Tag: 100-200

Application of growth promoting hormones alters the composition and antioxidant potential of dill essential oil under salt stress was written by Ghassemi-Golezani, Kazem;Nikpour-Rashidabad, Neda;Samea-Andabjadid, Samira. And the article was included in Scientific Reports in 2022.Name: 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol This article mentions the following:

The performance of dill plant may be affected by adverse environments such as salinity. Thus, this research was designed to evaluate changes in chem. composition and antioxidant activity of seed essential oil of dill (Anethum graveolens L.) in response to salinity (0, 5, 10 and 15 dS/m) and 1 mM of each hormonal treatments (gibberellic acid, salicylic acid, and cytokinin). Salicylic acid (SA) reduced Na+ content of roots and leaves by 15.4%, 30.9% and 12.4%, 24.3%, but enhanced K+ content by 29.8%, 51.6% and 76.6%, 73.4% under moderate and severe salinities, resp. Essential oil yield was enhanced with progressing seed filling, despite decreasing essential oil percentage. Percentage of essential oil was increased under low and moderate salinities. Hormonal treatments, particularly SA enhanced seed mass and essential oil percentage, leading to enhanced essential oil yield. The amounts of most constituents were enhanced under moderate salinity. Foliar spray of SA and CK (cytokinin) increased almost all essential oil components, except dill ether and dill apiole, while the GA3 (gibberellic acid) treatment reduced most of the constituents. The α-fenchol was only induced by salt stress. The β-pinene, 1-terpineol, cryptone, oxypeucedanin hydrate, α-thujene and P-α-dimethylstyrene were also specifically synthesized in SA treated plants under salinity. The highest TPC (total phenolic content) and antioxidant activity were recorded for essential oil of SA treated plants at mass maturity under moderate salinity. In general, the SA spray was the most effective treatment for improving essential oil quantity and quality of dill plants. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol (cas: 499-75-2Name: 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol).

5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol (cas: 499-75-2) belongs to alcohols. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Name: 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Flavor characteristics of peanut butter pretreated by radio frequency heating, explosion puffing, microwave, and oven heating was written by Yang, Yini;Yuan, Binhong;Yu, Pei;Jia, Yimin;Zhou, Qi;Sun, Jinyuan. And the article was included in Food Chemistry in 2022.Formula: C8H16O This article mentions the following:

Currently, the effect of different pretreatments (i.e., radio frequency (RF), explosion puffing (EP), microwave (MW) and oven heating (OH)) on the flavor characteristics of peanut butter is unclear. Consequently, this study identified volatile aroma and non-volatile taste using HS-SPME/GC-MS combined with the use of an electronic nose, electronic tongue, and sniffing. 53 volatile compounds in four peanut butters were identified, MW-treated samples exhibited the most aroma-active compounds (43), followed by samples treated using OH (42), EP (38) and RF (21). Different pretreatment resulted in significant flavor differences in the aroma and taste. The peanut butter under MW pretreatment had a strongest nutty notes among the treatments. RF methods yielded smaller particle sizes and better texture compared to conventional OH. However, instantaneous heating using EP did not result in improvements to the aroma or taste. A combination of MW and RF may improve the flavor quality of peanut butter. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Oct-1-en-3-ol (cas: 3391-86-4Formula: C8H16O).

Oct-1-en-3-ol (cas: 3391-86-4) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.Formula: C8H16O

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Discovery of 5-Chloro-4-((1-(5-chloropyrimidin-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl)oxy)-1-(2-fluoro-4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)pyridin-2(1H)-one (BMS-903452), an Antidiabetic Clinical Candidate Targeting GPR119 was written by Wacker, Dean A.;Wang, Ying;Broekema, Matthias;Rossi, Karen;O’Connor, Steven;Hong, Zhenqiu;Wu, Ginger;Malmstrom, Sarah E.;Hung, Chen-Pin;LaMarre, Linda;Chimalakonda, Anjaneya;Zhang, Lisa;Xin, Li;Cai, Hong;Chu, Cuixia;Boehm, Stephanie;Zalaznick, Jacob;Ponticiello, Randolph;Sereda, Larisa;Han, Song-Ping;Zebo, Rachel;Zinker, Bradley;Luk, Chiuwa Emily;Wong, Richard;Everlof, Gerry;Li, Yi-Xin;Wu, Chunyu K.;Lee, Michelle;Griffen, Steven;Miller, Keith J.;Krupinski, John;Robl, Jeffrey A.. And the article was included in Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in 2014.Reference of 142253-56-3 This article mentions the following:

G-protein-coupled receptor 119 (GPR119) is expressed predominantly in pancreatic β-cells and in enteroendocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract. GPR119 agonists have been shown to stimulate glucose-dependent insulin release by direct action in the pancreas and to promote secretion of the incretin GLP-1 by action in the gastrointestinal tract. This dual mechanism of action has generated significant interest in the discovery of small mol. GPR119 agonists as a potential new treatment for type 2 diabetes. Herein, the authors describe the discovery and optimization of a new class of pyridone containing GPR119 agonists. The potent and selective BMS-903452 I was efficacious in both acute and chronic in vivo rodent models of diabetes. Dosing of I in a single ascending dose study in normal healthy humans showed a dose dependent increase in exposure and a trend toward increased total GLP-1 plasma levels. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-Boc-Azetidine-3-yl-methanol (cas: 142253-56-3Reference of 142253-56-3).

1-Boc-Azetidine-3-yl-methanol (cas: 142253-56-3) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.Reference of 142253-56-3

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Ni-Catalyzed Reductive 1,2-Cross-Dialkylation of Unactivated Alkenes with Two Alkyl Bromides was written by Zhang, Jian-Xin;Shu, Wei. And the article was included in Organic Letters in 2022.Synthetic Route of C10H20O This article mentions the following:

Herein, a Ni-catalyzed reductive 1,2-dialkylation of unactivated aliphatic alkenes had been developed using two different alkyl bromides to gave (cyanoethyl)-alkyl-aryl-propanamides R¹CH₂CHR²CH₂C(O)NHAr [R¹ = cyanomethyl, H₂CCO₂Et, (2-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-yl); R² = Et, n-Pr, 3-phenylpropyl, etc.; Ar = Ph, 4-MeC₆H₄, 3-MeOC₆H₄, etc.]. The reaction proceeded smoothly under mild conditions to install two Csp³-Csp³ bonds onto directed aliphatic alkenes, demonstrating excellent chemo- and regioselectivity with good functional group tolerance. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol (cas: 2216-51-5Synthetic Route of C10H20O).

(1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol (cas: 2216-51-5) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.Synthetic Route of C10H20O

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Iron(II/III) Halide Complexes Promote the Interconversion of Nitric Oxide and S-Nitrosothiols through Reversible Fe-S Interaction was written by Poptic, Anna L.;Zhang, Shiyu. And the article was included in Inorganic Chemistry in 2021.COA of Formula: C4H9NaS This article mentions the following:

Heme and non-heme iron in biol. mediate the storage/release of NO^• from S-nitrosothiols as a means to control the biol. concentration of NO^•. Despite their importance in many physiol. processes, the mechanisms of N-S bond formation/cleavage at Fe centers have been controversial. Herein, authors report the interconversion of NO^• and S-nitrosothiols mediated by Fe^II/Fe^III chloride complexes. The reaction of 2 equivalent of S-nitrosothiol (Ph₃CSNO) with [Cl₆Fe^II₂]^2- results in facile release of NO^• and formation of iron(III) halothiolate. Detailed spectroscopic studies, including in situ UV-vis, IR, and Moessbauer spectroscopy, support the interaction of the S atom with the Fe^II center. This is in contrast to the proposed mechanism of NO^• release from the well-studied “red product” κ¹-N bound S-nitrosothiol Fe^II complex, [(CN)₅Fe(κ¹-N-RSNO)]^3-. Addnl., Fe^III chloride can mediate NO^• storage through the formation of S-nitrosothiols. Treatment of iron(III) halothiolate with 2 equivalent of NO^• regenerates Ph₃CSNO with the Fe^II source trapped as the S = 3/2 {FeNO}⁷ species [Cl₃FeNO]^–, which is inert toward further coordination and activation of S-nitrosothiols. Their work demonstrates how labile iron can mediate the interconversion of NO^•/thiolate and S-nitrosothiol, which has important implications toward how Nature manages the biol. concentration of free NO^•. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Sodium 2-methyl-2-propanethiolate (cas: 29364-29-2COA of Formula: C4H9NaS).

Sodium 2-methyl-2-propanethiolate (cas: 29364-29-2) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.COA of Formula: C4H9NaS

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Fusaric acid and analogous compounds. V. Syntheses of 3-alkylpicolinic acids and 5-methylpicolinic acid was written by Nakashima, Tatsumi. And the article was included in Yakugaku Zasshi in 1958.SDS of cas: 1122-71-0 This article mentions the following:

3,2-Me(H₂N)C₅H₃N b₆ 86-8°; picrate, m. 226°. 2,3-BrMeC₅H₃N b₆ 67-9°. 3,2-Me(HO₂C)C₅H₃N.H₂O (I) m. 113°. A solution of 1.6 g. AgNO₃ in 20% NH₄OH, 1.6 g. NaOH, and 16 ml. H₂O treated with 1 g. 3,2-Me(OHC)C₅H₃N, stirred 2 hrs., kept overnight, the solution filtered, the filtrate acidified with HCl, evaporated to dryness, the residue extracted with hot EtOH, the EtOH removed, the residue in H₂O adjusted to pH 3-4, the solution treated with (AcO)₂Cu, the Cu salt decomposed with H₂S, the solution filtered, the filtrate evaporated to dryness, and the residue extracted with EtOH gave 0.2 g. I, m. 113° (petr. ether). MeC(:NH)CH₂COR (R = Me) (16.3 g.) and 28.5 g. EtOCH:CHCH(OEt)₂ heated 2 days at 100°, the product in 10% HCl extracted with Et₂O, and distilled gave 12.5 g. 2,3-Me(RCO)C₅H₃N (II, R = Me), b₁₅ 102-3°; picrate, m. 171-3°. Similarly were prepared II (R, % yield, b.p/mm., and m.p. of picrate given): Et, 52.9, 108-10°/9, 145-7°; Pr, 73.4, 110-13°/8, 90-2°; Bu, 64.5, 123-6°/10, 93-4°. Wolff-Kishner reduction of II gave 2,3-Me(RCH₂)C₅H₃N (III) (R, % yield, b.p./mm., and m.p. of picrate given): Me, 76.5, 63-4°/13, 139-40°; Et, 76.2, 80-1°/14, 129-30°; Pr, 66.7, 96-9°/14, 130-1°; Bu, 63.6, 95-105°/8, 97-8°. III converted to their N-oxides, refluxed 2 hrs. with Ac₂O, and the product distilled gave 3,2-R(AcOCH₂)C₅H₃N (IV) (R, % yield, b.p./mm., and m.p. of picrate given): Et, 66.9, 131-2°/13, 156-7°; Pr, 60.8, 135-6°/9, 146-7°; Bu, 78.2, 150-2°/11, 105-6°; Am, 74.1, 158-9°/9, -. IV in HCl refluxed 10 hrs., the product concentrated, the residue made alk. with K₂CO₃, and extracted with CHCl₃ gave 3,2-R(HOCH₂)C₅H₃N (V), (R, % yield, b.p./mm., and m.p. of picrate given): Et, 53.1, 112-14°/8, 131-2°; Pr, 62.9, 130-2°/8, 174-5°; Bu, 61.6, 135-7°/8, 153-4°; Am, 55.2, 140-4°/8, 126-7°. V (R = Et) (2.6 g.) and 26 g. MnO₂ in Et₂O heated 2.5 hrs. at 35° and the product distilled gave 1.6 g. 3,2-R(OHC)C₅H₃N (VI, R = Et), b₈ 68-70°; semicarbazone, m. 177° (decomposition). Similarly were prepared VI (R, % yield, b.p./mm., and m.p. of semicarbazone given): Pr, 59.9, 63-5°/9, 182-3°; Bu, 60.7, 95-102°/8, 200-1°; Am, 54.6, 100-4°/9, 96-7°. Oxidation of VI with Ag₂O yielded 3,2-R(HO₂C)C₅H₃N (VII) (R, % yield, and m.p. given): Et, 19.5, 72-3°; Pr, 18.2, 67-8°; Bu, 17.5, 55-7°; Am, 13.8, 71-2°. 6,3-Me(MeO₂C)C₅H₃N (32 g.) added dropwise to 8.8 g. LiAlH₄ in 500 ml. Et₂O, refluxed 1 hr., the product poured in ice H₂O, the aqueous layer treated with K₂CO₃, and the precipitate taken up in CHCl₃ gave 15.1 g. 6,2-Me(HOCH₂)C₅H₃N (VII), b₈ 130-2°, m. 46°. SOCl₂ (100 ml.) at 0° treated portionwise with 15.1 g. VII, kept 30 min., refluxed 1 hr., the product conductivity in vacuo, the residue in ice H₂O made alk. with K₂CO₃, and extracted with Et₂O gave 6,3-Me(ClCH₂)C₅H₃N; this in 100 ml. MeOH reduced with 50% Pd-C and H, the MeOH removed, the residue in H₂O made alk. with Na₂CO₃, and extracted with Et₂O gave 6 g. 2,5-Me₂C₅H₃N (VII), b. 157-9°; picrate, m. 166-8°. VIII (6 g.) converted to its N-oxide and this and 6 ml. Ac₂O refluxed 1 hr. gave 5 g. 5,2-Me(AcOCH₂)C₅H₃N (IX), b₁₅ 124-4°; picrate, m. 130-1°. IX (5 g.) in 50 ml. HCl refluxed 10 hrs. gave 2.7 g. 5,2-Me(HOCH₂)C₅H₃N (X), b₈ 94-7°; picrate, m. 168°. Oxidation of 2.7 g. X with MnO₂ gave 1 g. 5,2-Me(OHC)C₅H₃N (XI), m. 35-6°. Oxidation of 1 g. XI with Ag₂O gave 0.2 g. 5,2-Me(HO₂C)C₅H₃N, m. 164-6°. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 6-Methyl-2-pyridinemethanol (cas: 1122-71-0SDS of cas: 1122-71-0).

6-Methyl-2-pyridinemethanol (cas: 1122-71-0) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.SDS of cas: 1122-71-0

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Synthesis of new perhydroindole derivatives and their evaluation in ruthenium-catalyzed hydrogen transfer reduction was written by Liegault, Benoit;Tang, Xiaoping;Bruneau, Christian;Renaud, Jean-Luc. And the article was included in European Journal of Organic Chemistry in 2008.Product Details of 171032-87-4 This article mentions the following:

A series of perhydroindole derivatives were synthesized with good yields starting from (S,S,S)-perhydroindolic acid. They were evaluated as chiral ligands in the Ru^II-catalyzed hydride transfer reduction of acetophenone. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (S)-1-(2-Fluorophenyl)ethanol (cas: 171032-87-4Product Details of 171032-87-4).

(S)-1-(2-Fluorophenyl)ethanol (cas: 171032-87-4) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are among the most common organic compounds. They are used as sweeteners and in making perfumes, are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of other compounds, and are among the most abundantly produced organic chemicals in industry. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Product Details of 171032-87-4

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Small charged rings. X. Expansion of the aziridinium ring by reaction with nitrones was written by Leonard, Nelson J.;Durand, David A.;Uchimaru, Fumihiko. And the article was included in Journal of Organic Chemistry in 1967.Computed Properties of C6H15NO This article mentions the following:

1,1,2,2-Tetramethylaziridinium perchlorate treated with substituted 1-pyrroline 1-oxides gave 1:1 adducts (I) containing the 2-oxa-1-aza-5-azoniabicyclo[4.3.0]nonane ring system. The ring expansion thus effected is representative of a new type, in which a 3-membered charged ring combines with a 1,3-dipolar moiety to form a 6-membered charged ring. The structures of the adducts were established by catalytic hydrogenolytic cleavage of the 5,6 bond, followed by reductive cleavage of the 1,2 bond with Zn and HOAc, with attendant spectroscopic and chem. identification of the sequential degradation products. Similar adducts (II) were obtained from 1-benzyl-1-ethyl-1-azoniaspiro[2.5]octane perchlorate (III) and substituted 1-pyrroline 1-oxides. In this case, cleavage of the 5,6 bond in the adduct was effected with LiAlH4 and cleavage of the 1,2 bond, with Zn and HOAc to complete the establishment of structure. 27 references. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-(Dimethylamino)-2-methylpropan-2-ol (cas: 14123-48-9Computed Properties of C6H15NO).

1-(Dimethylamino)-2-methylpropan-2-ol (cas: 14123-48-9) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.Computed Properties of C6H15NO

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Evaluation of the slow-release polylactic acid/polyhydroxyalkanoates active film containing oregano essential oil on the quality and flavor of chilled pufferfish (Takifugu obscurus) fillets was written by Zheng, Hui;Tang, Haibing;Yang, Chunxiang;Chen, Jingwen;Wang, Li;Dong, Qingfeng;Shi, Wenzheng;Li, Li;Liu, Yuan. And the article was included in Food Chemistry in 2022.Application of 499-75-2 This article mentions the following:

Active packaging is an innovative and effective way to extend the shelf life of food, but few studies have focused on the effect of its active ingredients on food flavor. This study aimed to develop slow-release polylactic acid/polyhydroxyalkanoates (PLA/PHA) active packaging containing oregano essential oil (OEO) and investigate the effect of active composite packaging on the flavor and quality of pufferfish fillets. The plasticizing effect of OEO increased the elongation at break (EAB) of the films from 23.36% to 65.80%. The adsorption of montmorillonite (MMT) reduces the loss of OEO during processing. The amount of active substance (carvacrol) released from PLA/PHA/OEO/MMT film to pufferfish was 9.70 mg/kg. The pufferfish fillets packed in PLA/PHA/OEO/MMT film showed the slightest difference on the 8th day from the beginning of storage. The slow-release composite films could extend the shelf life of pufferfish fillets by 2-3 days at 4°C ± 1°C. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol (cas: 499-75-2Application of 499-75-2).

5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol (cas: 499-75-2) belongs to alcohols. The oxygen atom of the strongly polarized O―H bond of an alcohol pulls electron density away from the hydrogen atom. This polarized hydrogen, which bears a partial positive charge, can form a hydrogen bond with a pair of nonbonding electrons on another oxygen atom. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.Application of 499-75-2

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Fermentation mechanism of ginkgo rice wine using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry based metabolomics method was written by Chen, Lihua;Li, Dongna;Rong, Yuzhi. And the article was included in Journal of Food Composition and Analysis in 2022.Safety of (2R,3S)-rel-Butane-1,2,3,4-tetraol This article mentions the following:

Ginkgo biloba is traditionally used as food and medicine. The quality of ginkgo rice wine (GRW) is closely related to its fermentation metabolites. However, there is no research in this area and the mechanism has not yet been explored. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatog.-quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based metabolomics was used to screen the metabolites and predict the major possible metabolic pathways during ginkgo rice wine (GRW) fermentation in this study. Histidine and cysteine in GRW for 60 h have changed significantly, which directly affects the flavor of GRW. The bitter substances such as xanthines, umami substances such as IMP and L-glutamate, and sour substances such as malic acid and citric acid in GRW have evident changes. Fermentation may be a promising method to synthesize ginkgolide C and degrade ginkgolic acid biol. To understand the transformation and accumulation of metabolites, the potential metabolic pathways in GRW fermentation were explored. The study might provide a theor. basis to improve the quality of GRW through metabolic regulation. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (2R,3S)-rel-Butane-1,2,3,4-tetraol (cas: 149-32-6Safety of (2R,3S)-rel-Butane-1,2,3,4-tetraol).

(2R,3S)-rel-Butane-1,2,3,4-tetraol (cas: 149-32-6) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.Safety of (2R,3S)-rel-Butane-1,2,3,4-tetraol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts