Tag: 200-300

Oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetic characteristics of ketoprofen enantiomers after oral and intravenous administration in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) was written by Hunter, Robert P.;Isaza, Ramiro;Koch, David E.. And the article was included in American Journal of Veterinary Research in 2003.Application of 59960-32-6 This article mentions the following:

To assess oral bioavailability (F) and pharmacokinetic characteristics of the R- and S-enantiomers of ketoprofen administered IV and orally to captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Elephants received single treatments of racemic ketoprofen at a dose of 2.2 mg/kg, administered IV and orally, in a complete crossover design. Blood samples were collected at intervals during the 24 h following treatment. At least 4 wk elapsed between drug administrations. Samples were analyzed for R- and S-ketoprofen with a validated liquid chromatog.-mass spectroscopic assay. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by use of noncompartmental anal. The enantiomers of ketoprofen were absorbed well after oral administration, with median F of 101% for R-ketoprofen and 85% for S-ketoprofen. Harmonic mean half-life ranged from 3.8 to 5.5 h, depending on route of administration and enantiomer. The area under the concentration-time curve, mean residence time, apparent volume of distribution, plasma clearance, and maximum plasma concentration values were all significantly different between the 2 enantiomers for both routes of administration. Ketoprofen has a long terminal half-life and complete absorption in this species. Based on the pharmacokinetic data, a dosage of ketoprofen of 1 mg/kg every 48 h to 2 mg/kg every 24 h, PO or IV, is recommended for use in Asian elephants, although the safety and efficacy of ketoprofen during long-term administration in elephants have not been determined In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(3-(Hydroxy(phenyl)methyl)phenyl)propanoic acid (cas: 59960-32-6Application of 59960-32-6).

2-(3-(Hydroxy(phenyl)methyl)phenyl)propanoic acid (cas: 59960-32-6) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.Application of 59960-32-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Thermal degradation mechanism and kinetics of aluminum-copper green bodies prepared by gelcasting was written by Yuan, Hai-ying;Jia, Cheng-chang;Zhang, Xin-xin;Karima, Bekouche;Wang, Zhao-li. And the article was included in Beijing Keji Daxue Xuebao in 2016.Reference of 4074-88-8 This article mentions the following:

Aluminum-copper green bodies were successfully prepared by a non-aqueous gelcasting system. SEM observations showed that the powder particles were completely wrapped by the polymer before degreasing, and the polymer in the metal body was completely removed after degreasing. A three-dimensional network polymer structure was obtained by the reaction mechanism. The degreasing process of the metal body was investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry-derivative thermogravimetry and thermogravimetry-Fourier transform IR spectroscopy. The kinetic equations and parameters were gotten according to Coats-Redfern method for non-isothermal weight loss curves. The results indicate that at different heating rates the reaction order is 1, the activation energy and pre-exponential factor are ranging from 79.86 to 108.63 kJ·mol^-1 and 10⁶ to 10⁷ min^-1, resp. The activation energy reaction is sensitive to temperature and dynamics. The degreasing process is divided into two stages: a slight weight loss over a wide temperature range of 240-350°C is due to the random chain scission and the main weight loss around 380 to 425°C is attributed to depolymerization of monomers from the main chains and decrosslinking of the network polymer. The emissions of CO₂, CO, NO₂ and H₂O are identified during the degreasing process. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Diethyleneglycoldiacrylate (cas: 4074-88-8Reference of 4074-88-8).

Diethyleneglycoldiacrylate (cas: 4074-88-8) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are among the most common organic compounds. They are used as sweeteners and in making perfumes, are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of other compounds, and are among the most abundantly produced organic chemicals in industry. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.Reference of 4074-88-8

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Crosslinked degradable poly(β-thioester) networks via amine-catalyzed thiol-ene click polymerization was written by Vandenbergh, Joke;Peeters, Marloes;Kretschmer, Tobias;Wagner, Patrick;Junkers, Thomas. And the article was included in Polymer in 2014.Formula: C10H14O5 This article mentions the following:

A set of binary and ternary biodegradable cross-linked poly(β-thioester) networks have been synthesized via thiol-ene Michael additions, by reacting combinations of dithiols, diacrylates and multifunctional cross-linkers. Insoluble binary thermoset networks and soluble ternary branched polymers with broad molar mass distributions are obtained in a facile manner after polymerization at room temperature for only few minutes. The networks display excellent thermal stability up to 250 °C and exhibit low glass transition temperatures The soluble branched polymers show degradation of the polyester backbone upon chem. degradation by acidic and basic solutions Finally, the (bio)degradability of ternary PBT polymer films is examined via quartz crystal microbalance measurements. Weight loss is measured as a function of time upon exposure to phosphate buffers at different pH. PBTs carrying apolar chain segments display surface degradation, while PBTs with more polar ethylene glycol segments allow for swelling in aqueous solution, which is reflected in concomitant surface and bulk degradation of the materials. Because of their biodegradability, these easy to synthesize poly(β-thioesters) networks are considered to be suitable candidates to use in future biomedical or ecol. applications. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Diethyleneglycoldiacrylate (cas: 4074-88-8Formula: C10H14O5).

Diethyleneglycoldiacrylate (cas: 4074-88-8) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Formula: C10H14O5

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Metallaphotoredox-enabled deoxygenative arylation of alcohols was written by Dong, Zhe;MacMillan, David W. C.. And the article was included in Nature (London, United Kingdom) in 2021.Recommanded Product: 2-(4-Bromophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane This article mentions the following:

Metal-catalyzed cross-couplings are a mainstay of organic synthesis and are widely used for the formation of C-C bonds, particularly in the production of unsaturated scaffolds1. However, alkyl cross-couplings using native sp3-hybridized functional groups such as alcs. remain relatively underdeveloped2. In particular, a robust and general method for the direct deoxygenative coupling of alcs. would have major implications for the field of organic synthesis. A general method for the direct deoxygenative cross-coupling of free alcs. must overcome several challenges, most notably the in situ cleavage of strong C-O bonds3, but would allow access to the vast collection of com. available, structurally diverse alcs. as coupling partners4. Authors report herein a metallaphotoredox-based cross-coupling platform in which free alcs. are activated in situ by N-heterocyclic carbene salts for carbon-carbon bond formation with aryl halide coupling partners. This method is mild, robust, selective and most importantly, capable of accommodating a wide range of primary, secondary and tertiary alcs. as well as pharmaceutically relevant aryl and heteroaryl bromides and chlorides. The power of the transformation has been demonstrated in a number of complex settings, including the late-stage functionalization of Taxol and a modular synthesis of Januvia, an antidiabetic medication. This technol. represents a general strategy for the merger of in situ alc. activation with transition metal catalysis. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(4-Bromophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (cas: 68716-49-4Recommanded Product: 2-(4-Bromophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane).

2-(4-Bromophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (cas: 68716-49-4) belongs to alcohols. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.Recommanded Product: 2-(4-Bromophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Conformational Flexibility as a Tool for Enabling Site-Selective Functionalization of Unactivated sp³ C-O Bonds in Cyclic Acetals was written by Romano, Ciro;Talavera, Laura;Gomez-Bengoa, Enrique;Martin, Ruben. And the article was included in Journal of the American Chemical Society in 2022.Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

A dual catalytic manifold that enables site-selective functionalization of unactivated sp³ C-O bonds in cyclic acetals with aryl and alkyl halides is reported. The reaction is triggered by an appropriate σ*-p orbital overlap prior to sp³ C-O cleavage, thus highlighting the importance of conformational flexibility in both reactivity and site selectivity. The protocol is characterized by its excellent chemoselectivity profile, thus offering new vistas for activating strong σ sp³ C-O linkages. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(4-Bromophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (cas: 68716-49-4Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks).

2-(4-Bromophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (cas: 68716-49-4) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Synthesis of core-crosslinked star polymers via organocatalyzed living radical polymerization was written by Zheng, Yichao;Sarkar, Jit;Niino, Hiroshi;Chatani, Shunsuke;Hsu, Shu Yao;Goto, Atsushi. And the article was included in Polymer Chemistry in 2021.HPLC of Formula: 4074-88-8 This article mentions the following:

Core-crosslinked star polymers were prepared using organocatalyzed living radical polymerization via a “grafting-through” approach. A PBA homopolymer, an amphiphilic PMMA-PPEGA block copolymer, and a hard-soft PMMA-PBA block copolymer were synthesized as macroinitiators, where PBA is poly(Bu acrylate), PMMA is poly(Me methacrylate), and PPEGA is poly(poly(ethylene glycol)methyl ether acrylate). The macroinitiators were utilized in the polymerization of crosslinkable divinyl monomers, generating core-crosslinked star polymers in 40-80% yields. The PMMA-PBA block copolymer macroinitiator was synthesized from a PMMA with an unsaturated chain end (PMMA-Y) via an addition-fragmentation chain transfer method. The ease of handling of PMMA-Y is an advantage of the use of PMMA-Y. One-pot synthesis of a PBA star polymer was also successful, giving a star in a relatively high yield (73%). The one-pot synthesis offers a practical approach for synthesizing a core-crosslinked star polymer. The present approach is free from metals and odorous compounds, which is an attractive feature of the present approach. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Diethyleneglycoldiacrylate (cas: 4074-88-8HPLC of Formula: 4074-88-8).

Diethyleneglycoldiacrylate (cas: 4074-88-8) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.HPLC of Formula: 4074-88-8

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Palladium-catalyzed intermolecular transthioetherification of aryl halides with thioethers and thioesters was written by Li, Yahui;Bao, Gao;Wu, Xiao-Feng. And the article was included in Chemical Science in 2020.Recommanded Product: 68716-49-4 This article mentions the following:

A new palladium-catalyzed intermol. transthioetherification reaction of aryl halides with thioethers and thioesters was developed. The synthetic utility and practicality of this catalytic protocol were demonstrated in a wide range of successful transformations (>70 examples). This catalytic protocol was applicable in carbonylative coupling processes as well, and the first example of carbonylative methylthioesterification of aryl halides was achieved. Notably, this work also provided an approach to using natural products, such as methionine and selenomethionine, as the functional group sources. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(4-Bromophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (cas: 68716-49-4Recommanded Product: 68716-49-4).

2-(4-Bromophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (cas: 68716-49-4) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are among the most common organic compounds. They are used as sweeteners and in making perfumes, are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of other compounds, and are among the most abundantly produced organic chemicals in industry. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.Recommanded Product: 68716-49-4

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

ZrCl₄ as a new and efficient catalyst for the opening of epoxide rings by amines was written by Chakraborti, Asit K.;Kondaskar, Atul. And the article was included in Tetrahedron Letters in 2003.Application of 40571-86-6 This article mentions the following:

Zirconium(IV) chloride catalyzes the nucleophilic opening of epoxide rings by amines leading to the efficient synthesis of β-amino alcs. The reaction works well with aromatic and aliphatic amines in short times at room temperature in the absence of solvent. Exclusive trans stereoselectivity is observed for cyclic epoxides. Aromatic amines exhibit excellent regioselectivity for preferential nucleophilic attack at the sterically less hindered position during the reaction with unsym. epoxides. However, in case of styrene oxide, selective formation of the benzylic amine was observed during the reactions with aromatic amines. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Trans-2-(benzylamino)cyclohexanol (cas: 40571-86-6Application of 40571-86-6).

Trans-2-(benzylamino)cyclohexanol (cas: 40571-86-6) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.Application of 40571-86-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Synthesis and resolution of Racemic trans-2-(N-benzyl)amino-1-cyclohexanol: enantiomer separation by sequential use of (R)- and (S)-mandelic acid [cyclohexanol, 2-(N-benzyl)amino, (1S,2S)- and (1R,2R)-] was written by Schiffers, Ingo;Bolm, Carsten. And the article was included in Organic Syntheses in 2008.Recommanded Product: Trans-2-(benzylamino)cyclohexanol This article mentions the following:

A method for the synthesis of the title compounds [i.e., (1R,2R)-2-[(phenylmethyl)amino]cyclohexanol and (1S,2S)-2-[(phenylmethyl)amino]cyclohexanol] is reported here. A reaction of cyclohexene oxide [i.e., 7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane] with benzenemethanamine provided a trans-racemic intermediate [i.e., (1R,2R)-rel-2-[(phenylmethyl)amino]cyclohexanol]. Salt formation of that intermediate with (S)-mandelic acid gave the desired (αS)-α-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid compound with (1R,2R)-2-[(phenylmethyl)amino]cyclohexanol (1:1) as a precipitate The corresponding (αR)-α-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid compound with (1S,2S)-2-[(phenylmethyl)amino]cyclohexanol (1:1) was obtained similarly from the (S,S)-isomer remaining in the filtrate. The above-mentioned title compounds were obtained after hydrolysis and recovery of mandelic acid. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Trans-2-(benzylamino)cyclohexanol (cas: 40571-86-6Recommanded Product: Trans-2-(benzylamino)cyclohexanol).

Trans-2-(benzylamino)cyclohexanol (cas: 40571-86-6) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Recommanded Product: Trans-2-(benzylamino)cyclohexanol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

N-Fluorobenzenaminium tetrafluoroborate generated in situ by aniline and Selectfluor as a reusable catalyst for the ring opening of epoxides with amines under microwave irradiation was written by Chauhan, Man Mohan Singh;Yadav, Geeta Devi;Hussain, Firasat;Singh, Surendra. And the article was included in Catalysis Science & Technology in 2014.Formula: C13H19NO This article mentions the following:

The ring opening of epoxides with aromatic and aliphatic amines was carried out under solvent free conditions using N-fluorobenzenaminium tetrafluoroborate (2 mol%) generated in situ by the reaction of aniline and Selectfluor as a catalyst with microwave irradiation [e.g., cyclohexene oxide + PhNH₂ in presence of PhNH₂F⁺ BF₄^– and microwave → trans-2-anilinocyclohexanol (up to 98%)]. Excellent yields of β-amino alcs. were obtained. The catalyst also results in the retention of the stereochem. for the ring opening of enantiopure epoxide with amine. The catalyst was recovered and reused up to 4 cycles for the ring opening of cyclohexene oxide with aniline. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Trans-2-(benzylamino)cyclohexanol (cas: 40571-86-6Formula: C13H19NO).

Trans-2-(benzylamino)cyclohexanol (cas: 40571-86-6) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.Formula: C13H19NO

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts