Month: November 2022

Beneficial effects of procyanidin B2 on adriamycin-induced nephrotic syndrome mice: the multi-action mechanism for ameliorating glomerular permselectivity injury was written by Zhao, Chuanping;Tang, Jiamei;Li, Xiaoya;Yan, Zihan;Zhao, Liangliang;Lang, Wenbo;Yuan, Chunmao;Zhou, Chengyan. And the article was included in Food & Function in 2022.Electric Literature of C30H26O12 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Despite considerable advances in prevention, diagnosis, and therapy, nephrotic syndrome (NS) remains a significant cause of high morbidity and mortality globally. As a result, there is an urgent need to identify novel effective preventative and therapeutic agents for NS. NS is implicated in glomerular permselectivity injury, which can be attributed to oxidative distress, inflammation, lipid nephrotoxicity, podocyte apoptosis, autophagy dysfunction, and slit diaphragm (SLD) dysfunction. In addition to its well-documented antioxidant potency, procyanidin B2 (PB2) may exhibit pleiotropic effects by targeting various canonical signaling events, such as NF-κB, PPARs, PI3K/Akt, mTOR, and the caspase family. As a result, PB2 may be a promising therapeutic target against NS. To test this hypothesis, we established an Adriamycin (ADR)-induced NS mouse model to evaluate the pleiotropic renoprotective effects of PB2 on NS. Here, we demonstrated that PB2 improves podocyte injury via inhibition of NOX4/ROS and Hsp90/NF-κB to exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potency, resp. We also show that PB2 indirectly activates the PI3K/Akt axis by regulating SLD protein levels, resulting in normalized podocyte apoptosis and autophagy function. Further, loss of albumin (ALB) induces lipid nephrotoxicity, which we found to be alleviated by PB2 via activation of PPARα/β-mediated lipid homeostasis and the cholesterol efflux axis. Interestingly, our results also suggested that PB2 reduces electrolyte abnormalities and edema. In addition, PB2 may contribute protective effects against trace element dys-homeostasis, which, through alleviating serum ALB loss, leads to a protective effect on glomerular permselectivity injury. Taken together, our results reveal that the identified mechanisms of PB2 on NS are multifactorial and involve inhibition of oxidative distress and inflammatory responses, as well as improvements in podocyte apoptosis and autophagy dysfunction, amelioration of lipid nephrotoxicity, and modulation of electrolyte abnormalities and edema. Thus, we provide a theor. basis for the clin. application of PB2 against NS. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R,2’R,3R,3’R,4R)-2,2′-Bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-[4,8′-bichromane]-3,3′,5,5′,7,7′-hexaol (cas: 29106-49-8Electric Literature of C30H26O12).

(2R,2’R,3R,3’R,4R)-2,2′-Bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-[4,8′-bichromane]-3,3′,5,5′,7,7′-hexaol (cas: 29106-49-8) belongs to alcohols. The oxygen atom of the strongly polarized O―H bond of an alcohol pulls electron density away from the hydrogen atom. This polarized hydrogen, which bears a partial positive charge, can form a hydrogen bond with a pair of nonbonding electrons on another oxygen atom. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.Electric Literature of C30H26O12

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Fuzzy identification of bioactive components for different efficacies of rhubarb by the back propagation neural network association analysis of UPLC-Q-TOF/MS^E and integrated effects was written by Chen, Jia-Qian;Chen, Yan-Yan;Du, Xia;Tao, Hui-Juan;Pu, Zong-Jin;Shi, Xu-Qin;Yue, Shi-Jun;Zhou, Gui-Sheng;Shang, Er-Xin;Tang, Yu-Ping;Duan, Jin-Ao. And the article was included in Chinese Medicine (London, United Kingdom) in 2022.Reference of 29106-49-8 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Rhei Radix et Rhizoma (rhubarb), as one of the typical representatives of multi-effect traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), has been utilized in the treatment of various diseases due to its multicomponent nature. However, there are few systematic investigations for the corresponding effect of individual components in rhubarb. Hence, we aimed to develop a novel strategy to fuzzily identify bioactive components for different efficacies of rhubarb by the back propagation (BP) neural network association anal. of ultra-performance liquid chromatog./quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry for every data (UPLC-Q-TOF/MSE) and integrated effects. Through applying the fuzzy chem. identification, most components of rhubarb were classified into different chem. groups. Meanwhile the integration effect values of different efficacies can be determined by animal experiment evaluation and multi-attribute comprehensive indexes. Then the BP neural network was employed for association anal. of components and different efficacies by correlating the component contents determined from UPLC-Q-TOF/MSE profiling and the integration effect values. Finally, the effect contribution of one type of components may be totaled to demonstrate the universal and individual characters for different efficacies of rhubarb. It suggested that combined anthraquinones, flavanols and their polymers may be the universal character to the multi-functional properties of rhubarb. Other components contributed to the individuality of rhubarb efficacies, including stilbene glycosides, anthranones and their dimers, free anthraquinones, chromones, gallic acid and gallotannins, butyrylbenzenes and their glycosides. Our findings demonstrated that the bioactive components for different efficacies of rhubarb were not exactly the same and can be systematically differentiated by the network-oriented strategy. These efforts will advance our knowledge and understanding of the bioactive components in rhubarb and provide scientific evidence to support the expansion of its use in clin. applications and the further development of some products based on this medicinal herb. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R,2’R,3R,3’R,4R)-2,2′-Bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-[4,8′-bichromane]-3,3′,5,5′,7,7′-hexaol (cas: 29106-49-8Reference of 29106-49-8).

(2R,2’R,3R,3’R,4R)-2,2′-Bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-[4,8′-bichromane]-3,3′,5,5′,7,7′-hexaol (cas: 29106-49-8) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. Alcohols may be oxidized to give ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. These functional groups are useful for further reactions. Oxidation of organic compounds generally increases the number of bonds from carbon to oxygen (or another electronegative element, such as a halogen), and it may decrease the number of bonds to hydrogen.Reference of 29106-49-8

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Screening of Relevant Metabolism-Disrupting Chemicals on Pancreatic β-Cells: Evaluation of Murine and Human In Vitro Models was written by Al-Abdulla, Ruba;Ferrero, Hilda;Soriano, Sergi;Boronat-Belda, Talia;Alonso-Magdalena, Paloma. And the article was included in International Journal of Molecular Sciences in 2022.Quality Control of 4,4′-Methylenediphenol The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Endocrine-disrupting chems. (EDCs) are chem. substances that can interfere with the normal function of the endocrine system. EDCs are ubiquitous and can be found in a variety of consumer products such as food packaging materials, personal care and household products, plastic additives, and flame retardants. Over the last decade, the impact of EDCs on human health has been widely acknowledged as they have been associated with different endocrine diseases. Among them, a subset called metabolism-disrupting chems. (MDCs) is able to promote metabolic changes that can lead to the development of metabolic disorders such as diabetes, obesity, hepatic steatosis, and metabolic syndrome, among others. Despite this, today, there are still no definitive and standardized in vitro tools to support the metabolic risk assessment of existing and emerging MDCs for regulatory purposes. Here, we evaluated the following two different pancreatic cell-based in vitro systems: the murine pancreatic β-cell line MIN6 as well as the human pancreatic β-cell line EndoC-βH1. Both were challenged with the following range of relevant concentrations of seven well-known EDCs: (bisphenol-A (BPA), bisphenol-S (BPS), bisphenol-F (BPF), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), cadmium chloride (CdCl2), and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE)). The screening revealed that most of the tested chems. have detectable, deleterious effects on glucose-stimulated insulin release, insulin content, elec. activity, gene expression, and/or viability. Our data provide new mol. information on the direct effects of the selected chems. on key aspects of pancreatic β-cell function, such as the stimulus-secretion coupling and ion channel activity. In addition, we found that, in general, the sensitivity and responses were comparable to those from other in vivo studies reported in the literature. Overall, our results suggest that both systems can serve as effective tools for the rapid screening of potential MDC effects on pancreatic β-cell physiol. as well as for deciphering and better understanding the mol. mechanisms that underlie their action. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4,4′-Methylenediphenol (cas: 620-92-8Quality Control of 4,4′-Methylenediphenol).

4,4′-Methylenediphenol (cas: 620-92-8) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are among the most common organic compounds. They are used as sweeteners and in making perfumes, are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of other compounds, and are among the most abundantly produced organic chemicals in industry. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Quality Control of 4,4′-Methylenediphenol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Genetically engineered bacteria-mediated multi-functional nanoparticles for synergistic tumor-targeting therapy was written by Wang, Yaotai;Tang, Yu;Du, Yan;Lin, Li;Zhang, Zhong;Ou, Xia;Chen, Sheng;Wang, Qi;Zou, Jianzhong. And the article was included in Acta Biomaterialia in 2022.Recommanded Product: 367-93-1 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Focused ultrasonic ablation surgery (FUAS) for tumor treatment has emerged as an effective non-invasive therapeutic approach, but its widespread clin. utilization is limited by its low therapeutic efficiency caused by inadequate tumor targeting, single imaging modality, and possible tumor recurrence following surgery. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a biol. targeting synergistic system consisting of genetically engineered bacteria and multi-functional nanoparticles to overcome these limitations. Escherichia coli was genetically modified to carry an acoustic reporter gene encoding the formation of gas vesicles (GVs) and then target the tumor hypoxic environment in mice. After E. coli producing GVs (GVs-E. coli) colonized the tumor target area, ultrasound imaging and collaborative FUAS were performed; multi-functional nanoparticles were then enriched in the tumor target area through electrostatic adsorption. Multi-functional cationic lipid nanoparticles containing IR780, perfluorohexane, and banoxantrone dihydrochloride (AQ4N) were coloaded in the tumor to realize targeted multimodal imaging and enhance the curative effect of FUAS. AQ4N was stimulated by the tumor hypoxic environment and synergistically cooperated with FUAS to kill tumor cells. In sum, synergistic tumor therapy involving multi-functional nanoparticles mediated by genetically engineered bacteria overcomes the limitations and improves the curative effect of existing FUAS. Inadequate tumor targeting, single image monitoring mode, and prone tumor recurrence following surgery remain significant challenges yet critical for tumor therapy. This study proposes a strategy for genetically engineered bacteria-mediated multifunctional nanoparticles for synergistic tumor therapy. The multifunctional genetically engineered biol. targeting synergistic agent can accomplish tumor-targeting therapy, synergistic FUAS ablation, hypoxia-activated chemotherapy combined with FUAS ablation, and multiple-imaging guidance and monitoring all at the same time, thereby compensating for the shortcomings of FUAS treatment. This strategy could pave the way for the progress of tumor therapy. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-(isopropylthio)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 367-93-1Recommanded Product: 367-93-1).

(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-(isopropylthio)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 367-93-1) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Recommanded Product: 367-93-1

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Electrical properties of membrane phospholipids in langmuir monolayers was written by Chachaj-Brekiesz, Anna;Kobierski, Jan;Wnetrzak, Anita;Dynarowicz-Latka, Patrycja. And the article was included in Membranes (Basel, Switzerland) in 2021.Computed Properties of C37H74NO8P The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Exptl. surface pressure (π) and elec. surface potential (ΔV) isotherms were measured for membrane lipids, including the following phosphatidylcholines (PCs)-1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC); 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC); 1,2-diarachidoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DAPC); and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC). In addition, other phospholipids, such as phosphatidylethanolamines (represented by 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DPPE)) and sphingolipids (represented by N-(hexadecanoyl)-sphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine (SM)) were also studied. The exptl. apparent dipole moments (μexpA) of the abovementioned lipids were determined using the Helmholtz equation. The particular contributions to the apparent dipole moments of the investigated mols. connected with their polar (μp⊥) and apolar parts (μa⊥) were theor. calculated for geometrically optimized systems. Using a three-layer capacitor model, introducing the group’s apparent dipole moments (calculated herein) and adopting values from other papers to account for the reorientation of water mols. (μw⊥/εw), as well as the for the local dielec. permittivity in the vicinity of the polar (εp) and apolar (εa) groups, the apparent dipole moments of the investigated mols. were calculated (μcalcA). Since the comparison of the two values (exptl. and calculated) resulted in large discrepancies, we developed a new methodol. that correlates the results from d. functional theory (DFT) mol. modeling with exptl. determined values using multiple linear regression. From the fitted model, the following contributions to the apparent dipole moments were determined: μw⊥/εw = -1.8 ±1.4 D; εp = 10.2 ± 7.0 and εa = 0.95 ± 0.52. Local dielec. permittivity in the vicinity of apolar groups (εa) is much lower compared to that in the vicinity of polar moieties (εp), which is in line with the tendency observed by other authors studying simple mols. with small polar groups. A much higher value for the contributions from the reorientation of water mols. (μw⊥/εw) has been interpreted as resulting from bulky and strongly hydrated polar groups of phospholipids. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate (cas: 923-61-5Computed Properties of C37H74NO8P).

(2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate (cas: 923-61-5) belongs to alcohols. The oxygen atom of the strongly polarized O―H bond of an alcohol pulls electron density away from the hydrogen atom. This polarized hydrogen, which bears a partial positive charge, can form a hydrogen bond with a pair of nonbonding electrons on another oxygen atom. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.Computed Properties of C37H74NO8P

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Catecholase activity, DNA binding and cytotoxicity studies of a Cu(II) complex of a pyridoxal Schiff base: synthesis, x-ray crystal structure, spectroscopic, electrochemical and theoretical studies was written by Adak, Piyali;Ghosh, Bipinbihari;Bauza, Antonio;Frontera, Antonio;Blake, Alexander J.;Corbella, Montserrat;Das Mukhopadhyay, Chitrangada;Chattopadhyay, Shyamal Kumar. And the article was included in RSC Advances in 2016.Reference of 65-22-5 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

A binuclear Cu(II) complex [Cu(L¹H^py)Cl]₂(ClO₄)₂ (1), where L¹H₂ is a new tridentate ligand, formed by condensation of 2-aminomethylpyridine and pyridoxal (one of the forms of vitamin B6), was synthesized. X-ray crystal structure determination shows that in this complex two Cu(II) ions are interconnected by complementary hydroxymethyl bridges of the two pyridoxal moieties, which is a very rare example in the literature. However, with a Cu···Cu separation of 6.574(1) Å and Cu-O(H)CH₂– distance of 2.289 Å, the bridge is very weak, and DFT calculations, as well as ESI-MS data and solution spectral studies indicate that in a MeOH solution the complex exists predominantly as a mixture of monomers [Cu(L¹H^py)Cl]⁺ and [Cu(L¹H^py)(MeOH)]²⁺ with the former being the predominant form. The DFT calculations as well as EPR spectra suggest that the SOMO is a metal d_x²-y² orbital. The complex shows highly efficient catecholase activity with k_cat = 3·46 × 10⁵ h^-1 and k_cat/K_M = 1.00 × 10⁸ M^-1 h^-1, which are the best values reported in the literature, so far, for catecholase mimicking model complexes. DFT calculations show that the reduction of the Cu(II)/Cu(I) by the coordinated catechol and the resultant structural changes is the rate determining step in the catalytic cycle. The complex also binds DNA quite strongly with a binding constant of ∼10⁵ M^-1. DFT calculations suggest that the most probable binding mode of the complex is intercalation of the pyridine ring of the complex between two adenine or adenine and cytosine base pairs. The complex shows low cytotoxicity towards HCT and HeLa cells, though cytotoxicity towards the latter cell line is much higher than the former. Also the complex can be used as a fluorescence probe for imaging HCT cells. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylisonicotinaldehyde hydrochloride (cas: 65-22-5Reference of 65-22-5).

3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylisonicotinaldehyde hydrochloride (cas: 65-22-5) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.Reference of 65-22-5

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Metabolomic profiling of wheat genotypes resistant and susceptible to root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei was written by Rahaman, Motiur Md;Zwart, Rebecca S.;Rupasinghe, Thusitha W. T.;Hayden, Helen L.;Thompson, John P.. And the article was included in Plant Molecular Biology in 2021.Safety of (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(3-Hydroxy-5-((E)-4-hydroxystyryl)phenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Metabolic profiling of Pratylenchus thornei resistant and susceptible wheat genotypes indicates that fatty acid, glycerolipid and flavonoid classes of metabolites constitutively expressed in resistant wheat roots could reduce nematode reproduction The root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei reduces wheat production in many parts of the world. In this study the metabolic profiles of two wheat genotypes QT16258 (moderately resistant) and ′Janz′ (susceptible) were compared at 8 wk post inoculation with or without P. thornei. We performed untargeted liquid chromatog. mass spectrometry anal. (LC-MS) of the wheat root samples. A total of 11,704 MS features were identified, out of which 765 MS features were annotated using inhouse chem. standards Principal components anal. (PCA) and partial least square discriminant anal. (PLS-DA) indicated dissimilarity of the metabolome between P. thornei resistant and susceptible genotypes. Two-way anal. of variance indicated that metabolic differences were mainly constitutive rather than induced by inoculation with P. thornei. Eighty-four annotated metabolites were significantly (p ≤ 0.01) higher in relative concentration in QT16258 than Janz and belonged to the following classes of metabolites: flavonoids, fatty acids, glycerolipids, alkaloids, tannins, nucleotides, steroid glycosides and terpenoids. Eighty-five annotated metabolites were significantly (p ≤ 0.01) higher in relative concentration in Janz than QT16258 and belonged to the following classes of metabolites: amino acids, sugars, flavonoids and alkaloids. Several metabolites at higher concentration in QT16258, including quercetin-3,4-O-di-beta-glucoside (flavonoid), linoleic acid (fatty acid), lysophosphatidylethanolamine (glycerolipid), hirsutine (alkaloid), 1-methylsulfinylbutenyl-isothiocyanate (glucosinolate), could potentially strengthen the root cell walls to inhibit nematode penetration and/or reduce nematode motility. Some metabolites at higher concentrations in susceptible Janz, including phenolics, coniferyl alc. and indole acetic acid conjugates, could be nematode attractants as well as part of a hypersensitive browning reaction to nematode invasion. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(3-Hydroxy-5-((E)-4-hydroxystyryl)phenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 27208-80-6Safety of (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(3-Hydroxy-5-((E)-4-hydroxystyryl)phenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol).

(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(3-Hydroxy-5-((E)-4-hydroxystyryl)phenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 27208-80-6) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Safety of (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(3-Hydroxy-5-((E)-4-hydroxystyryl)phenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Pharmacological effects of polydatin in the treatment of metabolic diseases: A review was written by Luo, Jinli;Chen, Shuo;Wang, Li;Zhao, Xiaohua;Piao, Chunli. And the article was included in Phytomedicine in 2022.Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks The following contents are mentioned in the article:

A review. Metabolic diseases (MDs), a series of chronic disorders, severely decreases the quality of life for patients but also cause a heavy economic burden. Emerging evidence suggests that Polydatin (PD), an important glucoside of resveratrol, is widely distributed in many plants and has shown good therapeutic potential in metabolic diseases. To review the PD discovered before 2021 and their potential to treat metabolic diseases. The activities against diabetes, Obesity, atherosclerosis, NAFLD, NASH, hyperlipidemia, and gout with special emphasis on pharmacol., pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, possible roles in current medicine, and future perspectives are discussed. A comprehensive search of published literature was conducted to locate original publications pertaining to polydatin and MDs through the end of 2021 using MEDLINE, Elsevier, Springer, PubMed, Scholar, and CNKI databases. The main inquiry used was for the presence of the following keywords in various combinations in the abstracts: Polydatin, Metabolic diseases, Pharmacol., Toxicol., Pharmacokinetics, Diabetes, Obesity,Atherosclerosis, Non-alc. fatty liver disease,Non-alc. steatohepatitis, Hyperlipidemia, and Gout. The search yielded 987 articles, of which 33 articles were included in this review. Studies have revealed that PD can promote insulin secretion, alleviate insulin resistance, regulate glucose and lipid metabolism, reduce liver lipid deposition, inhibit inflammation, oxidative stress, and decrease uric acid deposition in preclin. experiments The underlying mechanisms of PD in treatment MDs may be attributed to the regulation of multiple signaling pathways, including. NF-κB, AGEs/RAGE, MAPK/ERK, AMPK/LDLR, IRS1/PI3K/AKT, LKB1/AMPK, PPARβ-NO, SIRT1-PGC-1α-SOD2, PKC, etc., The pharmacokinetic profiles of PD provide valuable information on therapeutic efficacy in treating metabolic diseases. This review summarizes the available reports and evidence which support the use of PD as a potential candidate in the treatment of MDs and provides an overview of the modulatory effects of PD in metabolic diseases and cell signaling pathways, which may have important implications in its future clin. use. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(3-Hydroxy-5-((E)-4-hydroxystyryl)phenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 27208-80-6Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks).

(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(3-Hydroxy-5-((E)-4-hydroxystyryl)phenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 27208-80-6) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are among the most common organic compounds. They are used as sweeteners and in making perfumes, are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of other compounds, and are among the most abundantly produced organic chemicals in industry. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Significantly enhanced recovery of acute liver failure by liver targeted delivery of stem cells via heparin functionalization was written by Hwang, Youngmin;Kim, Jong Chul;Tae, Giyoong. And the article was included in Biomaterials in 2019.Product Details of 923-61-5 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Acute liver failure (ALF) occurs by insufficient detoxification of toxic materials in the liver, generating excess reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy can be a promising approach for the treatment of liver diseases including ALF by anti-inflammatory activity and secretion of cytokines associated with tissue regeneration. However, the efficacy of MSC therapy is generally poor, mainly due to a low survival and engraftment of administered cells. In this study, we demonstrated that the enhanced delivery of human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) to the damaged liver by the coating of lipid-conjugated heparin could result in significantly improved recovery from ALF in a mouse model. First, the therapeutic effect of secretomes of hADSCs on acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatic cell damage was confirmed regardless of the coating of lipid-conjugated heparin on hADSCs in vitro. Then, the therapeutic effects of lipid-conjugated heparin coated hADSCs (Lip-Hep/hADSC group) were analyzed compared to hADSCs themselves (hADSC group) using an APAP-induced ALF model in vivo. I.v. administration of hADSCs could lower the elevated serum levels of aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT), but Lip-Hep/hADSC group showed faster decrease in serum levels of AST and ALT to the normal values compared to hADSC group. Enhanced delivery and longer retention of hADSCs in the damage liver by the coating of lipid-conjugated heparin were confirmed by optical imaging of isolated organs using labeled cells and immunofluorescence staining of liver tissue sections against human nuclei. A significantly increased level of human hepatic growth factor (hHGF), a representative secretome from hADSC, significantly reduced levels of macrophage and CYP2E1, implying alleviated inflammatory response, were detected by immunofluorescence staining from Lip-Hep/hADSC group compared to hADSC group. These results well coincided with the improved recovery of the damaged liver from Lip-Hep/hADSC group than hADSC group in histol. anal. Thus, the coating of lipid-conjugated heparin on hADSCs has a great potential to improve the therapeutic effect of cells on the liver injury. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate (cas: 923-61-5Product Details of 923-61-5).

(2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate (cas: 923-61-5) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.Product Details of 923-61-5

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS Characterization and Estimation of the Antioxidant Potential of Phenolic Compounds from Different Parts of the Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) Seed and Rhizome was written by Zhu, Zihan;Zhong, Biming;Yang, Zihong;Zhao, Wanrong;Shi, Linghong;Aziz, Ahsan;Rauf, Abdur;Aljohani, Abdullah S. M.;Alhumaydhi, Fahad A.;Suleria, Hafiz Ansar Rasul. And the article was included in ACS Omega in 2022.Reference of 27208-80-6 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Edible lotus (Nelumbo nucifera G.) is widely consumed in Asian countries and treated as a functional food and traditional medicinal herb due to its abundant bioactive compounds Lotus rhizome peels, rhizome knots, and seed embryos are important byproducts and processing waste of edible lotus (Nelumbo nucifera G.) with com. significance. Nevertheless, the comprehensive phenolic profiling of different parts of lotus is still scarce. Thus, this study aimed to review the phenolic contents and antioxidant potential in lotus seeds (embryo and cotyledon) and rhizomes (peel, knot, and pulp) grown in Australia. In the phenolic content and antioxidant potential estimation assays by comparing to the corresponding reference standards, the lotus seed embryo exhibited the highest total phenolic content (10.77 ± 0.66 mg GAE/g_f.w.), total flavonoid content (1.61 ± 0.03 mg QE/g_f.w.), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity (9.66 ± 0.10 mg AAE/g_f.w.), 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) scavenging activity (14.35 ± 0.20 mg AAE/g_f.w.), and total antioxidant capacity (6.46 ± 0.30 mg AAE/g), while the highest value of ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) activity and total tannin content was present in the lotus rhizome knot (2.30 ± 0.13 mg AAE/g_f.w.). A total of 86 phenolic compounds were identified in five parts of lotus by liquid chromatog. coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS), including phenolic acids (20), flavonoids (51), lignans (3), stilbenes (2), and other polyphenols (10). The most phenolic compounds, reaching up to 68%, were present in the lotus seed embryo (59). Furthermore, the lotus rhizome peel and lotus seed embryo exhibit significantly higher contents of selected polyphenols than other lotus parts according to high-performance liquid chromatog. (HPLC) quantification anal. The results highlighted that byproducts and processing waste of edible lotus are rich sources of phenolic compounds, which may be good candidates for further exploitation and utilization in food, animal feeding, and pharmaceutical industries. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(3-Hydroxy-5-((E)-4-hydroxystyryl)phenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 27208-80-6Reference of 27208-80-6).

(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(3-Hydroxy-5-((E)-4-hydroxystyryl)phenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 27208-80-6) belongs to alcohols. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.Reference of 27208-80-6

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Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts