Tag: M.W=150-200

Melnik, Bodo C. published the artcileSynergistic effects of milk-derived exosomes and galactose on α-synuclein pathology in Parkinson’s disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus, Name: (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, the main research area is review milk galactose alpha synuclein Parkinson disease diabetes mellitus; DNA methyltransferase 1; Parkinson’s disease; autophagy; diabetes mellitus; galactose; milk exosome; milk microRNAs; oxidative stress; vagal nerve; α-synuclein.

Epidemiol. studies associate milk consumption with an increased risk of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). PD is an α-synucleinopathy associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, deficient lysosomal clearance of α-synuclein (α-syn) and aggregation of misfolded α-syn. In T2D, α-syn promotes co-aggregation with islet amyloid polypeptide in pancreatic β-cells. Prion-like vagal nerve-mediated propagation of exosomal α-syn from the gut to the brain and pancreatic islets apparently link both pathologies. Exosomes are critical transmitters of α-syn from cell to cell especially under conditions of compromised autophagy. This review provides translational evidence that milk exosomes (MEX) disturb α-syn homeostasis. MEX are taken up by intestinal epithelial cells and accumulate in the brain after oral administration to mice. The potential uptake of MEX miRNA-148a and miRNA-21 by enteroendocrine cells in the gut, dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra and pancreatic β-cells may enhance miRNA-148a/DNMT1-dependent overexpression of α-syn and impair miRNA-148a/PPARGC1A- and miRNA-21/LAMP2A-dependent autophagy driving both diseases. MiRNA-148a- and galactose-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress activate c-Abl-mediated aggregation of α-syn which is exported by exosome release. Via the vagal nerve and/or systemic exosomes, toxic α-syn may spread to dopaminergic neurons and pancreatic β-cells linking the pathogenesis of PD and T2D.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences published new progress about Autophagy. 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, Name: (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Hu, Weiwei published the artcilePhysicochemical and macromolecule properties of RG-I enriched pectin from citrus wastes by manosonication extraction, Recommanded Product: (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, the main research area is rhamnogalacturonan pectin citrus waste manosonication extraction physicochem macromol property; Manosonication extraction; Property characterisation; RG-I enriched pectin.

The properties of pectin extracted from mandarin citrus peels by manosonication extraction (MSp) were systematically studied and compared with pectin obtained by the conventional maceration method (CMp). The yield of MSp (25.5%) was significantly higher than that of CMp (18.3%), while MSp exhibited two Mw fraction distributions. Monosaccharide anal. demonstrated that MSp had more branched RG-I regions (78.3 mol%) than CMp (36.6 mol%) with a high content of arabinose and galactose. The branched-chain morphol. characteristics of samples were directly imaged by at. force microscopy. The MSp exhibited a significantly lower degree of methoxylation than CMp by FT-IR and NMR anal., but X-ray diffraction anal. showed little difference in the level of crystallinity. Moreover, MSp and CMp showed non-Newtonian behavior, and the increasing order of apparent viscosities was 1.0 w/v% MSp < 1.0 w/v% CMp < 2.0 w/v% CMp < 2.0 w/v% MSp. Thermal anal. and weight loss measurements indicated MSp exhibited greater thermal stability. The results also indicated that both MSp and CMp significantly enhanced the emulsion activity at high concentrations; the emulsions containing 1.5 w/v% pectin showed no phase separation over 21 days, suggesting that MSp could be a potential effective stabilizer in the food and beverage industry. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules published new progress about Beverages. 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, Recommanded Product: (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Qin, Zhao published the artcileStructure, rheological, thermal and antioxidant properties of cell wall polysaccharides from Chinese quince fruits, Application of (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, the main research area is Chaenomeles cell wall polysaccharide structure rheol thermal antioxidant property; Antioxidant activity; Cell wall polysaccharides; Chinese quince; Hemicelluloses; Pectins.

To investigate the composition and structural characteristics of cell wall polysaccharides, three pectic fractions and two hemicellulose fractions, namely water-soluble pectin (WSP), chelator-soluble pectin (CSP), sodium carbonate-soluble pectin (NSP), 1 mol/L KOH soluble hemicellulose (KSH-1) and 4 mol/L KOH soluble hemicellulose (KSH-2), were isolated from Chinese quince fruits. The five fractions exhibited structural and compositional variation. The results showed NSP was the predominant cell wall polysaccharide fraction in the fruit. All pectic fractions had a low degree of esterification (31.7-42.4%). WSP fraction had the highest thermal stability among the five fractions. The polysaccharide chain lengths ranged from 19.4 nm to 121.4 nm. CSP had the highest mol. weight, giving it also the highest solution viscosity. NMR spectra revealed that NSP was composed of RG-I and galacturonic acid main chains, KSH-1 was composed of 1,4-β-D-Xylp backbone attached to 1,5-a-L-Araf units. Among the five fractions, CSP has the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity while KSH-1 has the highest reducing power. This study can contribute to the applications of Chinese quince fruit polysaccharides in food and pharmaceutical industries.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules published new progress about Cell wall. 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, Application of (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Wei, Chaozhi published the artcileThe characteristics of patulin detoxification by Lactobacillus plantarum 13M5, Safety of rel-(1R,2R,4R)-1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol, the main research area is lactobacillus plantarum patulin characteristic detoxification; Degradation; Lactic acid bacteria; Lactobacillus plantarum; Patulin; Toxicity.

Patulin (PAT) is a widespread mycotoxin that harms the health of both humans and animals. In this study, among the 17 tested Lactobacillus plantarum strains, L. plantarum 13M5, isolated from traditional Chinese fermented foods, showed the highest PAT degradation rate of up to 43.8% (PAT 5 mg/L). Evaluation of the living and dead 13M5 cells revealed that only the living cells had the ability to remove PAT and degrade it into E-ascladiol. A cell-based assay revealed that L. plantarum 13M5 administration alleviated PAT-induced injuries in Caco-2 cells, including cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and tight junction disruption. Our results suggest that L. plantarum 13M5 has the potential to reduce PAT toxicity and can thus be used as a probiotic supplement to reduce or eliminate the toxicity of PAT ingested from diet.

Food and Chemical Toxicology published new progress about Apoptosis. 124-76-5 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is rel-(1R,2R,4R)-1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol, and the molecular formula is C10H18O, Safety of rel-(1R,2R,4R)-1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Yu, Juan published the artcileApoptosis of human gastric carcinoma MGC-803 cells induced by a novel Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharide via intrinsic mitochondrial pathways, SDS of cas: 59-23-4, the main research area is Astragalus gastric carcinoma cell apoptosis polysaccharide intrinsic mitochondrial pathway; Cold-water soluble Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharide; Human gastric cancer; Mitochondrial apoptosis pathway.

In our previous study, a novel cold-water-soluble polysaccharide (APS4) was isolated from Astragalus membranaceus. This study aimed to evaluate the proliferation inhibition and apoptosis-induced effects of APS4 on human gastric carcinoma MGC-803 cells and to investigate its potential mol. mechanism. It was found that APS4 could significantly suppress the proliferation of MGC-803 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Morphol. observations and Annexin V-FITC/PI staining showed that APS4-treated MGC-803 cells exhibited typical morphol. characteristics of apoptosis. Cell cycle detection revealed that APS4 could arrest MGC-803 cells in S phase of the cell cycle. Addnl., APS4 treatment could induce the mitochondria-dependent apoptosis, which was closely related to the accumulation of intracellular ROS, the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential, the increase of the pro-apoptotic/anti-apoptotic (Bax/Bcl-2) ratios, the release of cytochrome c, further activating the expression of caspase-9/-3 and the cleavage of poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) in MGC-803 cells. Taken together, our results suggested that APS4 had observable apoptosis-induced effects on MGC-803 cells via arresting the cell cycle in S phase and inducing the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis pathway.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules published new progress about Apoptosis. 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, SDS of cas: 59-23-4.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Hou, Jingang published the artcileD-galactose induces astrocytic aging and contributes to astrocytoma progression and chemoresistance via cellular senescence, HPLC of Formula: 59-23-4, the main research area is glioblastoma astrocytoma astrocyte aging progression D galactose anticancer resistance.

In the present study, we aimed to investigate the involvement of astrocytes in D-galactose-induced brain aging in vitro. We found that D-galactose treatment significantly suppressed cell viability and induced cellular senescence. in addition, as of the accumulation of senescent cells, we proposed that the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SaSP) can stimulate age-related pathologies and chemoresistance in brain. consistently, senescent astrocytic CRT cells induced by D-galactose exhibited increases in the levels of IL-6 and IL-8 via NF-kB activation, which are major SaSP components and inflammatory cytokines. conditioned medium prepared from senescent astrocytic CRT cells significantly promoted the viability of brain tumor cells (u373-MG and n2a). importantly, conditioned medium greatly suppressed the cytotoxicity of u373-MG cells induced by temozolomide, and reduced the protein expression levels of neuron marker neuron-specific class III beta-tubulin, but markedly increased the levels of c-Myc in N2a cells. Thus, our findings demonstrated that D-galactose treatment might mimic brain aging, and that D-galactose could contribute to brain inflammation and tumor progression through inducing the accumulation of senescent-secretory astrocytes.

Molecular Medicine Reports published new progress about Apoptosis. 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, HPLC of Formula: 59-23-4.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Yu, Juan published the artcileThe structural characteristics of an acid-soluble polysaccharide from Grifola frondosa and its antitumor effects on H22-bearing mice, Related Products of alcohols-buliding-blocks, the main research area is Grifola hepatoma macrophage proliferation mannose glucose anticancer; Anti-tumor activity; Grifola frondosa acid-soluble polysaccharide; Structural characteristics.

The edible mushroom G. frondosa has been used as a kind of functional food for the prevention and therapy of various diseases in Asian countries. In the present work, a novel acid-soluble polysaccharide (GFAP) was successfully isolated from G. frondosa under room temperature and hydrochloric acid solution treatment. Results of chem. composition anal., UV and HPGPC spectra showed that GFAP mainly contained 94.28% of carbohydrate with the average mol. weight of about 644.9 kDa. GC, FT-IR, NMR and methylation anal. further indicated that GFAP was a neutral sugar mainly composed of (1 → 3)-β-D-Glcp and (1 → 3)-α-D-Manp. The in vivo antitumor experiments demonstrated that GFAP could effectively protect thymuses and spleens of tumor-bearing mice and inhibit the growth of H22 solid tumors with the inhibitory rate of 36.72%. Besides, GFAP could significantly improve the activities of NK cells, macrophages, CD19+ B cells and CD4+ T cells, leading to the apoptosis of H22 cells via G0/G1 phase arrested. Our data demonstrated that GFAP holds great application prospect to be a safe and effective antitumor adjuvant in the future.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules published new progress about Apoptosis. 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, Related Products of alcohols-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Zhu, Yuanting published the artcileExopolysaccharides produced by yogurt-texture improving Lactobacillus plantarum RS20D and the immunoregulatory activity, Synthetic Route of 59-23-4, the main research area is Lactobacillus macrophage yogurt texture immunoregulation nitric oxide; Exopolysaccharide; Immunoregulation; Lactobacillus plantarum; Yogurt.

The strain RS20D capable of significantly improving yogurt texture was isolated from traditional fermented vegetable products, and identified as Lactobacillus plantarum RS20D. The total exopolysaccharides (EPS) were prepared from reconstituted skim milk fermentation by RS20D, and purified through DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B and Sephadex G-100, and consequently the purified fraction designated as RS-r2 was obtained. The further work aimed to elucidate the structural features of RS-r2 via FT-IR spectrum, HPSEC and monosaccharide composition anal. was carried out. The results showed that RS-r2 was a novel acidic heteropolysaccharide mainly consisted of glucose, galactose and glucosamine in a molar ratio of 2.0:1.5:1. The mol. weight was estimated to be 1.69 × 106 Da. The EPS had a high degradation temperature (250 °C), suggesting its high thermal stability. SEM and AFM anal. of EPS further revealed chain microstructure anchored with many regular spherical shape in aqueous solution In vitro test showed that total EPS secreted by RS20D could stimulate macrophage RAW264.7 to release NO significantly and up-regulated the gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines at the mRNA level. Current study suggested that RS20D could be a potential source of immunoregulatory polysaccharide and may be applied as a functional starter culture to improve yogurt texture in the dairy industry.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules published new progress about Apoptosis. 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, Synthetic Route of 59-23-4.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Du, Zheng-De published the artcileNADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin decreases mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in the ventral cochlear nucleus of D-galactose-induced aging model in rats, Safety of (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, the main research area is NADPH oxidase inhibitor galactose apocynin mitochondrial dysfunction apoptosis aging; Apocynin; Apoptosis; Central presbycusis; D-galactose; Mitochondrial dysfunction; NADPH oxidase.

Presbycusis has become a common sensory deficit in humans. Oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA and mitochondrial dysfunction is strongly associated with the aging of the auditory system. A previous study established a mimetic rat model of aging using D-galactose (D-gal) and first reported that NADPH oxidase-dependent mitochondrial oxidative damage and apoptosis in the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) might contribute to D-gal-induced central presbycusis. In this study, we investigated the effects of apocynin, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, on mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in the VCN of D-gal-induced aging model in rats. Our data showed that apocynin decreased NADPH oxidase activity, H2O2 levels, mitochondrial DNA common deletion, and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) expression and increased total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in the VCN of D-gal-induced aging model in rats. Moreover, apocynin also decreased the protein levels of phospho-p47phox (p-p47phox), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) in the VCN of D-gal-induced aging model in rats. Meanwhile, apocynin alleviated mitochondrial ultrastructure damage and enhanced ATP production and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) levels in the VCN of D-gal-induced aging model in rats. Furthermore, apocynin inhibited cytochrome c (Cyt c) translocation from mitochondria to the cytoplasm and suppressed caspase 3-dependent apoptosis in the VCN of D-gal-induced aging model in rats. Consequently, our findings suggest that neuronal survival promoted by an NADPH oxidase inhibitor is a potentially effective method to enhance the resistance of neurons to central presbycusis.

Neurochemistry International published new progress about Apoptosis. 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, Safety of (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Huo, Jiaying published the artcileStructural characterization and immuno-stimulating activities of a novel polysaccharide from Huangshui, a byproduct of Chinese Baijiu, Synthetic Route of 59-23-4, the main research area is Baijiu Huangshui polysaccharide phagocytosis macrophage mmunostimulant activity apoptosis; Bioactive substances; Cytokines; Heteropolysaccharide; NMR; Structural identification; THP-1 cells.

Huangshui (HS), a byproduct of Baijiu, has been widely studied for the utilization of aromatic compounds and microorganisms. However, there is little information on the bioactive polysaccharides in HS. In this study, a novel complex polysaccharide (HSP-2) composed of mannose, glucose, galactose, arabinose, xylose, and rhamnose at approx. percentages of 53.0, 29.6, 11.5, 2.7, 2.1, and 1.0, resp., was successfully extracted and purified from HS. The results of FT-IR, methylation anal., and NMR showed that the backbone of HSP-2 was → 2)-β-D-Manp-(1 → 2,6)-β-D-Manp-(1 → 6)-α-D-Glcp-(1 → 4)-α-L-Rhap-(1 → 3,4)-α-L-Rhap-(1→. In addition, HSP-2 showed significant immuno-stimulating effects via increasing the ROS and NO generation, and enhancing the pinocytic and phagocytic capacities of THP-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, HSP-2 treatment increased IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β secretion through activating the expression of the related mRNAs and proteins. These results will provide a mol. basis for immuno-stimulating effects of HSP-2 and lay a foundation for the potential application of HS in functional foods.

Food Research International published new progress about Apoptosis. 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, Synthetic Route of 59-23-4.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts