Month: November 2022

Procyanidin B2 Alleviates Heat-Induced Oxidative Stress through the Nrf2 Pathway in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells was written by Wang, Hongzhuang;Hao, Weiguang;Yang, Liang;Li, Tingting;Zhao, Chongchong;Yan, Peishi;Wei, Shengjuan. And the article was included in International Journal of Molecular Sciences in 2022.Application of 29106-49-8 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

The objective of this study was to investigate the protective effects and potential mol. mechanisms of procyanidin B2 (PB2) in MAC-T (mammary alveolar cells-large T antigen) cells during heat stress (HS). The MAC-T cells were divided into three treatment groups: control (37°C), HS (42°C), and PB2 + HS (42°C). Compared with MAC-T cells that were consistently cultured at 37°C, acute HS treatment remarkably decreased cell viability, reduced activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and elevated intracellular levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Addnl., nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) was activated and translocated to the nucleus, in accompaniment with upregulation of Nrf2, heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), thioredoxin reductase 1 (Txnrd1), and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). In parallel, both mRNA transcript and actual protein secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), were increased by heat stress. Pretreatment of MAC-T cells with 0∼25μM PB2 alleviated the decline of cell viability by HS in a dose-dependent fashion and protected cells against HS-induced oxidative stress, as evidenced by significantly improved CAT, SOD, and T-AOC activity, as well as with decreased MDA and ROS generation. Furthermore, PB2 further activated the Nrf2 signaling pathway and reversed the inflammatory response induced by HS. Silencing of Nrf2 by si-Nrf2 transfection not only exacerbated HS-induced cell death and provoked oxidative stress and the inflammatory response, but also greatly abolished the cytoprotective effects under HS of PB2. In summary, PB2 protected MAC-T cells against HS-induced cell death, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response, partially by operating at the Nrf2 signal pathway. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R,2’R,3R,3’R,4R)-2,2′-Bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-[4,8′-bichromane]-3,3′,5,5′,7,7′-hexaol (cas: 29106-49-8Application of 29106-49-8).

(2R,2’R,3R,3’R,4R)-2,2′-Bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-[4,8′-bichromane]-3,3′,5,5′,7,7′-hexaol (cas: 29106-49-8) belongs to alcohols. The oxygen atom of the strongly polarized O―H bond of an alcohol pulls electron density away from the hydrogen atom. This polarized hydrogen, which bears a partial positive charge, can form a hydrogen bond with a pair of nonbonding electrons on another oxygen atom. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.Application of 29106-49-8

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Controllable acoustic response of shell-stabilized nanobubbles: High yield and narrow dispersity was written by Jafari Sojahrood, Amin;de Leon, Al C.;Lee, Richard;Cooley, Michaela;Abenojar, Eric C.;Kolios, Michael C.;Exner, Agata A.. And the article was included in ACS Nano in 2021.Reference of 923-61-5 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Understanding the pressure dependence of the nonlinear behavior of ultrasonically excited phospholipid-stabilized nanobubbles (NBs) is important for optimizing ultrasound exposure parameters for implementations of contrast enhanced ultrasound, critical to mol. imaging. The viscoelastic properties of the shell can be controlled by the introduction of membrane additives, such as propylene glycol as a membrane softener or glycerol as a membrane stiffener. We report on the production of high-yield NBs with narrow dispersity and different shell properties. Through precise control over size and shell structure, we show how these shell components interact with the phospholipid membrane, change their structure, affect their viscoelastic properties, and consequently change their acoustic response. A two-photon microscopy technique through a polarity-sensitive fluorescent dye, C-laurdan, was utilized to gain insights on the effect of membrane additives to the membrane structure. We report how the shell stiffness of NBs affects the pressure threshold (P_t) for the sudden amplification in the scattered acoustic signal from NBs. For narrow size NBs with 200 nm mean size, we find P_t to be between 123 and 245 kPa for the NBs with the most flexible membrane as assessed using C-Laurdan, 465-588 kPa for the NBs with intermediate stiffness, and 588-710 kPa for the NBs with stiff membranes. Numerical simulations of the NB dynamics are in good agreement with the exptl. observations, confirming the dependence of acoustic response to shell properties, thereby substantiating further the development in engineering the shell of ultrasound contrast agents. The viscoelastic-dependent threshold behavior can be utilized for significantly and selectively enhancing the diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasound applications of potent narrow size NBs. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate (cas: 923-61-5Reference of 923-61-5).

(2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate (cas: 923-61-5) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. Alcohols may be oxidized to give ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. These functional groups are useful for further reactions. Oxidation of organic compounds generally increases the number of bonds from carbon to oxygen (or another electronegative element, such as a halogen), and it may decrease the number of bonds to hydrogen.Reference of 923-61-5

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

A novel protein fusion partner, carbohydrate-binding module family 66, to enhance heterologous protein expression in Escherichia coli was written by Ko, Hyunjun;Kang, Minsik;Kim, Mi-Jin;Yi, Jiyeon;Kang, Jin;Bae, Jung-Hoon;Sohn, Jung-Hoon;Sung, Bong Hyun. And the article was included in Microbial Cell Factories in 2021.Application of 367-93-1 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Proteins with novel functions or advanced activities developed by various protein engineering techniques must have sufficient solubility to retain their bioactivity. However, inactive protein aggregates are frequently produced during heterologous protein expression in Escherichia coli. To prevent the formation of inclusion bodies, fusion tag technol. has been commonly employed, owing to its good performance in soluble expression of target proteins, ease of application, and purification feasibility. Thus, researchers have continuously developed novel fusion tags to expand the expression capacity of high-value proteins in E. coli. A novel fusion tag comprising carbohydrate-binding module 66 (CBM66) was developed for the soluble expression of heterologous proteins in E. coli. The target protein solubilization capacity of the CBM66 tag was verified using seven proteins that are poorly expressed or form inclusion bodies in E. coli: four human-derived signaling polypeptides and three microbial enzymes. Compared to native proteins, CBM66-fused proteins exhibited improved solubility and high production titer. The protein-solubilizing effect of the CBM66 tag was compared with that of two com. tags, maltose-binding protein and glutathione-S-transferase, using poly(ethylene terephthalate) hydrolase (PETase) as a model protein; CBM66 fusion resulted in a 3.7-fold higher expression amount of soluble PETase (approx. 370 mg/L) compared to fusion with the other com. tags. The intact PETase was purified from the fusion protein upon serial treatment with enterokinase and affinity chromatog. using levan-agarose resin. The bioactivity of the three proteins assessed was maintained even when the CBM66 tag was fused. The use of the CBM66 tag to improve soluble protein expression facilitates the easy and economic production of high-value proteins in E. coli. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-(isopropylthio)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 367-93-1Application of 367-93-1).

(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-(isopropylthio)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 367-93-1) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Application of 367-93-1

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Ultrahigh-Resolution Mass Spectrometry-Based Platform for Plasma Metabolomics Applied to Type 2 Diabetes Research was written by Zhu, Yanlong;Wancewicz, Benjamin;Schaid, Michael;Tiambeng, Timothy N.;Wenger, Kent;Jin, Yutong;Heyman, Heino;Thompson, Christopher J.;Barsch, Aiko;Cox, Elizabeth D.;Davis, Dawn B.;Brasier, Allan R.;Kimple, Michelle;Ge, Ying. And the article was included in Journal of Proteome Research in 2021.Application In Synthesis of (2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Metabolomics-the endpoint of the omics cascade-is increasingly recognized as a preferred method for understanding the ultimate responses of biol. systems to stress. Flow injection electrospray (FIE) mass spectrometry (MS) has advantages for untargeted metabolic fingerprinting due to its simplicity and capability for high-throughput screening but requires a high-resolution mass spectrometer to resolve metabolite features. The authors developed and validated a high-throughput and highly reproducible metabolomics platform integrating FIE with ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ICR (FTICR) MS for anal. of both polar and nonpolar metabolite features from plasma samples. FIE-FTICR MS enables high-throughput detection of hundreds of metabolite features in a single mass spectrum without a front-end separation step. Using plasma samples from genetically identical obese mice with or without type 2 diabetes (T2D), the authors validated the intra and intersample reproducibility of the authors′ method and its robustness for simultaneously detecting alterations in both polar and nonpolar metabolite features. Only 5 min is needed to acquire an ultra-high resolution mass spectrum in either a pos. or neg. ionization mode. Approx. 1000 metabolic features were reproducibly detected and annotated in each mouse plasma group. For significantly altered and highly abundant metabolite features, targeted tandem MS (MS/MS) analyses can be applied to confirm their identity. With this integrated platform, the authors successfully detected over 300 statistically significant metabolic features in T2D mouse plasma as compared to controls and identified new T2D biomarker candidates. This FIE-FTICR MS-based method is of high throughput and highly reproducible with great promise for metabolomics studies toward a better understanding and diagnosis of human diseases. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate (cas: 923-61-5Application In Synthesis of (2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate).

(2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate (cas: 923-61-5) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are among the most common organic compounds. They are used as sweeteners and in making perfumes, are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of other compounds, and are among the most abundantly produced organic chemicals in industry. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.Application In Synthesis of (2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Schiff base Sn(IV) complexes as cytotoxic agents: Synthesis, structure, isosteric and bioisosteric replacement was written by Galvan-Hidalgo, Jose M.;Ramirez-Apan, Teresa;Nieto-Camacho, Antonio;Hernandez-Ortega, Simon;Gomez, Elizabeth. And the article was included in Journal of Organometallic Chemistry in 2017.Related Products of 65-22-5 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

The preparation and characterization of two series of organotin(IV) 4-pyridinecarbaldimine Schiff base complexes I (R¹ = Cy, CH₂SiMe₃; R = H, F, Cl, Me, MeO, NO₂, ^tBu) are reported, each series differing in the nature of the substituent bonded to the tin atom (cyclohexyl or bis(trimethyl)silylmethyl). The isosteric and bioisosteric approach was used as the strategy of mol. design. The ligand was 5-hydroxymethyl-4-[(2-hydroxyphenyl)iminomethyl]-2-methylpyridin-3-ol substituted at position 4 by Me, halogeno (F, Cl), methoxy, nitro and tert-butyl; the synthesis of the organotin(IV) complexes was performed by a multi-component strategy in reasonable to high yields depending on the nature of the ligand. All new complexes were fully characterized by IR, MS, X-ray determinations and NMR (¹H, ¹³C, ¹¹⁹Sn). Crystallog. data of complexes showed the geometries adopted around the metal tin center varied between square pyramidal in 2c and a trigonal bipyramidal in 3b–3d with the alkyl groups in the trigonal plane and the two oxygen atoms in the equatorial plane. Addnl., the in vitro cytotoxicity tests of the complexes towards six types of human cancerous cell lines U-251 (glioblastoma), K-562 (chronic myelogenous leukemia), HCT-15 (human colorectal), MCF-7 (human breast), MDA-MB-231 (human breast) and SKLU-1 (non-small cell lung) showed the superior activity of the organotin complexes compared to the corresponding cisplatin used as pos. control. The complexes containing fluorine exhibited excellent IC₅₀ data indicating that both the bioisosteric replacement and the cyclohexyl ring bonded to the tin atom increased the potency of the cytotoxic activity towards the cancer cell lines tested. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylisonicotinaldehyde hydrochloride (cas: 65-22-5Related Products of 65-22-5).

3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylisonicotinaldehyde hydrochloride (cas: 65-22-5) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.Related Products of 65-22-5

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Automated Annotation and Evaluation of In-Source Mass Spectra in GC/Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization-MS-Based Metabolomics was written by Jaeger, Carsten;Hoffmann, Friederike;Schmitt, Clemens A.;Lisec, Jan. And the article was included in Analytical Chemistry (Washington, DC, United States) in 2016.Computed Properties of C8H10ClNO3 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Gas chromatog. using atm. pressure chem. ionization coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/APCI-MS) is an emerging metabolomics platform, providing much-enhanced capabilities for structural mass spectrometry as compared to traditional electron ionization (EI)-based techniques. To exploit the potential of GC/APCI-MS for more comprehensive metabolite annotation, a major bottleneck in metabolomics, the authors here present the novel R-based tool InterpretMSSpectrum assisting in the common task of annotating and evaluating in-source mass spectra as obtained from typical full-scan experiments When passed a list of mass-intensity pairs, InterpretMSSpectrum locates the mol. ion (M0), fragment and adduct peaks, calculates their most likely sum formula combination and graphically summarizes results as an annotated mass spectrum. Using (modifiable) filter rules for the commonly used methoximated-trimethylsilylated (MeOx-TMS) derivatives, covering elemental composition, typical substructures, neutral losses and adducts, InterpretMSSpectrum significantly reduces the number of sum formula candidates, minimizing manual effort for postprocessing candidate lists. The authors demonstrate the utility of InterpretMSSpectrum for 86 in-source spectra of derivatized standard compounds, in which rank-1 sum formula assignments were achieved in 84% of the cases, compared to only 63% when using mass and isotope information of the M0 alone. The authors further use, for the first time, automated annotation to evaluate the purity of pseudospectra generated by different metabolomics preprocessing tools, showing that automated annotation can serve as an integrative quality measure for peak picking/deconvolution methods. As an R package, InterpretMSSpectrum integrates flexibly into existing metabolomics pipelines and is freely available from CRAN (https://cran.r-project.org/). This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylisonicotinaldehyde hydrochloride (cas: 65-22-5Computed Properties of C8H10ClNO3).

3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylisonicotinaldehyde hydrochloride (cas: 65-22-5) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.Computed Properties of C8H10ClNO3

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Transition metal complexes with thiosemicarbazide-based ligands. Part 63. Syntheses, structures and physicochemical characterization of the first chromium(III) complexes with pyridoxal semi- and thiosemicarbazones was written by Vojinovic-Jesic, Ljiljana S.;Jovanovic, Ljiljana S.;Leovac, Vukadin M.;Radanovic, Mirjana M.;Rodic, Marko V.;Barta Hollo, Berta;Meszasaros Szecsenyi, Katalin;Ivkovic, Sonja A.. And the article was included in Polyhedron in 2015.HPLC of Formula: 65-22-5 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

With pyridoxal semi-/thiosemicarbazones (PLSC/PLTSC) ligands for the first time chromium complexes were obtained. In the reaction of ethanolic solution of Cr(NO₃)₃ and K₃[Cr(NCS)₆] and the ligands in mole ratio 1:1 or 1:2, the following complexes were formed: [Cr(PLSC)(PLSC-H)](NO₃)₂·H₂O (1), K[Cr(PLSC-H)(NCS)₃]·EtOH (2), [Cr(PLTSC)(PLTSC-H)](NO₃)₂·2H₂O (3), [Cr(PLTSC)₂](NO₃)₃ (4) and [Cr(PLTSC)(NCS)₃]·2H₂O (5). All the complexes have mer-octahedral structure which in the cases of the complexes 2, 4 and 5 was proved by single-crystal x-ray diffraction anal. The Schiff bases coordinate in the usual tridentate ONX manner (X = O/S; PLSC/PLTSC). The pyridoxalic fragment is Zwitter ion regardless of the form of the coordinated ligands: neutral (keto/thion) and monoanionic (enolic/thiolic). In addition to the above complexes, x-ray crystallog. was used to characterize neutral and protonated forms of PLSC, i.e., PLSC·2H₂O and PLSC·HNCS, the latter one being obtained as a byproduct of the reaction of formation of the complex 2 using K₃[Cr(NCS)₆] and PLSC in the mole ratio 1:2. The x-ray analyses of these ligand forms showed that in the case of PLSC·HNCS the ligation O_phenolic, N_azomethine, O_keto due to strong hydrogen O2-H···N3 bond are placed in cis-position to each other (pro-binding conformation) which is not the case with PLSC·2H₂O. The compounds were characterized thoroughly by also IR/UV-visible spectral analyses, electrochem. and thermal methods. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylisonicotinaldehyde hydrochloride (cas: 65-22-5HPLC of Formula: 65-22-5).

3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylisonicotinaldehyde hydrochloride (cas: 65-22-5) belongs to alcohols. The oxygen atom of the strongly polarized O―H bond of an alcohol pulls electron density away from the hydrogen atom. This polarized hydrogen, which bears a partial positive charge, can form a hydrogen bond with a pair of nonbonding electrons on another oxygen atom. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.HPLC of Formula: 65-22-5

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

High-efficiency treatment of electroless nickel plating effluent using core-shell MnFe₂O₄-C@Al₂O₃ combined with ozonation: Performance and mechanism was written by Guan, Zhijie;Guo, Yanping;Mo, Zhihua;Chen, Shaojin;Liang, Jialin;Liao, Xiaojian;Zhang, Yumin;Huang, Zhenhua;Song, Weifeng;Xu, Yanbin;Ou, Xuelian;Sun, Shuiyu. And the article was included in Journal of Hazardous Materials in 2022.COA of Formula: C9H18O5S The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Heterogeneous catalytic ozonation (HCO) has been widely applied for the treatment of wastewater. In order to maintain the structural stability and surface catalytic activity of heterogeneous catalysts during the HCO treatment of electroless nickel plating effluent (ENPE), a MnFe₂O₄-C@Al₂O₃ catalyst with a core-shell structure was synthesized. MnFe₂O₄-C@Al₂O₃ was characterized and applied in the removal of total nickel (TNi) and organic contaminants from actual ENPE, using a coupled system of HCO combined with a magnetic dithiocarbamate chelating resin (MnFe₂O₄-C@Al₂O₃/O₃-MDCR). Results show that embedding Al₂O₃ with C and MnFe₂O₄ significantly increased the TNi removal efficiency (99.3%), enhanced the O₃-utilization efficiency and improved the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The reaction rate (k = 0.7641 min^-1) and O₃-utilization efficiency established for TNi removal (ΔTNi/ΔO3 =0.221) by the MnFe₂O₄-C@Al₂O₃/O₃-MDCR system, were 220% and 140% higher than the Al₂O₃/O₃-MDCR system, resp. Catalytic mechanism anal. demonstrated that surface hydroxyl groups, oxygen vacancy, metals, the carbon surface and its functional groups, can all potentially serve as catalytic active sites, with ¹O₂ and ·OH considered to the predominant ROS. Overall, these findings verify that the synthesized MnFe₂O₄-C@Al₂O₃ catalyst possesses excellent catalytic capabilities and outstanding structural stability, making it suitable for practical application in the treatment of wastewater effluent. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-(isopropylthio)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 367-93-1COA of Formula: C9H18O5S).

(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-(isopropylthio)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 367-93-1) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.COA of Formula: C9H18O5S

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Ethanolic extract of Pyrus pashia buch ham ex. D. Don (Kainth): A bioaccessible source of polyphenols with anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in vivo was written by Om, Prakash;Gopinath, M. S.;Madan Kumar, P.;Muthu Kumar, S. P.;Kudachikar, V. B.. And the article was included in Journal of Ethnopharmacology in 2022.Electric Literature of C30H26O12 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Pyrus pashia Buch ham ex. D. Don (Kainth) fruit from the Himalayan region is traditionally consumed by native people in the form of decoctions for various clin. conditions including inflammatory diseases. However, scientific studies on the biofunctional properties of Kainth fruits are still scarce. The study is aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of Kainth fruit extracts using in vitro and in vivo inflammation models. Free, esterified and bound fractions from the Kainth ethanolic extracts were prepared for determining the anti-inflammatory effect. The levels of 5-LOX and COX-2 were determined in vitro. The protein levels of cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α & IL-10) were quantitated by ELISA method in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW macrophages. Also, the anti-inflammatory potential of the Kainth fruit extracts was determined using the carrageenan-induced mice paw edema model. The bioaccessibility of Kainth fruit extracts was measured using a simulated in vitro digestion system (salivary, gastric and intestinal). The Kainth fruit extracts were partially purified to yield free, esterified and bound phenolics. Free and bound phenolics of Kainth fruits inhibited 5-Lipoxygenase, Cyclooxygenase-2 activities and pro-inflammatory cytokines (Interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α) expression in vitro. Also, oral administration of these extracts to the carrageenan-injected mice showed an anti-inflammatory effect by decreasing the pro-inflammatory cytokines and reducing the cellular infiltration in paw tissues. Also, both the extracts showed better bioavailability and bioaccessibility in in vitro and in vivo studies. The results indicated that free and bound phenolics from Kainth fruits that are rich in catechin, epicatechin, arbutin and chlorogenic acid exhibited anti-inflammatory effects and could potentially be used to treat inflammatory diseases. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R,2’R,3R,3’R,4R)-2,2′-Bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-[4,8′-bichromane]-3,3′,5,5′,7,7′-hexaol (cas: 29106-49-8Electric Literature of C30H26O12).

(2R,2’R,3R,3’R,4R)-2,2′-Bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-[4,8′-bichromane]-3,3′,5,5′,7,7′-hexaol (cas: 29106-49-8) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.Electric Literature of C30H26O12

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Selective, Base-Free Hydrogenation of Aldehydes Catalyzed by Ir Complexes Based on Proton-Responsive Lutidine-Derived CNP Ligands was written by Sanchez, Praxedes;Hernandez-Juarez, Martin;Rendon, Nuria;Lopez-Serrano, Joaquin;Alvarez, Eleuterio;Paneque, Margarita;Suarez, Andres. And the article was included in Organometallics in 2021.Formula: C10H22O The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Metal catalysts based on ligands containing proton-responsive sites have found widespread applications in the hydrogenation of polar unsaturated substrates. In this contribution, Ir complexes incorporating 2-phosphinomethyl-6-imidazolylmethylpyridine, lutidine-derived CNP pincer ligands (C = N-heterocyclic carbene, NHC; P = phosphine) with two nonequivalent Bronsted acid/base sites have been examined in the hydrogenation of aldehydes. To this end, Ir(CNP)H₂Cl complexes were synthesized in two steps from the CNP ligand precursors and Ir(acac)(COD). These derivatives react with an excess of NaH to yield the trihydride derivatives Ir(CNP)H₃, which were assessed as catalyst precursors in the hydrogenation of a series of aldehydes. The catalytic reactions were performed using com.-grade substrates under neutral, mild conditions (0.1 mol % Ir-CNP; 4 bar H₂, room temperature) with high conversions and selectivities for the reduction of the carbonyl function in the presence of other readily reducible groups such as C:C, nitro, and halogens. Reaction of an Ir(CNP)H₂Cl complex with base in the presence of an aromatic aldehyde produces the reversible formation of alkoxide Ir complexes in which the aldehyde is bound to the deprotonated pincer framework (CNP*) through the CH-NHC arm of the ligand. These species, along with a carboxylate complex resulting from the Ir mediated oxidation of the aldehyde by water, is observed in the reaction of Ir(CNP)H₃ with benzaldehyde. Finally, investigation of the mechanism of the hydrogenation of aldehydes has been carried out by means of DFT calculations considering the involvement of each arm of the Ir-CNP/CNP* derivatives Calculations support a mechanism in which the catalyst switches its metal-ligand cooperation sites to follow the lowest energy pathway for each step of the catalytic cycle. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 3,7-Dimethyloctan-1-ol (cas: 106-21-8Formula: C10H22O).

3,7-Dimethyloctan-1-ol (cas: 106-21-8) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.Formula: C10H22O

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts