Tag: 200-300

Evaluation of estrogenic and antiestrogenic activity in sludge and explanation of individual compound contributions was written by Cerna, Tereza;Ezechias, Martin;Semerad, Jaroslav;Grasserova, Alena;Cajthaml, Tomas. And the article was included in Journal of Hazardous Materials in 2022.Recommanded Product: 4,4′-Methylenediphenol The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Mixture toxicity, including agonistic and antagonistic effects, is an unrevealed environmental problem. Estrogenic endocrine disruptors are known to cause adverse effects for aquatic biota, but causative chems. and their contributions to the total activity in sewage sludge remain unknown. Therefore, advanced anal. methods, a yeast bioassay and mixture toxicity models were concurrently applied for the characterization of 8 selected sludges with delectable estrogenic activity (and 3 sludges with no activity as blanks) out of 25 samples from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The first applied full logistic model adequately explained total activity by considering the concentrations of the monitored compounds The results showed that the activity was primarily caused by natural estrogens in municipal WWTP sludge. Nevertheless, activity in a sample originating from a car-wash facility was dominantly caused by partial agonists – nonylphenols – and only a model enabling prediction of all dose-response curve parameters of the final mixture curve explained these results. Antiestrogenic effects were negligible, and effect-directed anal. identified the causative chems. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4,4′-Methylenediphenol (cas: 620-92-8Recommanded Product: 4,4′-Methylenediphenol).

4,4′-Methylenediphenol (cas: 620-92-8) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.Recommanded Product: 4,4′-Methylenediphenol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Three-in-one type fluorescent sensor based on a pyrene pyridoxal cascade for the selective detection of Zn(II), hydrogen phosphate and cysteine was written by Upadhyay, Yachana;Anand, Thangaraj;Babu, Lavanya Thilak;Paira, Priyankar;Crisponi, Guido;S K, Ashok Kumar;Kumar, Rajender;Sahoo, Suban K.. And the article was included in Dalton Transactions in 2018.Product Details of 65-22-5 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

A novel fluorescent receptor L was synthesized by Schiff base condensation of 1-pyrenemethylamine with the vitamin B₆ cofactor pyridoxal. The receptor L is highly selective and sensitive towards Zn²⁺ ions among other tested metal ions. Upon interaction with Zn²⁺, the receptor L showed a distinct fluorescence enhancement at 485 nm due to the excimer formation leading to the fluorescent color change from blue to bluish-green. Subsequently, when the in situ generated ZnL₂ complex interacted with various anions and amino acids, the addition of H₂PO₄^– and cysteine reinstated the fluorescence of the receptor L due to the demetalation of Zn²⁺ from the ZnL₂ complex. Accordingly, the receptor L was developed for the highly selective, specific and sensitive detection of three important bioactive analytes, i.e., Zn²⁺, H₂PO₄^– and cysteine with a detection limit down to 2.3 × 10^-6 M, 2.18 × 10^-7 M and 1.59 × 10^-7 M, resp. Addnl., the receptor L was applied to the detection of intracellular Zn²⁺ ions in live HeLa cells. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylisonicotinaldehyde hydrochloride (cas: 65-22-5Product Details of 65-22-5).

3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylisonicotinaldehyde hydrochloride (cas: 65-22-5) belongs to alcohols. The oxygen atom of the strongly polarized O―H bond of an alcohol pulls electron density away from the hydrogen atom. This polarized hydrogen, which bears a partial positive charge, can form a hydrogen bond with a pair of nonbonding electrons on another oxygen atom. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.Product Details of 65-22-5

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Dual effect: high NADH levels contribute to efflux-mediated antibiotic resistance but drive lethality mediated by reactive oxygen species was written by Arce-Rodriguez, Alejandro;Pankratz, Debbie;Preusse, Matthias;Nikel, Pablo I.;Haeussler, Susanne. And the article was included in mBio in 2022.Product Details of 367-93-1 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

In light of the antibiotic crisis, emerging strategies to sensitize bacteria to available antibiotics should be explored. Several studies on the mechanisms of killing suggest that bactericidal antibiotic activity is enforced through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS-lethality hypothesis). Here, we artificially manipulated the redox homeostasis of the model opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa using specific enzymes that catalyze either the formation or oxidation of NADH. Increased NADH levels led to the activation of antibiotic efflux pumps and high levels of antibiotic resistance. However, higher NADH levels also resulted in increased intracellular ROS and amplified antibiotic killing. Our results demonstrate that growth inhibition and killing activity are mediated via different mechanisms. Furthermore, the profound changes in bioenergetics produced low-virulence phenotypes characterized by reduced interbacterial signaling controlled pathogenicity traits. Our results pave the way for a more effective infection resolution and add an antivirulence strategy to maximize chances to combat devastating P. aeruginosa infections while reducing the overall use of antibiotics. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-(isopropylthio)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 367-93-1Product Details of 367-93-1).

(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-(isopropylthio)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 367-93-1) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.Product Details of 367-93-1

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Assessing the toxicity of bisphenol A and its six alternatives on zebrafish embryo/larvae was written by Gao, Yue;Li, Aijing;Zhang, Wenjuan;Pang, Shaochen;Liang, Yong;Song, Maoyong. And the article was included in Aquatic Toxicology in 2022.Safety of 4,4′-Methylenediphenol The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Bisphenol A (BPA) analogs are gradually replacing BPA in the plastics industry. Whether these alternatives are indeed safer than BPA itself, however, remains unclear. Here, we studied the toxicity of BPA and six of its alternatives-BPB, BPC, BPE, BPF, BPAF, and BPAP-using zebrafish embryos/larvae. According to their half lethal concentration (LC50) values, the acute toxicity of BPA and six alternative bisphenols to zebrafish embryos, from highest to lowest, was BPAP ≈ BPAF > BPC > BPB > BPA > BPE > BPF. Under nonlethal concentrations, the tested bisphenols had different toxic effects on development in terms of reducing the hatching rate, frequency of spontaneous movements, and heart rate in the embryo, as well as inducing yolk sac edema, pericardial edema, and spinal deformation in the larvae. The estrogenic activity of BPE, BPF, and BPAF was higher than that of BPA, as shown by vtg1 expression assays. Moreover, BPA and its alternatives increased SOD activity and cell apoptosis in embryos/larvae under nonlethal concentrations Our findings indicate that BPA alternatives may not be safer than BPA in zebrafish, and that these BPA alternatives should be applied with caution. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4,4′-Methylenediphenol (cas: 620-92-8Safety of 4,4′-Methylenediphenol).

4,4′-Methylenediphenol (cas: 620-92-8) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.Safety of 4,4′-Methylenediphenol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Effects of BPA, BPS, and BPF on Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Enzyme Expression in Bovine Oocytes and Spermatozoa was written by Nguyen, Mimi;Sabry, Reem;Davis, Ola S.;Favetta, Laura A.. And the article was included in Genes in 2022.Formula: C13H12O2 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Bisphenol A (BPA) and its analogs, bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol F (BPF), might impact fertility by altering oxidative stress pathways. Here, we hypothesize that bisphenols-induced oxidative stress is responsible for decreased gamete quality. In both female (cumulus-oocyte-complexes-COCs) and male (spermatozoa), oxidative stress was measured by CM-H2DCFDA assay and key ROS scavengers (SOD1, SOD2, GPX1, GPX4, CAT) were quantified at the mRNA and protein levels using qPCR and Western blot (COCs)/immunofluorescence (sperm). Either gamete was treated in five groups: control, vehicle, and 0.05 mg/mL of BPA, BPS, or BPF. Our results show elevated ROS in BPA-treated COCs but decreased production in BPS- and BPF-treated spermatozoa. Addnl., both mRNA and protein expression of SOD2, GPX1, and GPX4 were decreased in BPA-treated COCs (p < 0.05). In sperm, motility (p < 0.03), but not morphol., was significantly altered by bisphenols. SOD1 mRNA expression was significantly increased, while GPX4 was significantly reduced. These results support BPA’s ability to alter oxidative stress in oocytes and, to a lesser extent, in sperm. However, BPS and BPF likely act through different mechanisms. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4,4′-Methylenediphenol (cas: 620-92-8Formula: C13H12O2).

4,4′-Methylenediphenol (cas: 620-92-8) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.Formula: C13H12O2

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Data-driven approach to mitigate quality impact of hygroscopic pharmaceutical raw materials throughout the supply chain was written by Chaves, Mary K.;Kelly, Ron C.;Milne, Jacqueline E.;Burke, Susan E.. And the article was included in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology in 2022.Product Details of 367-93-1 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

The challenges of working with hygroscopic pharmaceutical raw materials can have a significant impact on the industry′s ability to make high-quality medicines. In order to mitigate the impact to the manufacturing process or product quality it is critical to understand the hygroscopicity of the raw materials across the entire supply chain so that the proper management strategies can be implemented, from the raw material manufacturing to the use of the raw material in the drug manufacturing process. Employing suitable controls protects these materials from phys. and chem. changes due to moisture uptake such as caking or hydrolysis. We have developed a fit for purpose and data-driven approach to hygroscopicity classifications of over 200 commonly used chems., excipients, media and resins in drug manufacturing processes. Dynamic vapor sorption data is presented with supporting thermal gravimetric anal. and X-ray powder diffraction data where pertinent. Approx. 60% of all raw materials tested were determined to be hygroscopic. Strategies for applying this data to reduce the potential impact of hygroscopic materials on the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals are discussed with examples. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-(isopropylthio)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 367-93-1Product Details of 367-93-1).

(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-(isopropylthio)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 367-93-1) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.Product Details of 367-93-1

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Hydrogen production based on the heterologous expression of NAD⁺-reducing [NiFe]-hydrogenase from Cupriavidus necator in different genetic backgrounds of Escherichia coli strains was written by Teramoto, Haruhiko;Shimizu, Tetsu;Suda, Masako;Inui, Masayuki. And the article was included in International Journal of Hydrogen Energy in 2022.Safety of (2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-(isopropylthio)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol The following contents are mentioned in the article:

This study explored the genetic engineering of Escherichia coli for hydrogen (H₂) production In E. coli W3110, the introduction of NAD⁺-reducing [NiFe]-hydrogenase from Cupriavidus necator, combined with the inactivation of three endogenous [NiFe]-hydrogenases, exhibited not only H₂ production but also H₂ uptake based on exogenous hydrogenase. Although the H₂ production ability was much lower than the H₂ uptake ability, inactivation of the ethanol, lactate, and succinate production pathways resulted in a marked increase in H₂ production, demonstrating the bidirectional hydrogenase function in vivo depending on NADH/NAD⁺. Unexpectedly, H₂ production was completely repressed under conditions for high expression of exogenous hydrogenase. Furthermore, the introduction of the heterologous enzyme markedly repressed the endogenous H₂ production ability of E. coli W3110 but not the HST02. These in vivo behaviors largely correlated with in vitro hydrogenase activity suggested complicated interactions between the native and nonnative functional expression of [NiFe]-hydrogenases. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-(isopropylthio)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 367-93-1Safety of (2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-(isopropylthio)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol).

(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-(isopropylthio)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 367-93-1) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Safety of (2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-(isopropylthio)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Monitoring of Pollutants Content in Bottled and Tap Drinking Water in Italy was written by Russo, Giacomo;Laneri, Sonia;Di Lorenzo, Ritamaria;Neri, Ilaria;Dini, Irene;Ciampaglia, Roberto;Grumetto, Lucia. And the article was included in Molecules in 2022.Electric Literature of C13H12O2 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

The concentration levels of thirteen organic pollutants and selected heavy metals were investigated in 40 plastics bottled and tap water samples. Some of the selected contaminants have an ascertained or suspected endocrine disrupting activity, such as Bisphenol A (BPA) and its analogs, and Bis 2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), which are used by industries as plasticizers. The most frequently detected pollutants were Bisphenol AF (BPAF) (detection frequency (DF) = 67.5%, mean 387.21 ng L^-1), DEHP (DF = 62.5%, mean 46.19μg L^-1) and BPA (DF = 60.0%, mean 458.57 ng L^-1), with higher concentration levels found in tap waters. Furthermore, a possible level of exposure to thirteen pollutants via drinking water intake was calculated Our findings show that, even though the occurrence of contaminants and heavy metals in drinking waters does not pose an immediate, acute health risk for the population, their levels should be constantly monitored and ‘hard-wired’ into everyday practice. Indeed, the health impact to the continuous and simultaneous intake of a huge variety of xenobiotics from various sources by humans is complex and still not fully understood. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4,4′-Methylenediphenol (cas: 620-92-8Electric Literature of C13H12O2).

4,4′-Methylenediphenol (cas: 620-92-8) belongs to alcohols. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.Electric Literature of C13H12O2

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Searching for Blockers of Dengue and West Nile Virus Viroporins was written by Lahiri, Hiya;Arkin, Isaiah T.. And the article was included in Viruses in 2022.Application In Synthesis of (2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-(isopropylthio)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Flavivirus infections, such as those caused by dengue and West Nile viruses, emerge as new challenges for the global healthcare sector. It has been found that these two viruses encode ion channels collectively termed viroporins. Therefore, drug mols. that block such ion-channel activity can serve as potential antiviral agents and may play a primary role in therapeutic purposes. We screened 2839 FDA-approved drugs and compounds in advanced exptl. phases using three bacteria-based channel assays to identify such ion channel blockers. We primarily followed a neg. genetic screen in which the channel is harmful to the bacteria due to excessive membrane permeabilization that can be relieved by a blocker. Subsequently, we cross-checked the outcome with a pos. genetic screen and a pH-dependent assay. The following drugs exhibited potential blocker activities: plerixafor, streptomycin, tranexamic acid, CI-1040, glecaprevir, kasugamycin, and mesna were effective against dengue virus DP1. In contrast, idasanutlin, benzbromarone, 5-azacytidine, and plerixafor were effective against West Nile Virus MgM. These drugs can serve as future antiviral therapeutic agents following subsequent in vitro and in vivo efficacy studies. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-(isopropylthio)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 367-93-1Application In Synthesis of (2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-(isopropylthio)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol).

(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-(isopropylthio)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 367-93-1) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Application In Synthesis of (2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-(isopropylthio)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Bisphenol A, S or F mother’s dermal impregnation impairs offspring immune responses in a dose and sex-specific manner in mice was written by Malaise, Yann;Lencina, Corinne;Cartier, Christel;Olier, Maiwenn;Menard, Sandrine;Guzylack-Piriou, Laurence. And the article was included in Scientific Reports in 2021.HPLC of Formula: 620-92-8 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Bisphenol (BP)A is an endocrine disruptor (ED) widely used in thermal papers. Regulatory restrictions have been established to prevent risks for human health, leading to BPA substitution by structural analogs, like BPS and BPF. We previously demonstrated that oral perinatal exposure to BPA had long-term consequences on immune responses later in life. It appears now essential to enhance our understanding on immune impact of different routes of BP exposure. In this study, we aimed at comparing the impact of mother dermal exposure to BPs on offspring immune system at adulthood. Gravid mice were dermally exposed to BPA, BPS or BPF at 5 or 50μg/kg of body weight (BW)/day (d) from gestation day 15 to weaning of pups at post-natal day (PND)21. In offspring, BPs dermal impregnation of mothers led to adverse effects on immune response at intestinal and systemic levels that was dependent on the BP, the dose and offspring sex. These findings provide, for the first time, results on long-term consequences of dermal perinatal BPs exposure on immune responses in offspring. This work warns that it is mandatory to consider immune markers, dose exposure as well as sex in risk assessment associated with new BPA’s alternatives. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4,4′-Methylenediphenol (cas: 620-92-8HPLC of Formula: 620-92-8).

4,4′-Methylenediphenol (cas: 620-92-8) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. Alcohols may be oxidized to give ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. These functional groups are useful for further reactions. Oxidation of organic compounds generally increases the number of bonds from carbon to oxygen (or another electronegative element, such as a halogen), and it may decrease the number of bonds to hydrogen.HPLC of Formula: 620-92-8

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts