Tag: 100-200

Occurrence, impact, toxicity, and degradation methods of microplastics in environment-a review was written by Kasmuri, Norhafezah;Tarmizi, Nur Aliah Ahmad;Mojiri, Amin. And the article was included in Environmental Science and Pollution Research in 2022.Application In Synthesis of 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) This article mentions the following:

Microplastic defines as a tiny plastic particle that has a size of less than 5 mm and is ubiquitous in the environment. Due to the tiny size, this microplastic adversely affected the environment, notably aquatic life via ingestion, choking, and entanglement. This microplastic is arduous to degrade as it takes a thousand years due to the properties of plastic itself and consequently remains in nature. In dealing with microplastic issues, this paper reflects the occurrence, impact, toxicity, and degradation methods of microplastics in the environment including phys., chem., and biol. treatments. Here, the phys. treatment methods include incineration treatment, UV, and photocatalytic. The incineration process contributes to environmental pollution due to the release of toxic gases into the atm. In addition, chem. treatments for plastic waste are the degradation process involving chem. additives such as ethylene glycol (EG), nano-magnesium oxide (MgO), diethylene glycol (DEG), and calcium or zinc (Ca/Zn) stearate as a catalyst. These treatments depend on the chems. that can affect human health and the ecosystem. The biodegradation treatment using bacterial and fungal species can consume the microplastic without disrupting the surrounding environment and biota. It includes recent findings on the biodegradation of microplastic under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Thus, biodegradation can be considered the best option to degrade microplastic as green and sustainable technol. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) (cas: 111-46-6Application In Synthesis of 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol)).

2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) (cas: 111-46-6) belongs to alcohols. The oxygen atom of the strongly polarized O―H bond of an alcohol pulls electron density away from the hydrogen atom. This polarized hydrogen, which bears a partial positive charge, can form a hydrogen bond with a pair of nonbonding electrons on another oxygen atom. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.Application In Synthesis of 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol)

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Synthesis and Evaluation of a New ¹⁸F-Labeled Radiotracer for Studying the GABA_B Receptor in the Mouse Brain was written by Naik, Ravi;Valentine, Heather;Dannals, Robert F.;Wong, Dean F.;Horti, Andrew G.. And the article was included in ACS Chemical Neuroscience in 2018.Application In Synthesis of 2-Bromopyridine-4-methanol This article mentions the following:

New GABA_B agonists, fluoropyridyl ether analogs of baclofen, have been synthesized as potential PET radiotracers. The compound with highest inhibition binding affinity as well as greatest agonist response, (R)-4-amino-3-(4-chloro-3-((2-fluoropyridin-4-yl)methoxy)phenyl)butanoic acid (1b), was radiolabeled with ¹⁸F with good radiochem. yield, high radiochem. purity, and high molar radioactivity. The regional brain distribution of the radiolabeled (R)-4-amino-3-(4-chloro-3-((2-[¹⁸F]fluoropyridin-4-yl)methoxy)phenyl)butanoic acid, [¹⁸F]1b, was studied in CD-1 male mice. The study demonstrated that [¹⁸F]1b enters the mouse brain (1% ID/g tissue). The accumulation of [¹⁸F]1b in the mouse brain was inhibited (35%) by preinjection of GABA_B agonist 1a, suggesting that the radiotracer brain uptake is partially mediated by GABA_B receptors. The presented data demonstrate a feasibility of imaging of GABA_B receptors in rodents and justify further development of GABA_B PET tracers with improved specific binding and greater blood-brain barrier permeability. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-Bromopyridine-4-methanol (cas: 118289-16-0Application In Synthesis of 2-Bromopyridine-4-methanol).

2-Bromopyridine-4-methanol (cas: 118289-16-0) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. Alcohols may be oxidized to give ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. These functional groups are useful for further reactions. Oxidation of organic compounds generally increases the number of bonds from carbon to oxygen (or another electronegative element, such as a halogen), and it may decrease the number of bonds to hydrogen.Application In Synthesis of 2-Bromopyridine-4-methanol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Determination of clathrate hydrates dissociation conditions in the presence of gas dehydration, sweetening, and other nitrogenated additives using a predictive thermodynamic approach was written by Rasoolzadeh, Ali;Bakhtyari, Ali;Mehrabi, Khayyam;Javanmardi, Jafar;Nasrifar, Khashayar;Mohammadi, Amir H.. And the article was included in Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering in 2022.Product Details of 111-46-6 This article mentions the following:

Despite numerous exptl. data on gas hydrate equilibrium conditions in the presence of glycols, alkanolamines, and nitrogenated additives that are frequently utilized in the gas refinery, the apparent lack of a precise predictive thermodn. model is still perceived. This study presents an unprecedented thermodn. framework benefitting from the modified van der Waals-Platteeuw (vdW-P) model for the hydrate phase, the Peng-Robinson equation of state (PR EoS) for the vapor/gas phase, and combinations of free-volume Flory Huggins (FVFH) and Pitzer-Debye-Huckel (PDH) equations for the water activity in the aqueous phase, in which the FVFH activity model is utilized for the additives with mol. interactions solely, while the PDH model is employed when the ionic interactions also exist. When the model assessed a databank of 1075 data points, 0.29% (0.80 K) and 9.67% (0.49 MPa) deviations were observed in the temperature and pressure calculations, resp. In particular, for 877 data points (glycols, urea, acetamide, and formamide), employing FVFH solely resulted in 0.32% (0.88 K) and 10.54% (0.50 MPa) temperature and pressure deviations, resp., whereas the combination of FVFH + PDH yielded 0.17% (0.48 K) and 5.81% (0.47 MPa) errors in temperature and pressure estimations, resp. in 198 data points of the systems comprised of amines, hydrazine, and piperazine. The maximum deviation of temperature prediction did not exceed 6.80 K (2.39%). The results reveal the effective performance of the proposed calculation approach. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) (cas: 111-46-6Product Details of 111-46-6).

2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) (cas: 111-46-6) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Product Details of 111-46-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Tetrazoles of manno- and rhamno- furanoses was written by Davis, Benjamin G.;Nash, Robert J.;Watson, Alison A.;Smith, Colin;Fleet, George W. J.. And the article was included in Tetrahedron in 1999.Safety of (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal hydrate This article mentions the following:

The synthesis of [3.3.0] bicyclic tetrazoles, e.g. I, derived from D-manno- and D-rhamnofuranose starting from D-mannose, and of L-rhamnofuranose starting from L-rhamnose is described. The key step in the formation of all three examples of this novel class of sugar mimics is an intramol. [1,3]-dipolar cycloaddition of azide and nitrile moieties. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal hydrate (cas: 10030-85-0Safety of (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal hydrate).

(2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal hydrate (cas: 10030-85-0) belongs to alcohols. The oxygen atom of the strongly polarized O―H bond of an alcohol pulls electron density away from the hydrogen atom. This polarized hydrogen, which bears a partial positive charge, can form a hydrogen bond with a pair of nonbonding electrons on another oxygen atom. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.Safety of (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal hydrate

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Synthesis, properties, and hydrolysis of bio-based poly(butylene succinate-co-diethylene glycol succinate) copolyesters was written by Ding, Yue;Li, Shilin;Wang, Jingxi;Liu, Yuanyuan;Dong, Liming;Du, Xihua;Huang, Dan;Ai, Tianhao;Ji, Junhui. And the article was included in Journal of Applied Polymer Science in 2022.Name: 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) This article mentions the following:

A series of poly(butylene succinate-co-diethylene glycol succinate) (PBSD) copolymers were synthesized by melt-polycondensation in order to improve the nonenzymic hydrolysis of PBS. The contact angle and water uptake content of copolymer were increased obviously when the regular crystalline structure of chain segment was disturbed by diethylene glycol. Rheol. tests revealed the microphase separation structure occurred at 130°C. The tensile strength of PBSD40 copolymer was 15 MPa and the elongation at break was more than 700%, and the decomposition temperature was above 370°C. The weight loss of PBSD60 copolymer in acid condition was 98.6% after 49 days at 50°C. However, in neutral condition and simulated seawater, the weight loss was less than 10%. Acid and alk. catalyzed the hydrolysis of ester bonds. Some holes and cracks appeared at the surface of the samples after degradation from SEM anal. Thus, PBSD copolymers have the potential to serve as promising water degradable materials. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) (cas: 111-46-6Name: 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol)).

2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) (cas: 111-46-6) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.Name: 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol)

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Efficient splitting of alcohols into hydrogen and C-C coupled products over ultrathin Ni-doped ZnIn₂S₄ nanosheet photocatalyst was written by Li, Jing-Yu;Qi, Ming-Yu;Xu, Yi-Jun. And the article was included in Chinese Journal of Catalysis in 2022.Name: (4-Chlorophenyl)methanol This article mentions the following:

Integrating selective organic synthesis with hydrogen (H₂) evolution in one photocatalytic redox reaction system sheds light on the underlying approach for concurrent employment of photogenerated electrons and holes towards efficient production of solar fuels and chems. In this work, a facile one-pot oil bath method has been proposed to fabricate a noble metal-free ultrathin Ni-doped ZnIn₂S₄ (ZIS/Ni) composite nanosheet for effective solar-driven selective dehydrocoupling of benzyl alc. into value-added C-C coupled hydrobenzoin and H₂ fuel, which exhibits higher performance than pure ZIS nanosheet. The remarkably improved photoredox activity of ZIS/Ni is mainly attributed to the optimized electron structure featuring narrower band gap and suitable energy band position, which facilitates the ability of light harvesting and photoexcited charge carrier separation and transfer. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that it is feasible to employ ZIS/Ni for various aromatic alcs. dehydrocoupling to the corresponding C-C coupled products. It is expected that this work can stimulate further interest on the establishment of innovative photocatalytic redox platform coupling clean solar fuels synthesis and selective organic conversion in a sustainable manner. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (4-Chlorophenyl)methanol (cas: 873-76-7Name: (4-Chlorophenyl)methanol).

(4-Chlorophenyl)methanol (cas: 873-76-7) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.Name: (4-Chlorophenyl)methanol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Synthetic ionizable aminolipids induce a pH dependent inverse hexagonal to bicontinuous cubic lyotropic liquid crystalline phase transition in monoolein nanoparticles was written by Rajesh, Sarigama;Zhai, Jiali;Drummond, Calum J.;Tran, Nhiem. And the article was included in Journal of Colloid and Interface Science in 2021.HPLC of Formula: 1122-71-0 This article mentions the following:

A prospective class of materials for drug delivery is lyotropic liquid crystalline (LLC) nanoparticles, such as cubosomes and hexosomes. Efforts are being made to generate a pH dependent system, which exhibits slow release hexosomes (H2) at physiol. pH and relatively fast release cubosomes (Q2) at acidic disease sites such as in various cancers and bacterial infection (pH ∼ 5.5-6.5). Herein, we report the synthesis of nine ionizable aminolipids, which were doped into monoolein (MO) lipid nanoparticles. Using high throughput formulation and synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), the effects of aminolipid structure and concentration on the mesophase of MO nanoparticles at various pHs were determined As the pH changed from neutral to acidic, mesophases, could be formed in an order L2 (inverse micelles) → H2 → Q2. Specifically, systems with heterocyclic oleates exhibited the H2 to Q2 transition at pH 5.5-6.5. Furthermore, the phase transition pH could be fine-tuned by incorporating two aminolipids into the nanoparticles. Nanoparticles with a pH dependent phase transition as described in this study may be useful as drug delivery carriers for the treatment of cancers and certain bacterial infection. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 6-Methyl-2-pyridinemethanol (cas: 1122-71-0HPLC of Formula: 1122-71-0).

6-Methyl-2-pyridinemethanol (cas: 1122-71-0) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.HPLC of Formula: 1122-71-0

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Functionalized Cu-based metal oxide nanoparticles with enhanced Cd⁺² adsorption capacity and their ecotoxicity assessment by molecular docking was written by Kumar K, Anil;Yeshwanth, M.;Kumar B, Kusum;Panwar, Jitendra;Gupta, Suresh. And the article was included in Journal of Environmental Management in 2022.Application In Synthesis of 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) This article mentions the following:

In the present study, synthesis of eco-friendly Cu-based metal oxides nanoparticles [CuO, Cu2O, and CuO&Cu2O nanoparticles (NPs)] without and with functionalization with Diethylene glycol (DEG) has been demonstrated. The synthesized NPs were screened for their ability to adsorb multiple heavy metal ions from an aqueous solution Based on the maximum Cadmium (Cd+2) ion adsorption capacity, functionalized Cu2O (fCu2O) NPs were selected for the detailed characterization and batch studies. The average size of fCu2O NPs was found to be 57.4 ± 6.14 nm in comparison to NPs without capping (72.6 ± 5.19 nm). The exptl. parameters viz. contact time, initial pH, and initial concentration were optimized, and the obtained results were interpreted using standard isotherms and kinetic models. The maximum Cd+2 adsorption on fCu2O NPs was observed at initial solution pH 7. The adsorption of Cd+2 was found to be decreased at acidic pH due to the protonation of functional groups present on the NPs surface. A maximum Cd+2 adsorption capacity of 204 ± 6.2 mg g-1 was obtained from the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The crystal structure of NPs was prepared and docked with the protein targets of selected soil microbes in order to determine their ecotoxicity. The obtained results showed that NPs exhibited low affinity towards protein targets in comparison to the standard used. It suggests that NPs have less impact on the functionality of soil microbes and are thus safe for their disposal into the soil micro-environment. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) (cas: 111-46-6Application In Synthesis of 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol)).

2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) (cas: 111-46-6) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.Application In Synthesis of 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol)

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Phosphite-thioether/selenoether Ligands from Carbohydrates: An Easily Accessible Ligand Library for the Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Functionalized and Unfunctionalized Olefins was written by Margalef, Jessica;Borras, Carlota;Alegre, Sabina;Alberico, Elisabetta;Pamies, Oscar;Dieguez, Montserrat. And the article was included in ChemCatChem in 2019.Application of 29364-29-2 This article mentions the following:

A large family of phosphite-thioether/selenoether ligands I (L1-L24; E = S, Se; R¹ = Ph, naphthyl; R-R = substituted 1,1′-biphenyl-2,2′-diyl, 1,1′-binaphthalen-2,2′-diyl; R²-R⁴ = H or R², R³ = Me, R⁴, R⁵ = H; R² = R⁴ = Me, R³ = R⁵ = H or R³ = R⁵ = Ph, R² = R⁴ = H) has been easily prepared from accessible L-(+)-tartaric acid and D-(+)-mannitol and applied in the M-catalyzed (M = Ir, Rh) asym. hydrogenation of a broad number of substrates (46 in total). Its highly modular architecture has been crucial to maximize the catalytic performance. Improving most of the reported approaches, this ligand family presents a broad substrate scope. By selecting the ligand parameters high enantioselectivities (ee’s up to 99%) have therefore been achieved in a broad range of both, functionalized and unfunctionalized substrates. Interestingly, both enantiomers of the hydrogenation products can be usually achieved by changing the ligand parameters. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Sodium 2-methyl-2-propanethiolate (cas: 29364-29-2Application of 29364-29-2).

Sodium 2-methyl-2-propanethiolate (cas: 29364-29-2) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.Application of 29364-29-2

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Supported copper on a diamide-diacid-bridged PMO: an efficient hybrid catalyst for the cascade oxidation of benzyl alcohols/Knoevenagel condensation was written by Valiey, Ehsan;Dekamin, Mohammad G.. And the article was included in RSC Advances in 2022.Name: (2,4-Dichlorophenyl)methanol This article mentions the following:

In this study, a novel periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) containing diamide-diacid bridges was conveniently prepared using ethylenediaminetetraacetic dianhydride to support Cu(II) species and affording supramol. Cu@EDTAD-PMO nanoparticles efficiently. The stabilized Cu(II) nanoparticles inside the mesochannels of the new PMO provided appropriate sites for selective oxidation of different benzyl alcs. RCH₂OH (R = Ph, 2-chlorophenyl, 4-methylphenyl, pyridin-2-yl, etc.) to their corresponding benzaldehydes RCHO and subsequent Knoevenagel condensation with malononitrile. Therefore, Cu@EDTAD-PMO can be considered as a multifunctional heterogeneous catalyst, which is prepared easily through a green procedure and demonstrates appropriate stability with almost no leaching of the Cu(II) nanoparticles into the reaction medium, and easy recovery through simple filtration. The recycled Cu@EDTAD-PMO was reused up to five times without significant loss of its catalytic activity. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (2,4-Dichlorophenyl)methanol (cas: 1777-82-8Name: (2,4-Dichlorophenyl)methanol).

(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)methanol (cas: 1777-82-8) belongs to alcohols. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.Name: (2,4-Dichlorophenyl)methanol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts