Tag: M.W=150-200

Angiolillo, Antonella published the artcileAltered blood levels of anti-gal antibodies in Alzheimer′s disease: a new clue to pathogenesis, Application of (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, the main research area is Alzheimer disease galactose antibody pathogenesis; Alzheimer’s disease; alpha-gal epitope; microbiota.

Alzheimer′s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder whose pathol. mechanisms, despite recent advances, are not fully understood. However, the deposition of beta amyloid -peptide and neuroinflammation, which is probably aggravated by dysbiotic microbiota, seem to play a key role. Anti-Gal are the most abundant xenoreactive natural antibodies. They are supposed to stem from immunization against the gut microbiota and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including multiple sclerosis. These antibodies target the alpha-Gal epitope, expressed on the terminal sugar units of glycoprotein or glycolipid of all mammals except apes, Old World monkeys and humans. The alpha-Gal is constitutively expressed in several bacteria constituting the brain microbiota, and alpha-Gal-like epitopes have been detected in gray matter, amyloid plaque, neurofibrillary tangles and corpora amylacea of the human brain, suggesting a potential link between anti-Gal and Alzheimer′s disease etiopathogenesis. For the first time, our study searched for possible alterations of anti-Gal Ig levels in Alzheimer′s disease patients. IgG and IgM blood levels were significantly lower, and IgA significantly higher in patients than in healthy subjects. These results suggest that such Igs might be implicated in Alzheimer′s disease pathogenesis and open new scenarios in the research for new biomarkers and therapeutic strategies.

Life (Basel, Switzerland) published new progress about Aging, animal. 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, Application of (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Miao, Jinhua published the artcileWnt/β-catenin/RAS signaling mediates age-related renal fibrosis and is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, Product Details of C6H12O6, the main research area is Wnt catenin RAS signaling human renal fibrosis mitochondrial dysfunction; Wnt/β-catenin; aging; mitochondrial dysfunction; renal fibrosis.

Renal fibrosis is the common pathol. feature in a variety of chronic kidney diseases. Aging is highly associated with the progression of renal fibrosis. Among several determinants, mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in aging. However, the underlying mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction in age-related renal fibrosis are not elucidated. Herein, we found that Wnt/β-catenin signaling and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activity were upregulated in aging kidneys. Concomitantly, mitochondrial mass and functions were impaired with aging. Ectopic expression of Klotho, an antagonist of endogenous Wnt/β-catenin activity, abolished renal fibrosis in D-galactose (D-gal)-induced accelerated aging mouse model and significantly protected renal mitochondrial functions by preserving mass and diminishing the production of reactive oxygen species. In an established aging mouse model, dickkopf 1, a more specific Wnt inhibitor, and the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant mitoquinone restored mitochondrial mass and attenuated tubular senescence and renal fibrosis. In a human proximal tubular cell line (HKC-8), ectopic expression of Wnt1 decreased biogenesis and induced dysfunction of mitochondria, and triggered cellular senescence. Moreover, D-gal triggered the transduction of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which further activated angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1), and then decreased the mitochondrial mass and increased cellular senescence in HKC-8 cells and primary cultured renal tubular cells. These effects were inhibited by AT1 blocker of losartan. These results suggest inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and the RAS could slow the onset of age-related mitochondrial dysfunction and renal fibrosis. Taken together, our results indicate that Wnt/β-catenin/RAS signaling mediates age-related renal fibrosis and is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.

Aging Cell published new progress about Aging, animal. 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, Product Details of C6H12O6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Sun, Liyang published the artcileTrehalose targets Nrf2 signal to alleviate d-galactose induced aging and improve behavioral ability, Name: (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, the main research area is trehalose galactose aging behavioral ability oxidative stress senescence; Antioxidant stress; Cognitive impairment; Inflammation; Nrf2; Trehalose; d-galactose.

As an important factor leading to aging and chronic diseases, oxidative stress has become a hot research topic. Trehalose is a natural sugar widely found in many edible plants, animals and natural microorganisms, and recent studies have suggested that trehalose is an antioxidant, although its underlying mol. mechanism is unclear. Therefore, we evaluated the protective mechanism of trehalose against oxidative stress-induced senescence. In the mouse model of d-galactose (D-gal) induced aging, we found that trehalose significantly reversed the learning and memory impairment caused by D-gal and improved the ability to explore unknown things, which was associated with a significant reduction in brain tissue damage. Further studies have shown that trehalose activates the expressions of downstream target genes HO-1, NQO1, SOD, GSH and CAT by promoting the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in the liver. The detoxification ability of organs is increased, antioxidant enzyme activity is enhanced, lipid peroxidation is reduced, and the secretion of inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β, il-6 is decreased. In conclusion, trehalose play an anti-aging role by activating genes related to Nrf2 pathway.

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications published new progress about Aging, animal. 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, Name: (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Zhong, Junjie published the artcileAloin attenuates cognitive impairment and inflammation induced by D-galactose via down-regulating ERK, p38 and NF-κB signaling pathway, Application of (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, the main research area is aloin cognitive impairment inflammation galactose ERK NF kappaB signaling.

Oxidative stress is considered as major culprit for neurodegenerative diseases and triggers cognitive and memory impairments. The present study mainly aimed to study the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of aloin on D-galactose (D-gal) induced ageing mice. Our results demonstrated that chronic administration of D-gal (150 mg kg-1) in mice caused spontaneous and cognitive impairments, as determined by open-field test and Morris water-maze test. Aloin treatment significantly ameliorated histopathol. damage, attenuated the microglia activation and reduced levels of inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6 in the hippocampus. Moreover, it effectively suppressed the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased antioxidant enzymes activities. Further data showed that these protective effects were accompanied by inhibition of the activation of nuclear factor kappa B and the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK. In conclusion, the present study suggests that aloin can ameliorate D-gal induced oxidative stress, cognitive impairment and inflammation, possibly via mediating the ERK, p38 and NF-κB signaling pathways.

International Immunopharmacology published new progress about Aging, animal. 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, Application of (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Shwe, Thazin published the artcileHyperbaric oxygen therapy restores cognitive function and hippocampal pathologies in both aging and aging-obese rats, Name: (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, the main research area is obesity cognitive function hippocampal pathol hyperbaric oxygen therapy; Aging; Autophagy; Cognition; HBOT; Microglia; Obesity.

The population of obese-elderly has increased prominently around the world. Both aging and obesity are major factors of neurodegeneration. The present study hypothesizes that HBOT attenuates metabolic disturbance, cognitive decline, hippocampal pathologies in aging and aging-obese model. Sixty Wistar rats were separated into 2 groups to receive normal-diet (ND) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 22 wk. At week 13, ND rats were divided into two subgroups to receive vehicle (0.9% NSS, s.c) or D-gal (150 mg/kg/d, s.c) for total 10 wk. HFD rats were injected only D-gal (150 mg/kg/d, s.c; HFDD) for total 10 wk. At week 20, rats in each subgroup were given sham-treatment (1ATA, 80 L/min, 80 min/day), or HBOT (2ATA, pure O2, 250 L/min, 80 min/day) for 14 days. Novel object location test, metabolic parameters, and hippocampal pathologies were determined after HBOT. D-gal induced insulin resistance, increased oxidative stress, autophagy impairment, microglial hyperactivation, apoptosis, synaptic dysplasticity which resulted in cognitive impairment. D-gal-treated HFD-fed rats had the highest levels of oxidative stress, apoptosis, dendritic spine loss. HBOT attenuated insulin resistance, cognitive impairment, hippocampal aging and pathologies in both models. These findings suggest that HBOT restored insulin sensitivity, hippocampal functions, cognition in aging and aging-obese models.

Mechanisms of Ageing and Development published new progress about Aging, animal. 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, Name: (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Partadiredja, Ginus published the artcileThe Effects of Light and Moderate Intensity Exercise on the Femoral Bone and Cerebellum of -Galactose-Exposed Rats, Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks, the main research area is femoral bone cerebellum exercise galactose; -galactose; exercise; growth factor; osteoblast; osteoclast.

The present study aimed at investigating the effects of exercise on cerebellar and serum growth factors, motor activity, and the number of bone cells of the femoral head of -galactose-treated rats. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided randomly into four groups, i.e., three treated groups injected with 300 mg/(mL·kg) body weight (bw) -galactose solution daily for 4 wk, and a control group injected with normal saline. Following the 4-wk administration of -galactose solution, two of the treated groups performed light- (45% VO2max) and moderate- (55% VO2max) intensity exercise, by running on a treadmill 4 × a week for 4 wk. Locomotor activity was examined in rotarod and open field tests. The cerebellar and serum Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) levels were measured using ELISA (ELISA). The number of osteoblasts and osteoclasts of femoral head was estimated using unbiased stereol. methods. It was found that the number of osteoclasts was higher in the -galactose-treated group than the normal control and moderate-intensity exercise groups. No significant difference between groups was found in the rotarod and open field test performance, IGF-1 and BDNF levels, as well as number of osteoblasts. In conclusion, a 4-wk administration of high-dose-galactose caused the increase of the number of osteoclasts. A subsequent 4-wk moderate-intensity exercise reversed this increase to the normal level.

Rejuvenation Research published new progress about Aging, animal. 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Rostami Dovom, Marzieh published the artcileHabitual dietary lactose and galactose intakes in association with age at menopause in non-galactosemic women, Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks, the main research area is lactose galactose diet menopause age.

Introduction: Rodent models and studies on women with galactosemia suggest the ovo-toxicity effect of galactose. However, the association between galactose intake from dietary sources and the ovarian function in women without galactosemia has not yet been described. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the associations between both dietary galactose and lactose intake, and ovarian dysfunction as the odds of early menopause in women without galactosemia. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 821 women without galactosemia, participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS), who experienced natural menopause. Habitual dietary intakes of lactose and galactose during the past 12 mo were assessed, using a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ). In this study, early menopause was defined as natural menopause before the age of 45 years. Results: Mean- and menopausal age of women were reported as 59.3±7.94 and 48.6±4.81 years, resp. No statistically significant linear association was observed between the daily intakes of lactose and galactose and the odds of early menopause. After adjusting for age, energy intake, and age at menarche, women in the middle tertiles of lactose (62%, 95%CI: 1.07, 2.46) and galactose (58%, 95% CI: 1.05, 2.39) intake had significantly higher odds of early menopause, than those in the first tertile. When the daily intake of lactose and galactose were expressed as the percentage of energy intake, the higher odds of early menopause among women in the middle tertile compared to those with the first tertile were reduced and became non-significant. Conclusion: No statistically significant linear associations were reported between the intake of lactose and galactose and age of menopause. However, the odds of early menopause in those women with the middle tertile of lactose and galactose intake were significantly higher than those women in the first tertile.

PLoS One published new progress about Aging, animal. 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Yanar, Karolin published the artcileIs -Galactose a Useful Agent for Accelerated Aging Model of Gastrocnemius and Soleus Muscle of Sprague-Dawley Rats?, Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks, the main research area is D galactose gastrocnemius soleus muscle oxidative stress aging; D-galactose; aging; gastrocnemius; musculoskeletal aging; reactive oxygen species; soleus.

Elderly population and age-related diseases are on the rise. On the contrary, aging studies are tech. hard to conduct, because they require elderly animals, the maintenance of which requires ample effort and is expensive. To tackle this problem, -galactose is used to hasten the aging process in various tissues in rodent models and it has been shown to successfully mimic the oxidative alterations that take place in the natural aging process in various tissues both by our group and others. In the present study, the validity of -galactose aging model in skeletal muscles was tested both on predominantly slow-twitch (soleus) and rather fast-twitch (gastrocnemius) muscle in male Sprague-Dawley rats and the results are compared with young littermate controls and naturally aged rats. Redox-related modifications in soleus and gastrocnemius were assessed by measurement of protein carbonyl groups, advanced oxidation protein products, lipid hydroperoxides, total thiol, and Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase activities. In the present study, we provide biochem. evidence demonstrating that -galactose-induced mimetic aging does result in oxidative stress-related redox alterations that are comparable with the alterations that occur in natural aging in soleus. On the contrary, in the -galactose-induced mimetic aging of gastrocnemius, even though the oxidative stress markers were significantly increased, the endpoint redox homeostasis markers were not statistically comparable with the redox status of naturally aged group.

Rejuvenation Research published new progress about Aging, animal. 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Wasityastuti, Widya published the artcileEffects of low and moderate treadmill exercise on liver of D-galactose-exposed aging rat model, HPLC of Formula: 59-23-4, the main research area is galactose phys exercise aging hepatic fibrosis; Aging; M1/M2 ratio; d-galactose; exercise; liver fibrosis.

Aging increases liver susceptibility to diseases and it causes inflammation in liver tissue which can lead to fibrosis. Studies suggest that aging is caused by the accumulation of free radicals. Lack of phys. activity can lower hormone levels and increase free radicals that can accelerate the aging process. Hence, phys. activity is very important to maintain functions of organs. This research was aimed to study the effects of low and moderate treadmill exercise on D-Galactose-exposed aging rat model by evaluating the degree of hepatic fibrosis, number of M1 and M2, and M1/M2 ratio. Twenty-four 3-mo-old male Wistar aging model rats were randomly divided into four groups, i.e., three treatment groups with daily 300 mg kgBW-1D-Galactose injection administrated i.p. for 4 wk and 1 control group with normal saline injection. Two of the D-Galactose treated groups were given low and moderate treadmill exercise for 4 wk. It was concluded that low intensity treadmill exercise significantly lowered the degree of D-Galactose-exposed hepatic fibrosis, and moderate treadmill exercise was able to restore the injured liver tissue back to the non-aging state. Administration of D-Galactose causes inflammation marked by the elevated number of M1 and M2 macrophages. Moderate treadmill exercise drove M1/M2 ratio back to the control condition.

Physiological Reports published new progress about Aging, animal. 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, HPLC of Formula: 59-23-4.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Pan, Lei published the artcileTransition-Metal-Free Photoredox Phosphonation of Aryl C-N and C-X Bonds in Aqueous Solvent Mixtures, Application of rel-(1R,2R,4R)-1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol, the main research area is aryl halide photoredox cross coupling reaction phosphite phenothiazine catalyst; aromatic aryl phosphonate preparation green solvent.

Herein, the authors present an efficient and mild methodol. for the synthesis of aromatic phosphonate esters in good to excellent yields using 10H-phenothiazine, an inexpensive commodity chem., as a photoredox catalyst. The reaction exhibits wide functional group compatibility enabling the transformation in the presence of ketone, amide, ester, amine, and alc. moieties. Importantly, the reaction proceeds using a green solvent mixture primarily composed of H2O, thus lowering the environmental footprint of this transformation compared to current methods. The transformation also proceeds under atm. conditions, which further differentiates it from current methods that require inert atm. Mechanistic work using fluorescence quenching experiments and radical trapping approaches support the proposed mechanism.

ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering published new progress about Green solvents. 124-76-5 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is rel-(1R,2R,4R)-1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol, and the molecular formula is C10H18O, Application of rel-(1R,2R,4R)-1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts