Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks

Na, Mihwa published the artcileSingle-Neuron Comparison of the Olfactory Receptor Response to Deuterated and Nondeuterated Odorants, Recommanded Product: n-Octanol, the main research area is deuterium odorant GPCR olfactory receptor sensory neuron olfaction; GPCR; Olfactory receptor; aldehyde; calcium imaging; deuterium; odorant receptor.

The mammalian olfactory receptors (ORs) constitute a large subfamily of the Class A G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). The mol. details of how these receptors convert odorant chem. information into neural signal are unknown, but are predicted by analogy to other GPCRs to involve stabilization of the activated form of the OR by the odorant. An alternative hypothesis maintains that the vibrational modes of an odorant’s bonds constitute the main determinant for OR activation, and that odorants containing deuterium in place of hydrogen should activate different sets of OR family members. Experiments using heterologously expressed ORs have failed to show different responses for deuterated odorants, but experiments in the sensory neuron environment have been lacking. We tested the response to deuterated and nondeuterated versions of p-cymene, 1-octanol, 1-undecanol, and octanal in dissociated mouse olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) by calcium imaging. In all, we tested 23 812 cells, including a subset expressing recombinant mouse olfactory receptor 2 (Olfr2/OR-I7), and found that nearly all of the 1610 odorant-responding neurons were unable to distinguish the D- and H-odorants. These results support the conclusion that if mammals can perceive deuterated odorants differently, the difference arises from the receptor-independent steps of olfaction. Nevertheless, 0.81% of the responding ORNs responded differently to D- and H-odorants, and those in the octanal experiments responded selectively to H-octanal at concentrations from 3 to 100 μM. The few ORs responding differently to H and D may be hypersensitive to one of the several H/D physicochem. differences, such as the difference in H/D hydrophobicity.

ACS Chemical Neuroscience published new progress about G protein-coupled receptors Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 111-87-5 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is n-Octanol, and the molecular formula is C8H18O, Recommanded Product: n-Octanol.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Chung, Jou-Ku published the artcileStructure-toxicity relationship study of para-halogenated styrene analogues in CYP2E1 transgenic cells, Formula: C8H9BrO2, the main research area is structure toxicity relationship styrene analog bioactivation CYP2E1.

Styrene is one of the most important industrial intermediates consumed in the world and is mainly used as a monomer for reinforced plastics and rubber. Styrene has been found to be hepatotoxic and pneumotoxic in humans and exptl. animals. The toxicity of styrene is suggested to be metabolism-dependent. Styrene-7,8-oxide has been considered as the major metabolite responsible for styrene-induced cytotoxicity. The objective of the study was to investigate the correlation between cytotoxicity of styrene and chem. and biochem. properties of the vinyl group of styrene by development of structure activity relationships (SAR). 4-Fluorostyrene, 4-chlorostyrene and 4-bromostyrene were selected for the SAR study. Cytotoxicity of styrene and the halogenated styrene derivatives with an order of 4-bromostyrene > 4-chlorostyrene > 4-fluorostyrene ≈ styrene was observed in CYP2E1 transgenic cells. Similar orders in the efficiency of the metabolism of styrene and the halogenated styrene analogs to their oxides and in the electrophilicity of the corresponding oxides were observed Addnl., the order of the potency of cellular glutathione depletion and the degree of protein adduction induced by styrene and the halogenated styrenes were consistent with that of their cytotoxicities. The wild-type cells were less susceptible to the toxicity of the corresponding model compounds than CYP2E1 cells. The present study provided insight into the roles of the biochem. and chem. properties of styrene in its cytotoxicity.

Toxicology Letters published new progress about Cytotoxicity. 92093-23-7 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is 1-(4-Bromophenyl)ethane-1,2-diol, and the molecular formula is C8H9BrO2, Formula: C8H9BrO2.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Klosowski, Eduardo Makiyama published the artcileThe photodynamic and direct actions of methylene blue on mitochondrial energy metabolism: A balance of the useful and harmful effects of this photosensitizer, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is methylene blue photodynamic photosensitizer mitochondrial energy metabolism; Isolated mitochondria; Liver toxicity; Mitochondrial energy metabolism; Photodynamic effect; Uncoupling.

According to the literature, methylene blue (MB) is a photosensitizer (PS) with a high affinity for mitochondria. Therefore, several studies have explored this feature to evaluate its photodynamic effects on the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway under normoxic conditions. We are aware only of limited reports regarding MB’s photodynamic effects on mitochondrial energy metabolism, especially under hypoxic conditions. Thus, the purposes of this study were to determine the direct and photodynamic acute effects of MB on the energy metabolism of rat liver mitochondria under hypoxic conditions and its direct acute effects on several parameters linked to energy metabolism in the isolated perfused rat liver. MB presented a high affinity for mitochondria, irresp. of photostimulation or proton gradient formation. Upon photostimulation, MB demonstrated high in vitro oxidizing species generation ability. Consequently, MB damaged the mitochondrial macromols., as could be evidenced by the elevated levels of lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyls. In addition to generating a pro-oxidant environment, MB also led to a deficient antioxidant defense system, as indicated by the reduced glutathione (GSH) depletion. Bioenergetically, MB caused uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and led to photodynamic inactivation of complex I, complex II, and F1FO-ATP synthase complex, thus decreasing mitochondrial ATP generation. Contrary to what is expected for an ideal PS, MB displayed appreciable dark toxicity on mitochondrial energy metabolism The results indicated that MB acted via at least three mechanisms: direct damage to the inner mitochondrial membrane; uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation; and inhibition of electron transfer. Confirming the impairment of mitochondrial energy metabolism, MB also strongly inhibited mitochondrial ATP production In the perfused rat liver, MB stimulated oxygen consumption, decreased the ATP/ADP ratio, inhibited gluconeogenesis and ureogenesis, and stimulated glycogenolysis, glycolysis, and ammoniagenesis, fully corroborating its uncoupling action in intact cells, as well. It can be concluded that even under hypoxic conditions, MB is a PS with potential for photodynamic effect-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. However, MB disrupts the mitochondrial energy metabolism even in the dark, causing energy-linked liver metabolic changes that could be harmful in specific circumstances.

Free Radical Biology & Medicine published new progress about Apoptosis. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Sun, Chengliang published the artcileMelatonin ameliorates aluminum toxicity through enhancing aluminum exclusion and reestablishing redox homeostasis in roots of wheat, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is Triticum root melatonin aluminum toxicity redox homeostasis; aluminum; antioxidant; cell walls; exclusion; melatonin; tolerance.

Melatonin is a universal regulator modulating plant development and responses to abiotic stresses. The alteration and potential roles of melatonin in mediating aluminum (Al) tolerance were investigated in two wheat genotypes differing in Al resistance. Using the high-resolution mass spectrometry, we observed that melatonin contents in Xi Aimai-1 were 1.7-fold higher than that in Yangmai-5. Application of melatonin conferred Al resistance in both genotypes. Melatonin treatment scavenged reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and alleviated Al-induced oxidative damage to lipids and proteins by stimulating antioxidant enzymes and augmenting antioxidants. Addnl., melatonin treatment decreased root tip-Al contents by 19.0% and 15.5% in Xi Aimai-1 and Yangmai-5, resp. Malate efflux, however, was not altered by melatonin under Al stress. The amount of cell wall polysaccharide and pectin methylesterase activity was significantly increased by Al treatment; but suppressed by melatonin. Melatonin synthesis inhibitor, p-CPA, significantly increased the amount of the Al binding in cell walls of the tolerant genotype, whereas exogenous melatonin decreased cell wall Al content in the sensitive genotype. These results suggest that melatonin alleviated Al toxicity through augmenting antioxidants and inducing antioxidant enzymes to control ROS and enhancing exclusion of Al from root apex by altering cell wall polysaccharides in wheat.

Journal of Pineal Research published new progress about Bioaccumulation. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Habibi, Ghader published the artcileComparison of CAM expression, photochemistry and antioxidant responses in Sedum album and Portulaca oleracea under combined stress, Product Details of C4H6O5, the main research area is CAM expression photochem antioxidant response Sedum plant stress.

Previous studies of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) pathway during stress have been directed at individual drought and salinity stress, here, we studied the effects of a combination of drought and salt on CAM expression, chlorophyll fluorescence and antioxidant parameters in the C3-CAM facultative Sedum album and C4-CAM facultative Portulaca oleracea plants. While salinity alone was not able to induce functional CAM expression in P. oleracea leaves, we showed that salinity induced low level of nocturnal acid accumulation in S. album species. After 20 d of exposure to the combination of simultaneous salt and drought stress, P. oleracea plants exhibited more resistance to photoinhibition as compared to S. album plants. The decrease of maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) in S. album leaves under combined stress was in parallel with the largest suppression of CAM expression of >50%, probably displaying the withdrawal of functional CAM back to C3 pathway. However, under drought treatment alone, S. album plants exhibited higher photosynthetic flexibility, which was associated with the up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes activities and maintenance of glutathione (GSH) pool, and consequently higher photochem. functioning. The levels of nitric oxide (NO) correlated well with CAM expression, which was observed only in S. album, suggesting that NO acts in a different way in C3 and C4 species during CAM induction. Addnl., in both species, over the course of CAM induction, the changes in CAM expression parameters exhibited a similar pattern to that of antioxidant capacity and photochem. functioning parameters.

Physiologia Plantarum published new progress about C3 plants. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Product Details of C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Batnini, Marwa published the artcileThe alternative oxidase pathway is involved in optimizing photosynthesis in Medicago truncatula infected by Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is Medicago fungal infection photosynthesis alternative oxidase.

Phytopathogen infection alters primary metabolism status and plant development. The alternative oxidase (AOX) has been hypothesized to increase under pathogen attack preventing reductions, thus optimizing photosynthesis and growth. In this study, two genotypes of Medicago truncatula, one relatively resistant (Jemalong A17) and one susceptible (TN1.11), were infected with Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani. The in vivo foliar respiratory activities of the cytochrome oxidase pathway (COP) and the alternative oxidase pathway (AOP) were measured using the oxygen isotope fractionation. Gas exchange and photosynthesis-related parameters were measured and calculated together with antioxidant enzymes activities and organic acids contents. Our results show that the in vivo activity of AOX (valt) plays a role under fungal infection. When infected with R. solani, the increase of valt in A17 was concomitant to an increase in net assimilation, in mesophyll conductance, to an improvement in the maximum velocity of Rubisco carboxylation and to unchanged malate content. However, under F. oxysporum infection, the induced valt was accompanied by an enhancement in the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT; EC1.11.1.6) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX; EC1.11.1.7), activities and to an unchanged tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. These results provide new insight into the role of the in vivo activity of AOX in coordinating primary metabolism interactions that, partly, modulate the relative resistance of M. truncatula to diseases caused by soil-borne pathogenic fungi.

Physiologia Plantarum published new progress about Fungal plant disease. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Rizk, Dana V. published the artcileGlomerular immunodeposits of patients with IgA nephropathy are enriched for IgG autoantibodies specific for galactose-deficient IgA1, Related Products of alcohols-buliding-blocks, the main research area is IgG IgA1 PLA2R autoantibody galactose IgA nephropathy; IgA nephropathy; autoantibody; biomarker; immunodeposits.

Background: IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the leading primary GN worldwide. The disease is thought to result from glomerular deposition of circulating immune complexes of IgG bound to galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1). However, routine immunofluorescence microscopy fails to detect IgG in many kidney biopsies from patients with IgAN and the specificity of IgG in immunodeposits has not been tested. Methods: We used remnant frozen kidney-biopsy specimens from 34 patients with IgAN; 14 were IgG-pos. and 20 were IgG-neg. by routine immunofluorescence microscopy. Six patients with primary membranous nephropathy (MN) and eight with lupus nephritis (LN) served as controls. IgG in the kidney tissue was extracted and its amount determined by ELISA. IgG mol. integrity was assessed by SDS-PAGE immunoblotting. Antigenic specificity of extracted IgG was determined by ELISA using phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) or Gd-IgA1 as antigen. In addition, ten other IgAN cases, six IgG-pos. and four IgG-neg. by routine immunofluorescence, were used for colocalization studies by confocal microscopy. Results: IgG extracted from MN but not IgAN immunodeposits reacted with PLA2R. Conversely, IgG extracted from IgAN but not MN or LN immunodeposits reacted with Gd-IgA1. Even IgAN kidney-biopsy specimens without IgG by routine immunofluorescence microscopy had IgG specific for Gd-IgA1. Confocal microscopy confirmed the presence of IgG in the IgAN biopsies with colocalization of glomerular IgA and IgG. Conclusions: These results reveal for the first time that IgAN kidney biopsies, with or without IgG by routine immunofluorescence, contain Gd-IgA1-specific IgG autoantibodies. These findings support the importance of these autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of IgAN.

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology published new progress about Homo sapiens. 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, Related Products of alcohols-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Connell, Niels J. published the artcileNo evidence for brown adipose tissue activation after creatine supplementation in adult vegetarians, Synthetic Route of 97-67-6, the main research area is creatine supplementation brown adipose tissue vegetarian.

Abstract: Creatine availability in adipose tissue has been shown to have profound effects on thermogenesis and energy balance in mice. However, whether dietary creatine supplementation affects brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation in humans is unclear. In the present study, we report the results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial (NCT04086381) in which 14 young, healthy, vegetarian adults, who are characterized by low creatine levels, received 20 g of creatine monohydrate per day or placebo. Participants were eligible if they met the following criteria: male or female, white, aged 18-30 years, consuming a vegetarian diet (≥6 mo) and body mass index 20-25 kg m-2. BAT activation after acute cold exposure was determined by calculating standard uptake values (SUVs) acquired by [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomog.-magnetic resonance imaging. BAT volume (-31.32 (19.32) SUV (95% confidence interval (CI) -73.06, 10.42; P = 0.129)), SUVmean (-0.34 (0.29) SUV (95% CI -0.97, 0.28; P = 0.254)) and SUVmax (-2.49 (2.64) SUV (95% CI -8.20, 3.21; P = 0.362)) following acute cold exposure were similar between placebo and creatine supplementation. No side effects of creatine supplementation were reported; one participant experienced bowel complaints during placebo, which resolved without intervention. Our data show that creatine monohydrate supplementation in young, healthy, lean, vegetarian adults does not enhance BAT activation after acute cold exposure.

Nature Metabolism published new progress about Body mass index. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Synthetic Route of 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Lin, Meei-Hua published the artcileComprehensive Mouse Skin Ceramide Analysis on a Solid-Phase and TLC Separation with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Platform, Formula: C17H34O3, the main research area is skin ceramide solid phase TLC mass spectrometry; Epidermal lipids; Mass spectrometry; Protein-bound lipids; Solid-phase extraction; Thin layer chromatography.

Lipidomic analyses by mass spectrometry (MS) of epidermal ceramides, a large family of lipids crucial to the permeability barrier of the skin, have been reported previously. To ensure the accuracy of lipid identification, we describe here the isolation of mouse newborn epidermal lipids followed by fractionation with solid-phase extraction columns, and lipidomic analyses by high-resolution MS for structural identification. We also describe here the employment of thin layer chromatog., an old but useful tool, in facilitating the structural characterization of the epidermal lipid species by MS.

Methods in Molecular Biology (New York, NY, United States) published new progress about High-resolution mass spectrometry. 13099-34-8 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is 17-Hydroxyheptadecanoic acid, and the molecular formula is C17H34O3, Formula: C17H34O3.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Ohzono, Takuya published the artcileEnhanced Dynamic Adhesion in Nematic Liquid Crystal Elastomers, Safety of Pentaerythritol tetra(3-mercaptopropionate), the main research area is dynamic adhesion nematic liquid crystal elastomer polyacrylic acrylic adhesive; adhesion; dynamic soft elasticity; liquid crystal elastomer; viscous dissipation.

Smart adhesives that undergo reversible detachment in response to external stimuli enable a wide range of applications in household products, medical devices, or manufacturing Here, a new model system for the design of smart soft adhesives that dynamically respond to their environment is presented. By exploiting the effect of dynamic soft elasticity in nematic liquid crystal elastomers (LCE), the temperature-dependent control of adhesion to a solid glass surface is demonstrated. The adhesion strength of LCE is more than double in the nematic phase, in comparison to the isotropic phase, further increasing at higher detachment rates. The static work of adhesion, related to the interfacial energy of adhesive contact, is shown to change very little within the explored temperature range. Accordingly, the observed enhanced adhesion in the nematic phase is primarily attributable to the increased internal energy dissipation during the detachment process. This adhesion effect is correlated with the inherent bulk dynamic-mech. response in the nematic LCE. The reported enhanced dynamic adhesion can lead to the development of a new class of stimuli-responsive adhesives.

Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) published new progress about Acrylic rubber Role: PRP (Properties), SPN (Synthetic Preparation), PREP (Preparation). 7575-23-7 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is Pentaerythritol tetra(3-mercaptopropionate), and the molecular formula is C17H28O8S4, Safety of Pentaerythritol tetra(3-mercaptopropionate).

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts