydroxystyryl)phenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc. is a well-known medicinal plant whose pharmacol. effects derive mainly from its stilbenes, anthraquinones, and flavonoids. These compounds accumulate differentially in the root, stem, and leaf; however, the mol. basis of such tissue-specific accumulation remains poorly understood. Because tissue-specific accumulation of compounds is usually associated with tissue-specific expression of the related biosynthetic enzyme genes and regulators, we aimed to clarify and compare the transcripts expressed in different tissues of P. cuspidatum in this study. High-throughput RNA sequencing was performed using three different tissues (the leaf, stem, and root) of P. cuspidatum. In total, 80,981 unigenes were obtained, of which 40,729 were annotated, and 21,235 differentially expressed genes were identified. Fifty-four candidate synthetase genes and 12 transcription factors associated with stilbene, flavonoid, and anthraquinone biosynthetic pathways were identified, and their expression levels in the three different tissues were analyzed. Phylogenetic anal. of polyketide synthase gene families revealed two novel CHS genes in P. cuspidatum. Most phenylpropanoid pathway genes were predominantly expressed in the root and stem, while methylerythritol 4-phosphate and isochorismate pathways for anthraquinone biosynthesis were dominant in the leaf. The expression patterns of synthase genes were almost in accordance with metabolite profiling in different tissues of P. cuspidatum as measured by high-performance liquid chromatog. or UV spectrophotometry. All predicted transcription factors associated with regulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway were expressed at lower levels in the stem than in the leaf and root, but no consistent trend in their expression was observed between the leaf and the root. The mol. knowledge of key genes involved in the biosynthesis of P. cuspidatum stilbenes, flavonoids, and anthraquinones is poor. This study offers some novel insights into the biosynthetic regulation of bioactive compounds in different P. cuspidatum tissues and provides valuable resources for the potential metabolic engineering of this important medicinal plant. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(3-Hydroxy-5-((E)-4-hydroxystyryl)phenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 27208-80-6Name: (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(3-Hydroxy-5-((E)-4-hydroxystyryl)phenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol).

(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(3-Hydroxy-5-((E)-4-hydroxystyryl)phenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 27208-80-6) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.Name: (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(3-Hydroxy-5-((E)-4-hydroxystyryl)phenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

A decade of monitoring micropollutants in urban wet-weather flows: What did we learn? was written by Mutzner, Lena;Furrer, Viviane;Castebrunet, Helene;Dittmer, Ulrich;Fuchs, Stephan;Gernjak, Wolfgang;Gromaire, Marie-Christine;Matzinger, Andreas;Mikkelsen, Peter Steen;Selbig, William R.;Vezzaro, Luca. And the article was included in Water Research in 2022.Product Details of 620-92-8 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Urban wet-weather discharges from combined sewer overflows (CSO) and stormwater outlets (SWO) are a potential pathway for micropollutants (trace contaminants) to surface waters, posing a threat to the environment and possible water reuse applications. Despite large efforts to monitor micropollutants in the last decade, the gained information is still limited and scattered. In a metastudy we performed a data-driven anal. of measurements collected at 77 sites (683 events, 297 detected micropollutants) over the last decade to investigate which micropollutants are most relevant in terms of (1) occurrence and (2) potential risk for the aquatic environment, (3) estimate the min. number of data to be collected in monitoring studies to reliably obtain concentration estimates, and (4) provide recommendations for future monitoring campaigns. We highlight micropollutants to be prioritized due to their high occurrence and critical concentration levels compared to environmental quality standards These top-listed micropollutants include contaminants from all chem. classes (pesticides, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, personal care products, pharmaceuticals, and industrial and household chems.). Anal. of over 30,000 event mean concentrations shows a large fraction of measurements (> 50%) were below the limit of quantification, stressing the need for reliable, standard monitoring procedures. High variability was observed among events and sites, with differences between micropollutant classes. The number of events required for a reliable estimate of site mean concentrations (error bandwidth of 1 around the “true” value) depends on the individual micropollutant. The median min. number of events is 7 for CSO (2 to 31, 80%-interquantile) and 6 for SWO (1 to 25 events, 80%-interquantile). Our anal. indicates the min. number of sites needed to assess global pollution levels and our data collection and anal. can be used to estimate the required number of sites for an urban catchment. Our data-driven anal. demonstrates how future wet-weather monitoring programs will be more effective if the consequences of high variability inherent in urban wet-weather discharges are considered. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4,4′-Methylenediphenol (cas: 620-92-8Product Details of 620-92-8).

4,4′-Methylenediphenol (cas: 620-92-8) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Alcohols may be oxidized to give ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. These functional groups are useful for further reactions. Oxidation of organic compounds generally increases the number of bonds from carbon to oxygen (or another electronegative element, such as a halogen), and it may decrease the number of bonds to hydrogen.Product Details of 620-92-8

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Intradiol ring cleavage dioxygenases from herbivorous spider mites as a new detoxification enzyme family in animals was written by Njiru, Christine;Xue, Wenxin;De Rouck, Sander;Alba, Juan M.;Kant, Merijn R.;Chruszcz, Maksymilian;Vanholme, Bartel;Dermauw, Wannes;Wybouw, Nicky;Van Leeuwen, Thomas. And the article was included in BMC Biology in 2022.COA of Formula: C30H26O12 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Generalist herbivores such as the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae thrive on a wide variety of plants and can rapidly adapt to novel hosts. What traits enable polyphagous herbivores to cope with the diversity of secondary metabolites in their variable plant diet is unclear. Genome sequencing of T. urticae revealed the presence of 17 genes that code for secreted proteins with strong homol. to “intradiol ring cleavage dioxygenases (DOGs)” from bacteria and fungi, and phylogenetic analyses show that they have been acquired by horizontal gene transfer from fungi. In bacteria and fungi, DOGs have been well characterized and cleave aromatic rings in catecholic compounds between adjacent hydroxyl groups. Such compounds are found in high amounts in solanaceous plants like tomato, where they protect against herbivory. To better understand the role of this gene family in spider mites, we used a multi-disciplinary approach to functionally characterize the various T. urticae DOG genes. We confirmed that DOG genes were present in the T. urticae genome and performed a phylogenetic reconstruction using transcriptomic and genomic data to advance our understanding of the evolutionary history of spider mite DOG genes. We found that DOG expression differed between mites from different plant hosts and was induced in response to jasmonic acid defense signaling. In consonance with a presumed role in detoxification, expression was localized in the mites gut region. Silencing selected DOGs expression by dsRNA injection reduced the mites survival rate on tomato, further supporting a role in mitigating the plant defense response. Recombinant purified DOGs displayed a broad substrate promiscuity, cleaving a surprisingly wide array of aromatic plant metabolites, greatly exceeding the metabolic capacity of previously characterized microbial DOGs. Our findings suggest that the laterally acquired spider mite DOGs function as detoxification enzymes in the gut, disarming plant metabolites before they reach toxic levels. We provide exptl. evidence to support the hypothesis that this proliferated gene family in T. urticae is causally linked to its ability to feed on an extremely wide range of host plants. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R,2’R,3R,3’R,4R)-2,2′-Bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-[4,8′-bichromane]-3,3′,5,5′,7,7′-hexaol (cas: 29106-49-8COA of Formula: C30H26O12).

(2R,2’R,3R,3’R,4R)-2,2′-Bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-[4,8′-bichromane]-3,3′,5,5′,7,7′-hexaol (cas: 29106-49-8) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.COA of Formula: C30H26O12

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Transcriptome sequencing and flavonoid metabolism analysis in the leaves of three different cultivars of Acer truncatum was written by Qiao, Qian;Si, Fenfen;Wu, Chong;Wang, Jiangyong;Zhang, Anning;Tao, Jihan;Zhang, Lin;Liu, Yan;Feng, Zhen. And the article was included in Plant Physiology and Biochemistry in 2022.Product Details of 29106-49-8 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Young and mature leaves of three Acer truncatum varieties with different leaf colors were examined Transcriptome sequencing and flavonoid metabolism were used to analyze the differential gene expression associated with different leaf colors and growth stages and the relationships between gene expression and flavonoid and anthocyanin contents to improve ornamental value and develop flavonoid-rich A. truncatum. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database annotation of differentially expressed genes indicated that the following genes were related to flavonoid synthesis: phenylpropanoid biosynthesis genes (PAL, C4H, 4CL and CHS), flavonoid biosynthesis genes (E2.1.1.104, CHI, FLS, F3’5’H and ANR), anthocyanin biosynthesis genes (ANS, DFR, HCT, BZ1, GT1, and UGT79B1), isoflavonoid biosynthesis genes (HIDH and CYP81E17), and their transcriptional regulator (MYB). A total of 234 types of flavonoids were detected. The types and contents of anthocyanins in the red-leaf varieties ‘Hong Jingling’ and ‘Caidie Fanfei’ were significantly higher than those in the green leaf cultivar ‘Lv Baoshi’, especially morning glory 3-O-glucoside, delphinidin 3-O-glucoside, and pelargonium-3-O-glucoside, which were not detected in ‘Lv Baoshi’. Combined omics anal. showed that downregulated expression of C4H, CHS and F3’5’H and upregulated expression of FLS reduced the supply of raw materials for anthocyanin synthesis, and downstream ANR upregulation converted anthocyanins to procyanidins, increasing the total flavonoid content. F3’5’H expression was downregulated in the leaves of each variety with development, resulting in the accumulation of catechins and the gradual greening of the leaves. F3’5’H was significantly depleted in the young leaves of ‘Hong Jingling’ and ‘Caidie Fanfei’ compared with the young leaves of ‘Lv Baoshi’, while ANS and BZ1 were enriched significantly. It is concluded that F3’5’H, BZ1, and ANS are the key genes needed for breeding red A. truncatum and that ANR is the key gene needed for breeding varieties with a high flavonoids contens. These results may facilitate genetic modification or selection for further improvement of the ornamental qualities and flavonoid content of A. truncatum. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R,2’R,3R,3’R,4R)-2,2′-Bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-[4,8′-bichromane]-3,3′,5,5′,7,7′-hexaol (cas: 29106-49-8Product Details of 29106-49-8).

(2R,2’R,3R,3’R,4R)-2,2′-Bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-[4,8′-bichromane]-3,3′,5,5′,7,7′-hexaol (cas: 29106-49-8) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.Product Details of 29106-49-8

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Effect of Bubble Concentration on the in Vitro and in Vivo Performance of Highly Stable Lipid Shell-Stabilized Micro- and Nanoscale Ultrasound Contrast Agents was written by Abenojar, Eric C.;Nittayacharn, Pinunta;de Leon, Al Christopher;Perera, Reshani;Wang, Yu;Bederman, Ilya;Exner, Agata A.. And the article was included in Langmuir in 2019.Application of 923-61-5 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Ultrasound (US) is a widely used diagnostic imaging tool because it is inexpensive, safe, portable, and broadly accessible. Ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) are employed to enhance backscatter echo and improve imaging contrast. The most frequently utilized UCAs are echogenic bubbles made with a phospholipid or protein-stabilized hydrophobic gas core. While clin. utilized, applications of UCAs are often limited by rapid signal decay (<5 min) in vivo under typical ultrasound imaging protocols. Here, we report on a formulation of lipid shell-stabilized perfluoropropane (C₃F₈) microbubbles and nanobubbles with a significantly prolonged in vivo stability. Microbubbles (875 ± 280 nm) of the target size were prepared by utilizing a multiple-step centrifugation cycle, while nanobubbles (299 ± 189 nm) were isolated from the activated vial using a single centrifugation step. To provide in-depth acoustic characterization of the new construct we evaluated the effect of size and concentration on their in vitro and in vivo performance. In vitro and in vivo characterization were carried out for a range of bubble concentrations normalized by total gas volume quantified via headspace gas chromatog./mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In vitro characterization revealed that nanobubbles at different concentrations are more consistently stable over time with the highest and lowest dilutions (50-fold decrease) only differing in US signal after 8 min exposure by 10.34%, while for microbubbles the difference was 86.46%. As expected, due to the difference in hydrodynamic diameter and scattering cross section difference, nanobubbles showed lower overall initial signal intensity. In vivo experiments showed that both microbubbles and nanobubbles with similar initial peak signal intensity are comparably stable over time with 66.8% and 60.6% remaining signal after 30 min, resp. This study demonstrates that bubble concentration has significant effects on the persistence of both microbubbles and nanobubbles in vitro and in vivo, but the effects are more pronounced in larger bubbles. These effects should be taken into account when selecting the appropriate bubble parameters for future imaging applications. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate (cas: 923-61-5Application of 923-61-5).

(2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate (cas: 923-61-5) belongs to alcohols. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. Alcohols may be oxidized to give ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. These functional groups are useful for further reactions. Oxidation of organic compounds generally increases the number of bonds from carbon to oxygen (or another electronegative element, such as a halogen), and it may decrease the number of bonds to hydrogen.Application of 923-61-5

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Antimicrobial and antitumor activity of S-methyl dithiocarbazate Schiff base zinc(II) complexes was written by Ramilo-Gomes, Filipa;Addis, Yemataw;Tekamo, Israel;Cavaco, Isabel;Campos, Debora L.;Pavan, Fernando R.;Gomes, Clara S. B.;Brito, Vanessa;Santos, Adriana O.;Domingues, Fernanda;Luis, Angelo;Marques, M. Matilde;Pessoa, Joao Costa;Ferreira, Susana;Silvestre, Samuel;Correia, Isabel. And the article was included in Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry in 2021.Synthetic Route of C8H10ClNO3 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Schiff bases (SB) obtained from S-Me dithiocarbazate and aromatic aldehydes: salicylaldehyde (H₂L¹), o-vanillin (H₂L²), pyridoxal (H₂L³) and 2,6-diformyl-4-methylphenol (H₃L⁴), and their corresponding zinc complexes (1–4), were synthesized. All compounds were characterized by elemental analyses, IR, UV-visible, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The structures of H₂L² and [Zn₂(L¹)₂(H₂O)(DMF)] (1a) are solved by single crystal x-ray diffraction. The SB coordinates the metal center through the O_phenolate, N_imine and S_thiolate atoms. The radical scavenging activity is tested using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, with all ligand precursors showing IC₅₀ values ∼40μM. Cytotoxicity studies with several tumor cell lines (PC-3, MCF-7 and Caco-2) as well as a nontumoral cell line (NHDF) are reported. 1 Has relevant and selective antiproliferative effect against Caco-2 cells (IC₅₀ = 9.1μM). Their antimicrobial activity is evaluated in five bacterial strains (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus) and two yeast strains (Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis) with some compounds showing bacteriostatic and fungicidal activity. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC₉₀) of H_nL against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is also reported, with H₂L² and H₃L⁴ showing very high activity (MIC₉₀ < 0.6μg/mL). The ability of the compounds to bind bovine serum albumin (BSA) and DNA is evaluated for H₃L⁴ and [Zn₂(L⁴)(CH₃COO)] (4), both showing high binding constants to BSA (∼10⁶ M^-1) and ability to bind DNA. Overall, the reported compounds show relevant antitumor and antimicrobial properties, the authors’ data indicating they may be promising compounds in several fields of medicinal chem. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylisonicotinaldehyde hydrochloride (cas: 65-22-5Synthetic Route of C8H10ClNO3).

3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylisonicotinaldehyde hydrochloride (cas: 65-22-5) belongs to alcohols. The oxygen atom of the strongly polarized O―H bond of an alcohol pulls electron density away from the hydrogen atom. This polarized hydrogen, which bears a partial positive charge, can form a hydrogen bond with a pair of nonbonding electrons on another oxygen atom. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.Synthetic Route of C8H10ClNO3

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Assessment of antidiabetic potential and phytochemical profiling of Rhazya stricta root extracts was written by Mahmood, Rashid;Kayani, Waqas Khan;Ahmed, Tanveer;Malik, Farnaz;Hussain, Shahzad;Ashfaq, Muhammad;Ali, Hussain;Rubnawaz, Samina;Green, Brian D.;Calderwood, Danielle;Kenny, Owen;Rivera, Gerardo A.;Mirza, Bushra;Rasheed, Faiza. And the article was included in BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies in 2020.Computed Properties of C9H20O2 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by hyperglycemia that may occur due to genetic, environmental or lifestyle factors. Natural remedies have been used to treat diabetes since long and many antidiabetic compounds of varied efficacies have been isolated from medicinal plants. Rhazya stricta has been used for decades for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and associated ailments. Considering the folkloric use of R. stricta against diabetes, it was aimed to investigate the effectiveness of its root extracts against diabetes through in vitro assays and in vivo studies using animal model along with phytochem. profiling through GCMS. Various fractions of Rhazya stricta obtained through column chromatog. were evaluated for a variety of assays including α-glucosidase, Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV), β-secretase and Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion studies. For the in vivo studies the alloxan-induced diabetic mice were treated with root extracts and blood glucose levels, HbA1C, and other biochem. markers along with the histol. study of the liver were done. The phytochem. identification was performed using an Agilent 7890B GC coupled to a 7010 Triple Quadrupole (MS/MS) system. GraphPad Prism software version 5.01 was used for statistical anal. Majority of the extract fractions showed excellent results against diabetes by inhibiting enzymes DPP-IV (Up to 61%) and β-secretase (Up to 83%) with IC₅₀s 979 μg/mL and 169 μg/mL resp. with increase in the GLP1 secretion. The results of in vivo studies indicated a marked reduction in blood glucose and HbA1c levels along with pos. effects on other parameters like lipid profile, liver functions and renal functions of extract-treated mice as compared to control. The histol. examination of the liver demonstrated hepatoprotective effects against diabetes led changes and various classes of phytochems. were also identified through GCMS in different fractions. The results revealed strong antidiabetic activity of R. stricta root with the potential to protect body organs against diabetic changes. Moreover, a variety of phytochems. has also been identified through GCMS that might be responsible for the antidiabetic potential of Rhazya stricta root. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 2-Butyl-2-ethylpropane-1,3-diol (cas: 115-84-4Computed Properties of C9H20O2).

2-Butyl-2-ethylpropane-1,3-diol (cas: 115-84-4) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.Computed Properties of C9H20O2

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

The impact of non-ideality of lipid mixing on peptide induced lipid clustering was written by Finger, Sebastian;Kerth, Andreas M.;Dathe, Margitta;Blume, Alfred. And the article was included in Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, Biomembranes in 2020.Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks The following contents are mentioned in the article:

The influence of several antimicrobial trivalent cyclic hexapeptides on the mixing behavior of bilayer lipid membranes containing phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) with varying composition was studied using DSC and ITC. The peptides contained three arginines and three aromatic amino acids and had different sequences. All of them induce clustering of PG-rich clusters with bound peptides after binding. In a previous publication we could show that a correlation between clustering efficacy and the antimicrobial activity of the peptides exists (S. Finger et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1848 (2015) 2998-3006). In the current study we investigated whether the non-ideality of the lipid mixture had any effect on the clustering efficacy and the critical peptide/lipid clustering ratio. We could show that for PG/PE membranes containing 1:1 M ratios and lipids with equal or unequal chain lengths, the amount of clustered PG depended only slightly on the absolute chain length and on the chain length difference between PG and PE. Much larger differences were observed when the PG/ PE mixing ratio was changed. In mixtures of DPPG/DPPE with high PG content, the amount of clustered PG per added peptide was much higher than in PE-rich mixtures The ITC experiments showed that the critical peptide/lipid ratio for cluster formation is also strongly dependent on the PG/PE ratio in the mixture In the PG/PE 3:1 mixture, the formation of clusters with bound peptide is much more likely than for mixtures with less PG. For 1:1 and 1:3 lipid mixtures, the critical peptide/lipid ratio for demixing is between 0.002 and 0.004. Therefore, even in these mixtures clustering occurs way below charge saturation of the PG in the mixture and the PG-rich clusters are not charge compensated either. The peptide concentration necessary for inducing clustering amounts to ∼8 μM, a value well within the range of minimal inhibitory concentration values observed for the cyclic peptides studied here. Our results show that not only the structure of the cyclic peptide influences the clustering efficacy but also the mixing behavior of the lipids in the bilayers has an influence on the amount of clustering induced by binding of cyclic peptides. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate (cas: 923-61-5Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks).

(2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate (cas: 923-61-5) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Rhubarb granule promotes diethylnitrosamine-induced liver tumorigenesis by activating the oxidative branch of pentose phosphate pathway via G6PD in rats was written by Huang, Hongwu;Liu, Zhenzhen;Qi, Xiaoru;Gao, Nailong;Chang, Jianguo;Yang, Miaomiao;Na, Sha;Liu, Yanyan;Song, Rui;Li, Lu;Chen, Guangliang;Zhou, Hui. And the article was included in Journal of Ethnopharmacology in 2021.HPLC of Formula: 27208-80-6 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Rhubarb is a natural herbal medicine widely used clin. with numerous pharmacol. activities including anti-cancer. Specifically, several studies reported that free anthraquinones from Rhubarb suppressed the proliferation of hepatoma cells. Nonetheless, recent studies revealed that Rhubarb caused hepatotoxicity in vivo, confirming its “two-way” effect on the liver. Therefore, the efficacy and safety of Rhubarb in the in vivo treatment of liver cancer should be further elucidated. Aim of the study: This study investigated the presence of hepatoprotection or hepatotoxicity of Rhubarb in diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. A total of 112 male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 190-250 g were enrolled. The rats were induced hepatocarcinogenesis using diethylnitrosamine (0.002 g/rat) until 17 wk. Starting at week 11, Rhubarb granules (4 g/kg and 8 g/kg) were intragastrically administered daily for 7 wk. All rats were euthanized at week 20 and the livers were analyzed via non-targeted metabolomics anal. We established hepatic glucose 6 phosphate (6PG) levels and glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activities to assess the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). And the liver injuries of rats were analyzed via histol. changes, hepatic function, as well as hepatic protein levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), pyruvate kinase isoenzyme type M2 (PKM2), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Furthermore, polydatin (0.1 g/kg/d) as a specific inhibitor of G6PD was used to treat rats. Notably, their histol. changes, hepatic function, hepatic 6PG levels, hepatic G6PD activities, PCNA levels, and PKM2 levels were recorded. Non-targeted metabolomics revealed that Rhubarb regulated the PPP in the liver of Rhubarb-DEN-treated rats. Besides, Rhubarb activated the oxidative branch of the PPP by activating G6PD (a rate-limiting enzyme in the oxidative PPP) in the liver of Rhubarb-DEN-treated rats. Meanwhile, Rhubarb promoted DEN-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Moreover, polydatin attenuated the promoting effect of Rhubarb on DEN-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Rhubarb promoted DEN-induced hepatocarcinogenesis by activating the PPP, indicating that the efficacy and safety of Rhubarb in the treatment of liver cancer deserve to be deliberated. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(3-Hydroxy-5-((E)-4-hydroxystyryl)phenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 27208-80-6HPLC of Formula: 27208-80-6).

(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(3-Hydroxy-5-((E)-4-hydroxystyryl)phenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 27208-80-6) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.HPLC of Formula: 27208-80-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Comparison of different edible parts of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) flavor was written by Xiao, Naiyong;Huang, Haiyuan;Liu, Junya;Jiang, Xin;Chen, Qin;Chen, Qing;Shi, Wenzheng. And the article was included in Journal of Food Biochemistry in 2021.HPLC of Formula: 115-84-4 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

The study aims to obtain the information on taste and odor among different edible parts (white dorsal meat, white abdomen meat, white tail meat, and dark meat) of bighead carp. The results showed that the white dorsal meat and white abdomen meat had the higher content of total amino acids among all edible parts of bighead carp samples. The highest inosine monophosphate and adenosine monophosphate content presented in white abdomen meat, and the highest equivalent umami concentration value presented in dark meat. The principal component anal. result of electronic tongue and electronic nose showed significant differences in the overall taste and odor characteristics among four group samples. Addnl., 41, 30, 42, and 29 volatile compounds were identified by headspace solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry among white dorsal meat, white abdomen meat, white tail meat, and dark meat of bighead carp, resp. Based on the data of relative olfactory activity value (ROAV ≥ 1), 12 relative olfactory activity compounds may mainly contribute to the overall odor of bighead carp, including 2-methylbutanal, hexanal, heptanal, (E)-2-octenal, nonanal, dodecanal, undecanal, decanal, 3-methyl-1-pentanol, 1-octen-3-ol, (Z)-2-octen-1-ol, and eucalyptol. Furthermore, according to the Partial Least Squares Discriminant Anal. profile derived from the ROAV of 12 characteristic volatile compounds, significant variations in the odor of different edible parts of bighead carp. Overall, there was a significant difference in taste and odor among different edible parts of bighead carp, and this study may provide useful information for unraveling the flavor characteristics of each edible part of raw bighead carp. The comprehensive information on taste and odor among different edible parts (white dorsal meat, white abdomen meat, white tail meat, and dark meat) of bighead carp were obtained using liquid chromatog.-mass spectrometry, automatic amino acid analyzer, electronic tongue (E-tongue), headspace solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS), and electronic nose (E-tongue), resp. This study may provide useful information for unraveling the flavor characteristics of each edible part of raw bighead carp and improving the flavor of bighead carp products. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 2-Butyl-2-ethylpropane-1,3-diol (cas: 115-84-4HPLC of Formula: 115-84-4).

2-Butyl-2-ethylpropane-1,3-diol (cas: 115-84-4) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.HPLC of Formula: 115-84-4

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts