Tag: 100-200

Selective Zinc Sensor Molecules with Various Affinities for Zn²⁺, Revealing Dynamics and Regional Distribution of Synaptically Released Zn²⁺ in Hippocampal Slices was written by Komatsu, Kensuke;Kikuchi, Kazuya;Kojima, Hirotatsu;Urano, Yasuteru;Nagano, Tetsuo. And the article was included in Journal of the American Chemical Society in 2005.Synthetic Route of C7H9NO This article mentions the following:

The authors have developed a series of fluorescent Zn²⁺ sensor mols. with distinct affinities for Zn²⁺, because biol. Zn²⁺ concentrations vary over a wide range from sub-nanomolar to millimolar. The new sensors have K_d values in the range of 10^-8-10^-4 M, compared with 2.7 nM for ZnAF-2. They do not fluoresce in the presence of other biol. important metal ions such as calcium or magnesium, and they can detect Zn²⁺ within 100 ms. In cultured cells, the fluorescence intensity of ZnAF-2 was saturated at low Zn²⁺ concentration, while that of ZnAF-3 (K_d = 0.79 μM) was not saturated even at relatively high Zn²⁺ concentrations In hippocampal slices, the authors measured synaptic release of Zn²⁺ in response to high-potassium-induced depolarization. ZnAF-2 showed similar levels of fluorescence increase in dentate gyrus (DG), CA3 and CA1, which were indistinguishable. However, ZnAF-3 showed a fluorescence increase only in DG. Thus, by using a combination of sensor mols., it was demonstrated for the first time that a higher Zn²⁺ concentration is released in DG than in CA3 or CA1 and that the authors can easily visualize Zn²⁺ concentration over a wide range. The authors believe that the use of various combinations of ZnAF family members will offer unprecedented versatility for fluorescence-microscopic imaging of Zn²⁺ in biol. applications. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 6-Methyl-2-pyridinemethanol (cas: 1122-71-0Synthetic Route of C7H9NO).

6-Methyl-2-pyridinemethanol (cas: 1122-71-0) belongs to alcohols. The oxygen atom of the strongly polarized O―H bond of an alcohol pulls electron density away from the hydrogen atom. This polarized hydrogen, which bears a partial positive charge, can form a hydrogen bond with a pair of nonbonding electrons on another oxygen atom. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.Synthetic Route of C7H9NO

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Finding Adapted Quinones for Harvesting Electrons from Photosynthetic Algae Suspensions was written by Sayegh, Adnan;Perego, Luca A.;Arderiu Romero, Marc;Escudero, Louis;Delacotte, Jerome;Guille-Collignon, Manon;Grimaud, Laurence;Bailleul, Benjamin;Lemaitre, Frederic. And the article was included in ChemElectroChem in 2021.Application In Synthesis of Sodium 2-methyl-2-propanethiolate This article mentions the following:

Among all the chem. and biotechnol. strategies implemented to extract energy from oxygenic photosynthesis, several concern the use of intact photosynthetic organisms (algae, cyanobacteria…). This means rerouting (fully or partially) the electron flow from the photosynthetic chain to an outer collecting electrode thus generating a photocurrent. While diverting photosynthetic electrons from living biol. systems is an encouraging approach, this strategy is limited by the need to use an electron shuttle. Redox mediators that are able to interact with an embedded photosynthetic chain are rather scarce. In this respect, exogenous quinones are the most frequently used. Unfortunately, some of them also act as poisoning agents within relatively long timeframes. It thus raises the question of the best quinone. In this work, we use a previously reported electrochem. device to analyze the performance of different quinones. Photocurrents (maximum photocurrent, stability) were measured from suspensions of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii algae/quinones by chronoamperometry and compared to parameters like quinone redox potentials or cytotoxic concentration From these results, several quinones were synthesized and analyzed in order to find the best compromise between bioelectricity production and toxicity. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Sodium 2-methyl-2-propanethiolate (cas: 29364-29-2Application In Synthesis of Sodium 2-methyl-2-propanethiolate).

Sodium 2-methyl-2-propanethiolate (cas: 29364-29-2) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are among the most common organic compounds. They are used as sweeteners and in making perfumes, are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of other compounds, and are among the most abundantly produced organic chemicals in industry. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.Application In Synthesis of Sodium 2-methyl-2-propanethiolate

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Unexpected interactions between sol-gel silica glass and guest molecules. Extraction of aromatic hydrocarbons into polar silica from hydrophobic solvents was written by Badjic, Jovica D.;Kostic, Nenad M.. And the article was included in Journal of Physical Chemistry B in 2000.Application of 220227-37-2 This article mentions the following:

Properties of a solute may differ greatly between a free solution and that solution confined in pores of a sol-gel glass. The authors studied the entry of various aromatic organic compounds from solution into the monolith of sol-gel silica immersed in this solution Partitioning of the solute is quantified by the uptake coefficient, the ratio of its concentrations in the glass and in the surrounding solution at equilibrium The dependence of this coefficient on the solvent gives insight into possible interactions between the solute and the silica matrix. The authors report the uptake of 31 compounds altogether: 18 halogen derivatives of benzene; 5 condensed (fused) aromatics; and stilbene and three substituted derivatives of it, each in both cis and trans configurations. When the solvent is hexane, the uptake coefficients are as follows: 1.0-1.9 for the halobenzenes; 3.0-4.6 for the hydrocarbons; and 3.3-4.9 for the stilbenes. When the solvent is carbon tetrachloride or dichloromethane, the uptake coefficients become 0.82-1.39 for the hydrocarbons and 0.90-1.25 for the stilbenes. The excessive uptake of organic compounds from hexane is unexpected, for it amounts to extraction of nonpolar or slightly polar solutes from a nonpolar solvent into a polar interior of silica glass. The solute-silica interactions responsible for this extraction are not of the van der Waals type. The authors’ findings are consistent with hydrogen bonding between the aromatic π system in the solutes and the hydroxyl groups on the silica surface. Hexane cannot interact with this surface but dichloromethane and carbon tetrachloride can: they shield the hydroxyl groups from the organic solvents and thus suppress the hydrogen bonding. This explanation is supported by the emission spectra of the aromatic compound pyrene when it is dissolved in acetonitrile, dichloromethane, cyclohexyl chloride, and hexane and when it is taken up by monoliths of sol-gel silica from these four solutions The relative intensities of the emission bands designated III and I change greatly when pyrene is taken up from hexane but remain unchanged when it is taken up from the other three solvents. Evidently, hexane does not, whereas the other three solvents do, line the silica surface and shield it from approach by pyrene mols. Even though solute mols. are much smaller than the pores in the sol-gel glass, diffusion of these mols. into the monolith may result in an uneven partitioning at equilibrium This fact must be taken into consideration in the design of biosensors, immobilized catalysts, and other composite materials because their function depends on the entry of analytes, substrates, and other chems. into the glass matrix. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (3,4,5-Trifluorophenyl)methanol (cas: 220227-37-2Application of 220227-37-2).

(3,4,5-Trifluorophenyl)methanol (cas: 220227-37-2) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.Application of 220227-37-2

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Production of (R)-1-phenylethanols through bioreduction of acetophenones by a new fungus isolate Trichothecium roseum was written by ilbeyaz, Kani;Taskin, Mesut;Kurbanoglu, Esabi B.;Kurbanoglu, Namudar I.;Kilic, Hamdullah. And the article was included in Chirality in 2010.COA of Formula: C8H9FO This article mentions the following:

A total of 120 fungal strains were isolated from soil samples and evaluated in the bioreduction of substituted acetophenones to the corresponding (R)-alcs. Among these strains, isolate Trichothecium roseum EBK-18 was highly effective in the production of (R)-alcs. with excellent enantioselectivity (ee > 99%). Gram scale preparation of (R)-1-phenylethanol is reported. Chirality 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (S)-1-(2-Fluorophenyl)ethanol (cas: 171032-87-4COA of Formula: C8H9FO).

(S)-1-(2-Fluorophenyl)ethanol (cas: 171032-87-4) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.COA of Formula: C8H9FO

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

An iron variant of the Noyori hydrogenation catalyst for the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of ketones was written by Huo, Shangfei;Wang, Qingwei;Zuo, Weiwei. And the article was included in Dalton Transactions in 2020.COA of Formula: C8H9ClO This article mentions the following:

The design of a new iron catalyst for the asym. transfer hydrogenation of ketones R¹C(O)R² [R¹ = Ph, naphthalen-2-yl, 2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl, etc.; R² = Me, Et, dimethoxymethyl, (dimethylamino)methyl] was reported. This type of iron catalyst combines the structural characteristics of the Noyori hydrogenation catalyst (an axially chiral 2,2′-bis(phosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl fragment and the metal-ligand bifunctional motif) and an ene(amido) group SA,RP,SS/SA,RP,RR-I (Ar = Ph, 4-methoxyphenyl) that can activate the iron center. After activation by 8 equiv of potassium tert-butoxide, (SA,RP,SS)-I (Ar = Ph (II)) and (SA,RP,SS)-I (Ar = 4-methoxyphenyl) are active but nonenantioselective catalysts for the transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes R³CHO (R³ = 2,6-dimethylhepta-1,5-dien-1-yl, 2-phenylethenyl) are kept at room temperature in isopropanol. A maximum turnover number of 14480 was observed for (SA,RP,SS) (II) in the reduction of acetophenone. The right combination of the stereochem. of the axially chiral 2,2′-bis(phosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl group and the carbon-centered chiral amine-imine moiety in (SA,RP,RR)-I (Ar = 4-methoxyphenyl) afforded an enantioselective catalyst for the preparation of chiral alcs. R¹/R³CH(R²/H)OH with moderate to good yields and a broad functional group tolerance. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (R)-1-(3-Chlorophenyl)ethanol (cas: 120121-01-9COA of Formula: C8H9ClO).

(R)-1-(3-Chlorophenyl)ethanol (cas: 120121-01-9) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.COA of Formula: C8H9ClO

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Synthesis, Characterization, and Application in HeLa Cells of an NIR Light Responsive Doxorubicin Delivery System Based on NaYF₄:Yb,Tm@SiO₂-PEG Nanoparticles was written by Alonso-Cristobal, Paulino;Oton-Fernandez, Olalla;Mendez-Gonzalez, Diego;Diaz, J. Fernando;Lopez-Cabarcos, Enrique;Barasoain, Isabel;Rubio-Retama, Jorge. And the article was included in ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces in 2015.Synthetic Route of C7H7NO4 This article mentions the following:

Herein, we present a phototriggered drug delivery system based on light responsive nanoparticles, which is able to release doxorubicin upon NIR light illumination. The proposed system is based on upconversion fluorescence nanoparticles of β-NaYF₄:Yb,Tm@SiO₂-PEG with a mean diameter of 52 ± 2.5 nm that absorb the NIR light and emit UV light. The UV radiation causes the degradation of photodegradable ortho-nitrobenzyl alc. derivates, which are attached on one side to the surface of the nanoparticles and on the other to doxorubicin. This degradation triggers the doxorubicin release. This drug delivery system has been tested “in vitro” with HeLa cells. The results of this study demonstrated that this system caused negligible cytotoxicity when they were not illuminated with NIR light. In contrast, under NIR light illumination, the HeLa cell viability was conspicuously reduced. These results demonstrated the suitability of the proposed system to control the release of doxorubicin via an external NIR light stimulus. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-(Hydroxymethyl)-4-nitrophenol (cas: 60463-12-9Synthetic Route of C7H7NO4).

3-(Hydroxymethyl)-4-nitrophenol (cas: 60463-12-9) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.Synthetic Route of C7H7NO4

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Ruthenium(II)-Catalyzed Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation Using Unsymmetrical Vicinal Diamine-Based Ligands: Dramatic Substituent Effect on Catalyst Efficiency was written by Zhang, Bo;Wang, Hui;Lin, Guo-Qiang;Xu, Ming-Hua. And the article was included in European Journal of Organic Chemistry in 2011.Application of 120121-01-9 This article mentions the following:

The use of unsym. vicinal diamines as ligands for Ru-catalyzed asym. transfer hydrogenation is described. With a SmI₂-mediated cross-coupling protocol, a series of enantiomerically pure unsym. vicinal diamines were readily prepared and examined in the asym. transfer hydrogenation. It was found that an aromatic substituent on the carbon bearing the -NHTs group and a bulky alkyl substituent on the other side, are both very important for the effectiveness of the ligand, suggesting that the substituent has a dramatic effect on the catalyst efficiency. With ligand I, excellent enantioselectivities that are comparable to N-tosyl-1,2-diphenylethane-1,2-diamine (TsDPEN) were achieved. The results provide some helpful information on the mechanism of Ru-catalyzed asym. transfer hydrogenation. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (R)-1-(3-Chlorophenyl)ethanol (cas: 120121-01-9Application of 120121-01-9).

(R)-1-(3-Chlorophenyl)ethanol (cas: 120121-01-9) belongs to alcohols. The oxygen atom of the strongly polarized O―H bond of an alcohol pulls electron density away from the hydrogen atom. This polarized hydrogen, which bears a partial positive charge, can form a hydrogen bond with a pair of nonbonding electrons on another oxygen atom. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.Application of 120121-01-9

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Effect of synthesis conditions on the non-uniformity of nanofiltration membrane pore size distribution was written by Zhang, Ting;Fu, Ruo-Yu;Wang, Kun-Peng;Gao, Ya-Wei;Li, Hong-Rui;Wang, Xiao-Mao;Xie, Yuefeng F.;Hou, Li’an. And the article was included in Journal of Membrane Science in 2022.SDS of cas: 149-32-6 This article mentions the following:

The uniformity of membrane pore sizes, which is essentially determined by the membrane synthesis conditions, significantly affects the rejection performance of nanofiltration (NF) membranes. In this study, we applied two modeling methods, i.e., the DSPM (Donnan Steric Pore Model) and the log-normal distribution methods, for the determination of the average membrane pore size and pore size uniformity of lab-made NF membranes. The synthesis conditions included concentration of monomers (e.g., piperazine and trimesoyl chloride), (thermal) curing temperature and time, and activation solvent type and duration. Results showed that both high piperazine (PIP) concentration (≥0.5 wt%) and curing temperature (≥40°C) could enhance the membrane pore size uniformity. Although the average membrane pore size calculated by the DSPM method was higher than that by the log-normal distribution method, they significantly correlated. It appears that the log-normal distribution method could more directly characterize membrane pore size uniformity. Obviously, the pore uniformity of NF membranes affected the rejection of small mols., such as trace organic compounds These insights provided a theor. foundation for the characterization of membrane pore size distribution with more accuracy and the fabrication of membranes with higher pore size uniformity. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (2R,3S)-rel-Butane-1,2,3,4-tetraol (cas: 149-32-6SDS of cas: 149-32-6).

(2R,3S)-rel-Butane-1,2,3,4-tetraol (cas: 149-32-6) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.SDS of cas: 149-32-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Physical constants of substituted acetophenones was written by Guzman-Lopez, Enrique;Rosas, Noe;Walls, Fernando. And the article was included in Boletin del Instituto de Quimica de la Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico in 1970.Quality Control of 2′,6′-Dihydroxy-4′-methylacetophenone This article mentions the following:

An attempt to prepare perezone and the 2 pipitzols gave a mixture of 2-(4-methyl-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-1,5-heptadiene and 2-(4-methyl-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2,5-heptadiene, and 12 substituted acetophenones, and 5 related products. Their ir, uv, and NMR spectra were described. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2′,6′-Dihydroxy-4′-methylacetophenone (cas: 1634-34-0Quality Control of 2′,6′-Dihydroxy-4′-methylacetophenone).

2′,6′-Dihydroxy-4′-methylacetophenone (cas: 1634-34-0) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.Quality Control of 2′,6′-Dihydroxy-4′-methylacetophenone

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Manganese-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrosilylation of Aryl Ketones was written by Ma, Xiaochen;Zuo, Ziqing;Liu, Guixia;Huang, Zheng. And the article was included in ACS Omega in 2017.SDS of cas: 120121-01-9 This article mentions the following:

Nonracemic (oxazolinyl)pyridinylimine manganese complexes I (R = i-Pr, Ph₂CH; R¹ = H, Me; R² = PhCH₂, i-Pr, t-Bu) were prepared as catalysts for the enantioselective hydrosilylation of aralkyl ketones. In the presence of I (R = Ph₂CH; R¹ = Me; R² = t-Bu), aralkyl ketones such as 4-R³C₆H₄COMe (R³ = Cl, i-Bu, t-Bu, cyclohexyl, n-Pr, MeO, Br, I, H) with Ph₃SiH and NaBHEt₃ in toluene to yield nonracemic benzylic alcs. such as (R)-4-R³C₆H₄CH(OH)Me (R³ = Cl, i-Bu, t-Bu, cyclohexyl, n-Pr, MeO, Br, I, H) in 48-99% yields and 66:34-96.5:3.5 er. The structure of I·2 CH₂Cl₂ (R = Ph₂CH; R¹ = Me; R² = t-Bu) was determined by X-ray crystallog. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (R)-1-(3-Chlorophenyl)ethanol (cas: 120121-01-9SDS of cas: 120121-01-9).

(R)-1-(3-Chlorophenyl)ethanol (cas: 120121-01-9) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.SDS of cas: 120121-01-9

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts