Tag: 100-200

Ex vivo, in vitro, and in silico approaches to unveil the mechanisms underlying vasorelaxation effect of Mentha Longifolia (L.) in porcine coronary artery was written by Alamgeer;Asif, Hira;Chohan, Tahir Ali;Irfan, Hafiz Muhammad;Asim, Mulazim Hussain;Bukhari, Syed Nasir Abbas;Younis, Waqas;Althobaiti, Yusuf S.;Ullah, Aman;Khan, Abdul Qayyum;Hakami, Alqassem Y.. And the article was included in Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy in 2022.Quality Control of 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol This article mentions the following:

Mentha (M.) longifolia (L.) is traditionally used for various ailments. The current study was intended to explore the underlying vasorelaxation mechanisms of M. longifolia. Aqueous-methanol extract from the aerial parts of M. longifolia was prepared and subjected to activity-guided fractionation. The vasorelaxant activity was performed using porcine coronary arteries with intact and denuded endothelium. In-vitro PDE inhibitory activity of the active fraction was carried out using the radio-enzymic assay. The active fraction was also subjected to GCMS. Docking and mol. dynamic simulation studies were also performedWe had observed that aqueous-methanolic extract induced relaxation in the coronary artery in a dose-dependent manner when the endothelium was intact and denuded. n-butanol fraction (MLB) has produced a maximum effect, and it was selected for mechanistic studies. MLB has significantly enhanced the relaxation produced by cAMP and cGMP, elevating atrial natriuretic peptide, sodium nitroprusside, isoproterenol, and forskolin. The pre-treatment with MLB inhibited the contractile response produced by KCl, U46619, and CaCl2 in without endothelium rings. MLB has non-selectively inhibited the PDE isoforms. GCMS anal. of MLB has revealed the presence of menthol, thymol, and carvacrol in the active fraction. Docking and mol. dynamic simulation studies have indicated that thymol can be a competitive inhibitor for PDE1. It is postulated that an n-butanol fraction of Mentha longifolia produced endothelium-independent relaxation due to increased levels of cAMP and cGMP caused by the inhibition of various PDEs. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol (cas: 499-75-2Quality Control of 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol).

5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol (cas: 499-75-2) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.Quality Control of 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Asymmetric Reduction of Ketones by the Acetone Powder of Geotrichum candidum was written by Nakamura, K.;Matsuda, T.. And the article was included in Journal of Organic Chemistry in 1998.Safety of (S)-1-(2-Fluorophenyl)ethanol This article mentions the following:

Aromatic ketones, β-keto esters, and simple aliphatic ketones were reduced with excellent selectivity to the corresponding (S)-alcs. by using the acetone powder of Geotrichum candidum. This method is superior in reactivity and stereoselectivity to reduction by the whole-cell. The exptl. conditions for the reduction system such as ratio of the biocatalyst to the substrate, kinds of coenzymes, alc. for coenzyme regeneration, and buffer, pH, and reaction temperature were investigated, and stability and preservability of the biocatalyst were also examined This method is very convenient for the synthesis of optically pure alcs. on a gram scale. E.g., 2-chloroacetophenone was reduced to (S)-2-ClC₆H₄CH(OH)Me in >99% ee and 94% isolated yield by reduction with the acetone powder of Geotrichum candidum as the catalyst, NAD⁺ as a coenzyme, and Me₂CHOH as the reducing agent in MES [2-(N-morpholine)ethanesulfonic acid-NaOH] buffer. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (S)-1-(2-Fluorophenyl)ethanol (cas: 171032-87-4Safety of (S)-1-(2-Fluorophenyl)ethanol).

(S)-1-(2-Fluorophenyl)ethanol (cas: 171032-87-4) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. Alcohols may be oxidized to give ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. These functional groups are useful for further reactions. Oxidation of organic compounds generally increases the number of bonds from carbon to oxygen (or another electronegative element, such as a halogen), and it may decrease the number of bonds to hydrogen.Safety of (S)-1-(2-Fluorophenyl)ethanol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Application of composts and potassium sulphate on root rot incidence, morphological growth, yield components, oil content and constitutes of marjoram plants (Majorana hortensis L.) was written by Eisa, El-Sayed E. A.;Meligy, Manal M.;Ziedan, El- Sayed H. E.. And the article was included in Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology in 2022.Name: 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol This article mentions the following:

Isolation of root rot tissue of diseased marjoram plants, yielded isolates fungal genera of Fusarium spp. and Rhizoctonia solani. Isolates of F. monoliforme and F. oxysporum, causing the highest root rot percentage and disease severity of marjoram plants in pot experiment In the field, soil amendement with either composts of sugarcane bagasse, soybean straw and rice straw and in combination with potassium sulfate at (50 or 75 kg/feddan.). Obtained indicated that, application of rice straw compost in combination with potassium sulfate (K2O) at 75 kg was the best treatment reduced root rot incidence of marjoram plants and highly significantly increased, plant height, fresh and dry weigh, yield components, content and percentage of essential oil as well in volatile oil high percentage of terpinene -4-ol (42.9%). Meanwhile, the high percentage of linalyl acetate (34.6%) in the application of (K2O) at 75 kg/feddan combined with soybean compost and carvacrol (32.3%) in the application of (K2O) at 75 kg/feddan. So, integration application of composts with (K2O) could be used as alternative strategies to fungicides for controlling root rot disease in marjoram, enhanching plant growth, yield components and constitutes of essential oil. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol (cas: 499-75-2Name: 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol).

5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol (cas: 499-75-2) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.Name: 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Synergistic antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of nisin/carvacrol combination against Staphylococcus aureus and their application in the infecting pasteurized milk was written by Li, Qingxiang;Yu, Shuna;Han, Jinzhi;Wu, Jiulin;You, Lijun;Shi, Xiaodan;Wang, Shaoyun. And the article was included in Food Chemistry in 2022.Application of 499-75-2 This article mentions the following:

Synergistic antibacterial effect is a promising way to overcome the challenge of microbial contamination in food. In this study, we detected the synergistic interactions of nisin and carvacrol. The MIC of nisin and carvacrol against S. aureus were 60 and 125μg/mL, resp. The FICI and FBCI were 0.28125 and 0.09375, which suggested that the nisin/carvacrol combination presented synergistic antibacterial effect against S. aureus. The antibacterial activity of nisin/carvacrol combination was much higher than their individuals and the dose of antibacterials was obviously reduced. The combination could completely kill S. aureus within 8 h, accelerate the destruction of cell membrane, and inhibit formation of biofilm. Under the intervention of nisin, more CAR could enter cell to hunt intracellular targets, leading to an increase in intracellular antibacterial level. Besides, in the storage of pasteurized milk, the combinational treatment successfully inhibited microbial reproduction at 25°C and 4°C. Thus, the combination of nisin and carvacrol was a potential synergistic strategy for food preservation. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol (cas: 499-75-2Application of 499-75-2).

5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol (cas: 499-75-2) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.Application of 499-75-2

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Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Substituted (2SR)-2-((1SR,2SR)-2-carboxycycloprop-1-yl)glycines as Potent and Selective Antagonists of Group II Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors. 2. Effects of Aromatic Substitution; Pharmacological Characterization, and Bioavailability was written by Ornstein, Paul L.;Bleisch, Thomas J.;Arnold, M. Brian;Wright, Rebecca A.;Johnson, Bryan G.;Tizzano, Joseph P.;Helton, David R.;Kallman, Mary Jeanne;Schoepp, Darryle D.;Herin, Marc. And the article was included in Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in 1998.Reference of 94022-96-5 This article mentions the following:

In this paper the authors describe the synthesis of a series of α-substituted analogs of the potent and selective group II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonist (1S,1’S,2’S)-carboxycyclopropylglycine (I). Incorporation of a substituent on the amino acid carbon converted the agonist I into an antagonist. All of the compounds were prepared and tested as a series of four isomers, i.e., two racemic diastereomers. On the basis of the improvement in affinity realized for the α-phenylethyl analog II (R = CH₂Ph), in this paper the authors explored the effects of substitution on the aromatic ring as a strategy to increase the affinity of these compounds for group II mGluRs. Affinity for group II mGluRs was measured using [³H]glutamic acid (Glu) binding in rat forebrain membranes. Antagonist activity was confirmed for these compounds by measuring their ability to antagonize (1S,3R)-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid-induced inhibition of forskolin stimulated cyclic-AMP in RGT cells transfected with human mGluR2 and mGluR3. Meta substitution on the aromatic ring of II (R = CH₂Ph) with a variety of substituents, both electron donating (R = 3-R¹C₆H₄CH₂; R¹ = 3-Me, 3-OH, 3-NH₂, 3-OMe, 3-Ph, 3-PhO) and electron withdrawing (R¹ = 3-F, 3-Cl, 3-Br, 3-CO₂H, 3-CF₃) gave from 1.5- to 4.5-fold increases in affinity. Substitution with p-F (II; R = 4-FC₆H₄CH₂) (IC₅₀ = 0.022 ± 0.002), was the exception. Here, a greater increase in affinity was realized than for either the ortho- or meta-substituted analogs; II (R = 4-FC₆H₄CH₂) was the most potent compound resulting from monosubstitution of the aromatic At best, only modest increases in affinity were realized for certain compounds bearing either two chlorines or two fluorines, and two methoxy groups gave no improvement in affinity (all examined in a variety of substitution patterns). Three amino acids II (R¹ = CHPh₂, 9-xanthyl, 3-MeC₆H₄CH₂) were resolved into their four constituent isomers, and affinity and functional activity for group II mGluRs was found to reside solely in the S,S,S-isomers of each, consistent with I. With an IC₅₀ = 2.9 ± 0.6 nM, the resolved xanthylmethyl compound (S,S,S)-III (LY341495) was the most potent compound from this SAR. (S,S,S)-III demonstrated high plasma levels following i.p. (i.p.) administration and readily penetrated into the brain. This compound, however, had only limited (∼5%) oral bioavailability. Systemic administration of (S,S,S)-III protected mice from limbic seizures produced by the mGluR agonist 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine, with an ED₅₀ = 31 mg/kg (i.p., 60 min preinjection). Thus, (S,S,S)-III represents a valuable tool to study the role of group II mGluRs in disease. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(Trifluoromethyl)phenethyl alcohol (cas: 94022-96-5Reference of 94022-96-5).

2-(Trifluoromethyl)phenethyl alcohol (cas: 94022-96-5) belongs to alcohols. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. Alcohols may be oxidized to give ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. These functional groups are useful for further reactions. Oxidation of organic compounds generally increases the number of bonds from carbon to oxygen (or another electronegative element, such as a halogen), and it may decrease the number of bonds to hydrogen.Reference of 94022-96-5

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Enantioselective radical C-H amination for the synthesis of β-amino alcohols was written by Nakafuku, Kohki M.;Zhang, Zuxiao;Wappes, Ethan A.;Stateman, Leah M.;Chen, Andrew D.;Nagib, David A.. And the article was included in Nature Chemistry.Reference of 2968-93-6 This article mentions the following:

Asym., radical C-H functionalizations are rare but powerful tools for solving modern synthetic challenges. Specifically, the enantio- and regioselective C-H amination of alcs. to access medicinally valuable chiral β-amino alcs. remains elusive. To solve this challenge, a radical relay chaperone strategy was designed, wherein an alc. was transiently converted to an imidate radical that underwent intramol. H-atom transfer (HAT). This regioselective HAT was also rendered enantioselective by harnessing energy transfer catalysis to mediate selective radical generation and interception by a chiral copper catalyst. The successful development of this multi-catalytic, asym., radical C-H amination enabled broad access to chiral β-amino alcs. from a variety of alcs. containing alkyl, allyl, benzyl and propargyl C-H bonds. Mechanistic experiments revealed that triplet energy sensitization of a Cu-bound radical precursor facilitates catalyst-mediated HAT stereoselectivity, enabling the synthesis of several important classes of chiral β-amines by enantioselective, radical C-H amination. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(4-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethanol (cas: 2968-93-6Reference of 2968-93-6).

2-(4-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethanol (cas: 2968-93-6) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.Reference of 2968-93-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Photocatalyzed cross-dehydrogenative coupling of silanes with alcohols and water was written by Lv, Haiping;Laishram, Ronibala Devi;Chen, Jingchao;Khan, Ruhima;Zhu, Yuanbin;Wu, Shiyuan;Zhang, Jianqiang;Liu, Xingyuan;Fan, Baomin. And the article was included in Chemical Communications (Cambridge, United Kingdom) in 2021.Related Products of 2968-93-6 This article mentions the following:

An efficient method for the dehydrogenative coupling of hydrosilanes with alcs. and phenols under photocatalysis with ruthenium bipyridine complex was developed, providing access for aryloxy, aralkyloxy and alkoxysilanes. The reaction proceeded in the presence of Ru(bpy)₃Cl₂ (0.5 mol%) under visible light irradiation in acetonitrile at room temperature The developed methodol. was also applicable for the synthesis of silanols using water as a coupling partner. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(4-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethanol (cas: 2968-93-6Related Products of 2968-93-6).

2-(4-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethanol (cas: 2968-93-6) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are among the most common organic compounds. They are used as sweeteners and in making perfumes, are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of other compounds, and are among the most abundantly produced organic chemicals in industry. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.Related Products of 2968-93-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Base-Promoted Amidation and Esterification of Imidazolium Salts via Acyl C-C bond Cleavage: Access to Aromatic Amides and Esters was written by Karthik, Shanmugam;Muthuvel, Karthick;Gandhi, Thirumanavelan. And the article was included in Journal of Organic Chemistry in 2019.Quality Control of (2,4-Dichlorophenyl)methanol This article mentions the following:

Imidazolium salts have been effectively employed as suitable acyl transfer agents in amidation and esterification in organic synthesis. The weak acyl C(O)-C imidazolium bond was exploited to generate acyl electrophiles, which further react with amines and alcs. to afford amides and esters. The broad substrate scope of anilines and benzylic amines and base-promoted conditions are the benefits of this route. Interestingly, phenol, benzylic alcs., and a biol. active alc. can also be subjected to esterification under the optimized conditions. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (2,4-Dichlorophenyl)methanol (cas: 1777-82-8Quality Control of (2,4-Dichlorophenyl)methanol).

(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)methanol (cas: 1777-82-8) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.Quality Control of (2,4-Dichlorophenyl)methanol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

The reactions of pyridils and related compounds with alkali. II. The reactivities of several pyridils was written by Oda, Daihei. And the article was included in Nippon Kagaku Zasshi in 1961.Related Products of 1122-71-0 This article mentions the following:

Several diketones were prepared and their reactivities to alkali compared. 3-Pyridyl 3-picolyl ketone (10 g.) in 50 cc. dioxane oxidized with 8.4 g. SeO₂ 5 hrs. gave 6.6 g. 3,3′-pyridil (VII), m. 79-80°. 4-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde was treated with KCN to give 25% 4,4′-pyridoin, m. 165-7°, which was oxidized with HNO₃ to give 4,4′-pyridil (VIII), m. 179-70.5°. Similarly, 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde N-oxide gave 2,2′-pyridoin N,N-dioxide, m. 152-3° (decomposition), which was oxidized to yield 2,2′-pyridil N,N’-dioxide (IX), decomposed at 240-5°. Oxidation of 2-pyridyl 3-picolyl ketone with SeO₂ yielded 2,3′-pyridil (X), m. 96-8°. 6,6′-Dimethyl-2,2′-pyridil (4.8 g.) treated with KOH as in the preceding part gave 2.8 g. 6-methylpicolinic acid, 0.08 g. 6-methyl-2-pyridylcarbinol, 0.4 g. 6,6′-dimethyl-2,2′-pyridoin, 0.15 g. NH₃, and 0.4 g. unidentified carbonyl compound VII gave di-βpyridylglycolic acid, which was oxidized to nicotinic acid (XI) and di-β-pyridyl ketone, m. 105-7°. VIII (2.1 g.) gave 0.95 g. isonicotinic acid, 0.06 g. γ-pyridylcarbinol, and 0.06 g. NH₃. X (2.1 g.) gave 0.8 g. XI, 0.05 g. NH₃, 0.03 g. III, and 0.27 g. IV. IX (4.9 g.) gave 3.2 g. di-α-pyridylcarbinol N-oxide, m. 148-9°, and 0.22 g. IV. The results indicated that low electron density on the 2- or 4-position was the cause of abnormal reaction. The idea was supported by the results on IX. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 6-Methyl-2-pyridinemethanol (cas: 1122-71-0Related Products of 1122-71-0).

6-Methyl-2-pyridinemethanol (cas: 1122-71-0) belongs to alcohols. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.Related Products of 1122-71-0

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

A novel salting-out extraction system for determination of ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol in liquid samples followed by GC-FID was written by Wan, Fu;Liu, Shuping;Wang, Li;Si, Shihui. And the article was included in Microchemical Journal in 2022.Recommanded Product: 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) This article mentions the following:

In this work, a new high-efficient salting-out agent, potassium tripolyphosphate, assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) sample preparation method for the determination of the polar ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol in liquid samples (food stimulants and liquid foods) were developed. To obtain satisfactory extraction efficiencies for the studied analytes, several parameters affecting the SALLE procedure were optimized. The effects of type of salting-out reagent, type of extraction solvent, volumes of ethanol, amount of potassium triphosphate, vortexing and standing times on the extraction efficiency were investigated. Anal. performances of the method were satisfactory, showed good linearity in the selected range (R²>0.9998), limits of detection (LOD) were 0.2 mg·L^-1 in all cases. Average recoveries in the ranges of 81.2-109.3% (RSD, 0.03-7.0%) for EG, 88.1 ∼ 109.1% (RSD, 0.1-8.6%) for DEG were obtained. In relation to the green and low solvent consumption, the proposed methodol. could be considered rapid and environment friendly. The developed method can be used not only for the determination of ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol in food simulation solution, but also for liquid foods with obtaining acceptable results. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) (cas: 111-46-6Recommanded Product: 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol)).

2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) (cas: 111-46-6) belongs to alcohols. The oxygen atom of the strongly polarized O―H bond of an alcohol pulls electron density away from the hydrogen atom. This polarized hydrogen, which bears a partial positive charge, can form a hydrogen bond with a pair of nonbonding electrons on another oxygen atom. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.Recommanded Product: 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol)

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts