Category: 97-67-6

Ogneva, Irina V. published the artcileDrosophila melanogaster sperm under simulated microgravity and a hypomagnetic field: motility and cell respiration, Formula: C4H6O5, the main research area is Drosophila melanogaster sperm motility respiration microgravity hypomagnetic field; cell respiration; hypomagnetic field; motility; simulated microgravity; sperm.

The role of the Earth’s gravitational and magnetic fields in the evolution and maintenance of normal processes of various animal species remains unclear. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of simulated microgravity and hypomagnetic conditions for 1, 3, and 6 h on the sperm motility of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In addition to the usual diet, the groups were administered oral essential phospholipids at a dosage of 500 mg/kg in medium. The speed of the sperm tails was determined by video recording and anal. of the obtained video files, protein content by western blotting, and cell respiration by polarog. The results indicated an increase in the speed of movement of the sperm tails after 6 h in simulated microgravity. The levels of proteins that form the axoneme of the sperm tail did not change, but cellular respiration was altered. A similar effect occurred with the administration of essential phospholipids. These results may be due to a change in the level of phosphorylation of motor proteins. Exposure to hypomagnetic conditions led to a decrease in motility after 6 h against a background of a decrease in the rate of cellular respiration due to complex I of the respiratory chain. This effect was not observed in the flies that received essential phospholipids. However, after 1 h under hypomagnetic conditions, the rate of cellular respiration also increased due to complex I, including that in the sperm of flies receiving essential phospholipids.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences published new progress about Animal gene Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study) (Cct4). 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Formula: C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Aggarwal, Ritesh K. published the artcileFunctional succinate dehydrogenase deficiency is a common adverse feature of clear cell renal cancer, Formula: C4H6O5, the main research area is clear cell renal cancer succinate dehydrogenase CDH1 prognosis; TET-2; kidney cancer; succinate; succinate dehydrogenase.

Reduced succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity resulting in adverse succinate accumulation was previously considered relevant only in 0.05 to 0.5% of kidney cancers associated with germline SDH mutations. Here, we sought to examine a broader role for SDH loss in kidney cancer pathogenesis/progression. We report that underexpression of SDH subunits resulting in accumulation of oncogenic succinate is a common feature in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) (∼80% of all kidney cancers), with a marked adverse impact on survival in ccRCC patients (n = 516). We show that SDH down-regulation is a critical brake in the TCA cycle during ccRCC pathogenesis and progression. In exploring mechanisms of SDH down-regulation in ccRCC, we report that Von Hippel-Lindau loss-induced hypoxia-inducible factor-dependent up-regulation of miR-210 causes direct inhibition of the SDHD transcript. Moreover, shallow deletion of SDHB occurs in ∼20% of ccRCC. We then demonstrate that SDH loss-induced succinate accumulation contributes to adverse loss of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, gain of 5-methylcytosine, and enhanced invasiveness in ccRCC via inhibition of ten-eleven translocation (TET)-2 activity. Intriguingly, binding affinity between the catalytic domain of recombinant TET-2 and succinate was found to be very low, suggesting that the mechanism of succinate-induced attenuation of TET-2 activity is likely via product inhibition rather than competitive inhibition. Finally, exogenous ascorbic acid, a TET-activating demethylating agent, led to reversal of the above oncogenic effects of succinate in ccRCC cells. Collectively, our study demonstrates that functional SDH deficiency is a common adverse feature of ccRCC and not just limited to the kidney cancers associated with germline SDH mutations.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America published new progress about Animal gene Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study) (TET2). 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Formula: C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Cheng, Tik-Chee published the artcileEstrogen receptor-α prevents right ventricular diastolic dysfunction and fibrosis in female rats, Safety of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is estrogen receptor alpha ventricular diastolic dysfunction fibrosis mouse; adverse remodeling; estrogen receptor-α; pressure overload; right ventricle.

Although women are more susceptible to pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) than men, their right ventricular (RV) function is better preserved. Estrogen receptor-α (ERα) has been identified as a likely mediator for estrogen protection in the RV. However, the role of ERα in preserving RV function and remodeling during pressure overload remains poorly understood. We hypothesized that loss of functional ERα removes female protection from adverse remodeling and is permissive for the development of a maladapted RV phenotype. Male and female rats with a loss-of-function mutation in ERα (ERαMut) and wild-type (WT) littermates underwent RV pressure overload by pulmonary artery banding (PAB). At 10 wk post-PAB, WT and ERαMut demonstrated RV hypertrophy. Anal. of RV pressure waveforms demonstrated RV-pulmonary vascular uncoupling and diastolic dysfunction in female, but not male, ERαMut PAB rats. Similarly, female, but not male, ERαMut exhibited increased RV fibrosis, comprised primarily of thick collagen fibers. There was an increased protein expression ratio of TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 (Timp1) to matrix metalloproteinase 9 (Mmp9) in female ERαMut compared with WT PAB rats, suggesting less collagen degradation RNA-sequencing in female WT and ERαMut RV revealed kallikrein-related peptidase 10 (Klk10) and Jun Proto-Oncogene (Jun) as possible mediators of female RV protection during PAB. In summary, ERα in females is protective against RV-pulmonary vascular uncoupling, diastolic dysfunction, and fibrosis in response to pressure overload. ERα appears to be dispensable for RV adaptation in males. ERα may be a mediator of superior RV adaptation in female patients with PAH.

American Journal of Physiology published new progress about Animal gene Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study) (Cbr1). 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Safety of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Tremblay-Laganiere, Camille published the artcilePolychlorinated biphenyl 126 exposure in rats alters skeletal muscle mitochondrial function, Formula: C4H6O5, the main research area is polychlorinated biphenyl skeletal muscle mitochondrial disease; Electron transport chain; Oxidative phosphorylation; Oxidative stress; Polychlorinated biphenyls; Skeletal muscle metabolism.

In the past few years, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), a class of environmental pollutants, have been associated with metabolism dysregulation. Muscle is one of the key regulators of metabolism because of its mass and its important role in terms of glucose consumption and glucose storage. It has been shown that muscle alterations, such as oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, contribute significantly to the development of metabolic diseases. No study has yet investigated the toxicol. effect of PCBs on muscle mitochondrial function and oxidative stress in vivo. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of PCB126 in vivo exposure (single dose of 1.05 μmol/kg) on muscle mitochondrial function and oxidative stress in rats. PCB126-treated rats showed a marked increase in Cyp1a1 mRNA levels in skeletal muscles in association with a 40% reduction in state 3 oxygen consumption rate measured with complex I substrates in permeabilized muscle fibers. Furthermore, PCB126 exposure altered the expression of some enzymes involved in ROS detoxification such as catalase and glutaredoxin 2. Our results highlight for the first time a toxic effect of coplanar PCBs on skeletal muscle mitochondrial function and oxidative stress. This suggests that acute PCB exposure, by affecting muscle metabolism, could contribute to the development of metabolic disorders. Studies are needed to determine if lower-level but longer-term PCB exposure exhibits the same effect.

Environmental Science and Pollution Research published new progress about Glutaredoxins Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Formula: C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Savchenko, Tatyana V. published the artcileJasmonates-mediated rewiring of central metabolism regulates adaptive responses, Quality Control of 97-67-6, the main research area is review Arabidopsis jasmonate metabolism adaptive response plant growth; Adaptive responses; Allene oxide synthase; Central metabolism; Growth; Jasmonates; Resource allocation.

The lipid-derived hormones jasmonates (JAs) play key functions in a wide range of physiol. and developmental processes that regulate growth, secondary metabolism and defense against biotic and abiotic stresses. In this connection, biosynthesis, tissue-specific distribution, metabolism, perception, signaling of JAs have been the target of extensive studies. In recent years, the involvement of JAs signaling pathway in the regulation of growth and adaptive responses to environmental challenges has been further examined However, JAs-mediated mechanisms underlying the transition from ‘growth mode’ to ‘adaptive mode’ remain ambiguous. Combined anal. of transgenic lines deficient in JAs signaling in conjunction with the data from JAstreated plants revealed the function of these hormones in rewiring of centralmetabolism. The collective data illustrate JAs-mediated decrease in the levels of metabolites associated with active growth such as sucrose, raffinose, orotate, citrate, malate, and an increase in phosphorylated hexoses, responsible for the suppression of growth and photosynthesis, concurrent with the induction of protective metabolites, such as aromatic and branched-chain amino acids, and aspartate family of metabolites. This finding provides an insight into the function of JAs in shifting the central metabolism from the production of growth-promoting metabolites to protective compounds and expands our understanding of the role of JAs in resource allocation in response to environmental challenges.

Plant and Cell Physiology published new progress about Aromatic amino acids Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Quality Control of 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Zhao, Yannan published the artcileMalate Circulation: Linking Chloroplast Metabolism to Mitochondrial ROS, Computed Properties of 97-67-6, the main research area is review Arabidopsis chloroplast NADH malate mitochondria reactive oxygen species; chloroplast-to-mitochondrion communication; malate circulation; malate valve; programmed cell death; reactive oxygen species; reducing power.

In photosynthetic cells, chloroplasts and mitochondria are the sites of the core redox reactions underpinning energy metabolism Such reactions generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) when oxygen is partially reduced. ROS signaling leads to responses by cells which enable them to adjust to changes in redox status. Recent studies in Arabidopsis thaliana reveal that chloroplast NADH can be used to generate malate which is exported to the mitochondrion where its oxidation regenerates NADH. Oxidation of this NADH produces mitochondrial ROS (mROS) which can activate signaling systems to modulate energy metabolism, and in certain cases can lead to programmed cell death (PCD). We propose the term ‘malate circulation’ to describe such redistribution of reducing equivalent to mediate energy homeostasis in the cell.

Trends in Plant Science published new progress about Chloroplast Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Computed Properties of 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Cordes, Thekla published the artcileItaconate modulates tricarboxylic acid and redox metabolism to mitigate reperfusion injury, Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks, the main research area is ischemia reperfusion injury tricarboxylic acid metabolism itaconate; Brain injury; Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (IR); Itaconate; Mitochondrial metabolism; Redox stress; Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH).

We conducted metabolic flux and bioenergetic studies in response to exogenous itaconate treatment in cultures of primary rat cortical neurons and astrocytes. We administered itaconate to mouse models of cerebral reperfusion injury with ischemia or traumatic brain injury followed by hemorrhagic shock resuscitation. We quant. characterized metabolite levels, neurol. behavior, markers of redox stress, leukocyte adhesion, arterial blood flow, and arteriolar diameter in brains of treated/untreated mice. We demonstrate that “”immunometabolite”” itaconate slowed TCA cycle metabolism and buffered redox imbalance via succinate dehydrogenase inhibition and induction of anti-oxidative stress response in primary cultures of astrocytes and neurons. Addition of itaconate to reperfusion fluids after mouse cerebral IR injury increased glutathione levels and ROS/RNS to improve neurol. function. Plasma organic acids increased post-reperfusion injury, while administration of itaconate normalized these metabolites. In mouse cranial window models, itaconate significantly improved hemodynamics while reducing leukocyte adhesion. Itaconate supplementation increased survival in mice experiencing traumatic brain injury and hemorrhagic shock. Itaconate transiently inhibits SDH to gradually “”awaken”” mitochondrial function upon reperfusion that minimizes ROS and tissue damage. Itaconate acts as mitochondrial regulator that controls redox metabolism to improve physiol. outcomes associated with IR injury.

Molecular Metabolism published new progress about Antioxidants. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

You, Lei published the artcileInvolvement of abscisic acid, ABI5, and PPC2 in plantacclimation to low CO2, Product Details of C4H6O5, the main research area is carbon dioxide abscisic acid ABI PPC plant acclimation; Arabidopsis thaliana ; ABI5; Abscisic acid; PEPC; carbon–nitrogen balance; low CO2; photorespiration; photosynthesis.

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) plays a pivotal role in the photosynthetic CO2 fixation of C4 plants. However, the functions of PEPCs in C3 plants are less well characterized, particularly in relation to low atm. CO2 levels. Of the four genes encoding PEPC in Arabidopsis, PPC2 is considered as the major leaf PEPC gene. Here we show that the ppc2 mutants suffered a growth arrest when transferred to low atm. CO2 conditions, together with decreases in the maximum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) and lower levels of leaf abscisic acid (ABA) and carbohydrates. The application of sucrose, malate, or ABA greatly rescued the growth of ppc2 lines under low CO2 conditions. Metabolite profiling anal. revealed that the levels of glycine and serine were increased in ppc2 leaves, while the abundance of photosynthetic metabolites was decreased under these conditions. The transcript levels of encoding enzymes involved in glycine or serine metabolism was decreased in ppc2 in an ABI5-dependent manner. Like the ppc2 mutants, abi5-1 mutants had lower photosynthetic rates and Fv/Fm compared with the wild type under photorespiratory conditions (i.e. low CO2 availability). However, the growth of these mutants was similar to that of the wild type under non-photorespiratory (low O2) conditions. The constitutive expression of ABI5 prevented the growth arrest of ppc2 lines under low CO2 conditions. These findings demonstrate that PPC2 plays an important role in the acclimation of Arabidopsis plants to low CO2 availability by linking photorespiratory metabolism to primary metabolism, and that this is mediated, at least in part, through ABA- and ABI5-dependent processes.

Journal of Experimental Botany published new progress about Arabidopsis. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Product Details of C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Dai, Weiqi published the artcileOGDHL silencing promotes hepatocellular carcinoma by reprogramming glutamine metabolism, COA of Formula: C4H6O5, the main research area is hepatocellular carcinoma OGDHL glutamine metabolism; Glutamine metabolism; Liver cancer; OGDHL; Tricarboxylic acid cycle.

We systematically investigated the role of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase-like (OGDHL), one of the rate-limiting components of the key mitochondrial multi-enzyme OGDH complex (OGDHC), in the regulation of lipid metabolism in hepatoma cells and mouse xenograft models. Promoter hypermethylation and DNA copy deletion of OGDHL were independently correlated with reduced OGDHL expression in HCC specimens. Addnl., OGDHL overexpression significantly inhibited the growth of hepatoma cells in mouse xenografts, while knockdown of OGDHL promoted proliferation of hepatoma cells. Notably, silencing of OGDHL activated the mTORC1 signaling pathway in an αKG-dependent manner, inducing transcription of enzymes with key roles in de novo lipogenesis. Meanwhile, metabolic reprogramming in OGDHL-neg. hepatoma cells provided an abundant supply of NADPH and glutathione to support the cellular antioxidant system. OGDHL is a promising prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for HCC. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent tumors worldwide and is correlated with a high mortality rate. In patients with HCC, lower expression of the enzyme OGDHL is significantly associated with worse survival. Herein, we show that silencing of OGDHL induces lipogenesis and influences the chemosensitization effect of sorafenib in liver cancer cells by reprogramming glutamine metabolism OGDHL is a promising prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target in OGDHL-neg. liver cancer.

Journal of Hepatology published new progress about Biomarkers. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, COA of Formula: C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Rossiter, Nicholas J. published the artcileCRISPR screens in physiologic medium reveal conditionally essential genes in human cells, Formula: C4H6O5, the main research area is human essential gene physiol medium CRISPR screen; CRISPR; HPLM; conditional gene essentiality; gene-nutrient interaction; genetic screen; physiologic medium.

Forward genetic screens across hundreds of cancer cell lines have started to define the genetic dependencies of proliferating human cells and how these vary by genotype and lineage. Most screens, however, have been carried out in culture media that poorly reflect metabolite availability in human blood. Here, we performed CRISPR-based screens in traditional vs. human plasma-like medium (HPLM). Sets of conditionally essential genes in human cancer cell lines span several cellular processes and vary with both natural cell-intrinsic diversity and the combination of basal and serum components that comprise typical media. Notably, we traced the causes for each of three conditional CRISPR phenotypes to the availability of metabolites uniquely defined in HPLM vs. conventional media. Our findings reveal the profound impact of medium composition on gene essentiality in human cells, and also suggest general strategies for using genetic screens in HPLM to uncover new cancer vulnerabilities and gene-nutrient interactions.

Cell Metabolism published new progress about Animal gene Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study) (EIF3A). 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Formula: C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts