Category: 97-67-6

Zhao, Zunkang published the artcileA unique aluminum resistance mechanism conferred by aluminum and salicylic-acid-activated root efflux of benzoxazinoids in maize, HPLC of Formula: 97-67-6, the main research area is Zea root efflux benzoxazinoid aluminum resistance hydroxamic acid.

Background and aims: Although aluminum (Al) exclusion via root exudation of organic matters is a common resistance mechanism adopted by many plant species, whether root exudation of benzoxazinoids, such as hydroxamic acids (HAs), confers Al resistance remains unclear. Methods: We performed physiol. characterization for an Al-resistant maize cultivar TY and a sensitive maize cultivar ZD. Results: First, Al exposure induced HA exudation from the root tip of TY, but not from ZD. Second, HAs formed non-toxic Al chelation complexes in vitro and exogenous HAs alleviated root damage and improved root growth under Al stresses. Third, both Al and exogenous salicylic acid (SA) treatments induced accumulation of endogenous SAs in the root apices of TY, which in turn enhanced root HA exudation and Al resistance in TY. Furthermore, an SA biosynthesis inhibitor significantly decreased Al resistance in TY and abolished the beneficial effects of exogenous SA on Al resistance, suggesting a key role of the endogenous SAs in induction of Al resistance. Finally, it was the root-tip HA exudation but not the root-tip HA contents that determined Al resistance in maize. Conclusion: We have revealed a unique Al exclusion mechanism underlying Al resistance via Al and SA-mediated root HA efflux in maize.

Plant and Soil published new progress about Benzoxazinoids Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, HPLC of Formula: 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Estrada-Orihuela, Sergio F. published the artcileLasalocid immediately and completely prevents the myocardial damage caused by coronary ischemia reperfusion in rat heart, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is lasalocid antioxidant myocardial damage coronary ischemia reperfusion; Coronary reperfusion; Heart; Lasalocid; Myocardial infarct; Myocardial ischemia.

In experiments of coronary blockade and reperfusion carried out in rat heart, it was found that when administered from 5 to 30 min prior to the induction of coronary blockade, at a concentration of 2 mg/kg of body weight, the ionophore immediately, simultaneously, and completely interrupts the blood pressure decay, cardiac frequency increase, elec. ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation, as well as the fall of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and decay of mitochondrial oxygen uptake provoked by the induced myocardial injury. It appears that the mol. mode of action of the lasalocid is associated with its unique ability to transport both calcium and the catecholamines, dopamine and norepinephrine, across mitochondrial and bimol. lipid membranes, as well as through synaptic cell membrane terminals from rat heart, myocardial fibers of the heart and heart chromaffin membrane vesicles. It is suggested that for the potential medical use of lasalocid to detain incoming ischemic myocardial damage, there exists a need to develop a personal electronic device able to simultaneously monitor, detect, and inform on the very early and simultaneous signs of cardiac alterations of elec., mechano-chem., metabolic and hydraulic nature, all which precede heart failure and to administer the lasalocid.

Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry published new progress about Catecholamines Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Demiroz, Duygu published the artcileListeria monocytogenes infection rewires host metabolism with regulatory input from type I interferons, Product Details of C4H6O5, the main research area is type I interferon Listeria monocytogenes infection host metabolism.

Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) is a food-borne bacterial pathogen. Innate immunity to L. monocytogenes is profoundly affected by type I interferons (IFN-I). Here we investigated host metabolism in L. monocytogenes-infected mice and its potential control by IFN-I. Accordingly, we used animals lacking either the IFN-I receptor (IFNAR) or IRF9, a subunit of ISGF3, the master regulator of IFN-I-induced genes. Transcriptomes and metabolite profiles showed that L. monocytogenes infection induces metabolic rewiring of the liver. This affects various metabolic pathways including fatty acid (FA) metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation and is partially dependent on IFN-I signaling. Livers and macrophages from Ifnar1-/- mice employ increased glutaminolysis in an IRF9-independent manner, possibly to readjust TCA metabolite levels due to reduced FA oxidation Moreover, FA oxidation inhibition provides protection from L. monocytogenes infection, explaining part of the protection of Irf9-/- and Ifnar1-/- mice. Our findings define a role of IFN-I in metabolic regulation during L. monocytogenes infection. Metabolic differences between Irf9-/- and Ifnar1-/- mice may underlie the different susceptibility of these mice against lethal infection with L. monocytogenes.

PLoS Pathogens published new progress about Animal gene, CCL2 Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Product Details of C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Watson, McLane J. published the artcileMetabolic support of tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells by lactic acid, SDS of cas: 97-67-6, the main research area is antitumor regulatory T cell lactic acid metabolism melanoma.

Regulatory T (Treg) cells, although vital for immune homeostasis, also represent a major barrier to anti-cancer immunity, as the tumor microenvironment (TME) promotes the recruitment, differentiation and activity of these cells1,2. Tumor cells show deregulated metabolism, leading to a metabolite-depleted, hypoxic and acidic TME3, which places infiltrating effector T cells in competition with the tumor for metabolites and impairs their function4-6. At the same time, Treg cells maintain a strong suppression of effector T cells within the TME7,8. As previous studies suggested that Treg cells possess a distinct metabolic profile from effector T cells9-11, we hypothesized that the altered metabolic landscape of the TME and increased activity of intratumoral Treg cells are linked. Here we show that Treg cells display broad heterogeneity in their metabolism of glucose within normal and transformed tissues, and can engage an alternative metabolic pathway to maintain suppressive function and proliferation. Glucose uptake correlates with poorer suppressive function and long-term instability, and high-glucose conditions impair the function and stability of Treg cells in vitro. Treg cells instead upregulate pathways involved in the metabolism of the glycolytic byproduct lactic acid. Treg cells withstand high-lactate conditions, and treatment with lactate prevents the destabilizing effects of high-glucose conditions, generating intermediates necessary for proliferation. Deletion of MCT1-a lactate transporter-in Treg cells reveals that lactate uptake is dispensable for the function of peripheral Treg cells but required intratumorally, resulting in slowed tumor growth and an increased response to immunotherapy. Thus, Treg cells are metabolically flexible: they can use ‘alternative’ metabolites in the TME to maintain their suppressive identity. Further, our results suggest that tumors avoid destruction by not only depriving effector T cells of nutrients, but also metabolically supporting regulatory populations.

Nature (London, United Kingdom) published new progress about Animal gene, IL-2 Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, SDS of cas: 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Sun, Shuyang published the artcileSelection of a versatile Lactobacillus plantarum for wine production and identification and preliminary characterisation of a novel histamine-degrading enzyme, Related Products of alcohols-buliding-blocks, the main research area is Lactobacillus wine histamine degrading enzyme.

In this study, a desirable and versatile Lactobacillus plantarum strain possessing great ability of L-malic acid consumption, biogenic amine degradation and resistance to wine harsh environment was obtained through successive screenings. Malolactic fermentation (MLF) in contaminated grape wine and cherry wine (supplemented with histamine, tyramine and cadaverine) conducted by this strain was finished within 24 and 18 days, resp., and the concentration of histamine, tyramine and cadaverine was decreased by over 57% following MLF. The enzyme from L. plantarum responsible for the amine degradation was purified to homogeneity by four steps including cell disruption, ammonium sulfate fractionation, an anion chromatog. and a gel filtration chromatog. Such enzyme was identified as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) after N-terminal sequence anal. and protein Blast, a tetramer enzyme with a subunit mol. weight of 36 kDa. The optimum values of pH and temperature of this enzyme were at pH 7.5 and 40°C, and stable between pH 5.5-8.5 and 30-50°C.

International Journal of Food Science and Technology published new progress about Biogenic amines Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Related Products of alcohols-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Klosowski, Eduardo Makiyama published the artcileThe photodynamic and direct actions of methylene blue on mitochondrial energy metabolism: A balance of the useful and harmful effects of this photosensitizer, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is methylene blue photodynamic photosensitizer mitochondrial energy metabolism; Isolated mitochondria; Liver toxicity; Mitochondrial energy metabolism; Photodynamic effect; Uncoupling.

According to the literature, methylene blue (MB) is a photosensitizer (PS) with a high affinity for mitochondria. Therefore, several studies have explored this feature to evaluate its photodynamic effects on the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway under normoxic conditions. We are aware only of limited reports regarding MB’s photodynamic effects on mitochondrial energy metabolism, especially under hypoxic conditions. Thus, the purposes of this study were to determine the direct and photodynamic acute effects of MB on the energy metabolism of rat liver mitochondria under hypoxic conditions and its direct acute effects on several parameters linked to energy metabolism in the isolated perfused rat liver. MB presented a high affinity for mitochondria, irresp. of photostimulation or proton gradient formation. Upon photostimulation, MB demonstrated high in vitro oxidizing species generation ability. Consequently, MB damaged the mitochondrial macromols., as could be evidenced by the elevated levels of lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyls. In addition to generating a pro-oxidant environment, MB also led to a deficient antioxidant defense system, as indicated by the reduced glutathione (GSH) depletion. Bioenergetically, MB caused uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and led to photodynamic inactivation of complex I, complex II, and F1FO-ATP synthase complex, thus decreasing mitochondrial ATP generation. Contrary to what is expected for an ideal PS, MB displayed appreciable dark toxicity on mitochondrial energy metabolism The results indicated that MB acted via at least three mechanisms: direct damage to the inner mitochondrial membrane; uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation; and inhibition of electron transfer. Confirming the impairment of mitochondrial energy metabolism, MB also strongly inhibited mitochondrial ATP production In the perfused rat liver, MB stimulated oxygen consumption, decreased the ATP/ADP ratio, inhibited gluconeogenesis and ureogenesis, and stimulated glycogenolysis, glycolysis, and ammoniagenesis, fully corroborating its uncoupling action in intact cells, as well. It can be concluded that even under hypoxic conditions, MB is a PS with potential for photodynamic effect-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. However, MB disrupts the mitochondrial energy metabolism even in the dark, causing energy-linked liver metabolic changes that could be harmful in specific circumstances.

Free Radical Biology & Medicine published new progress about Apoptosis. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Sun, Chengliang published the artcileMelatonin ameliorates aluminum toxicity through enhancing aluminum exclusion and reestablishing redox homeostasis in roots of wheat, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is Triticum root melatonin aluminum toxicity redox homeostasis; aluminum; antioxidant; cell walls; exclusion; melatonin; tolerance.

Melatonin is a universal regulator modulating plant development and responses to abiotic stresses. The alteration and potential roles of melatonin in mediating aluminum (Al) tolerance were investigated in two wheat genotypes differing in Al resistance. Using the high-resolution mass spectrometry, we observed that melatonin contents in Xi Aimai-1 were 1.7-fold higher than that in Yangmai-5. Application of melatonin conferred Al resistance in both genotypes. Melatonin treatment scavenged reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and alleviated Al-induced oxidative damage to lipids and proteins by stimulating antioxidant enzymes and augmenting antioxidants. Addnl., melatonin treatment decreased root tip-Al contents by 19.0% and 15.5% in Xi Aimai-1 and Yangmai-5, resp. Malate efflux, however, was not altered by melatonin under Al stress. The amount of cell wall polysaccharide and pectin methylesterase activity was significantly increased by Al treatment; but suppressed by melatonin. Melatonin synthesis inhibitor, p-CPA, significantly increased the amount of the Al binding in cell walls of the tolerant genotype, whereas exogenous melatonin decreased cell wall Al content in the sensitive genotype. These results suggest that melatonin alleviated Al toxicity through augmenting antioxidants and inducing antioxidant enzymes to control ROS and enhancing exclusion of Al from root apex by altering cell wall polysaccharides in wheat.

Journal of Pineal Research published new progress about Bioaccumulation. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Habibi, Ghader published the artcileComparison of CAM expression, photochemistry and antioxidant responses in Sedum album and Portulaca oleracea under combined stress, Product Details of C4H6O5, the main research area is CAM expression photochem antioxidant response Sedum plant stress.

Previous studies of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) pathway during stress have been directed at individual drought and salinity stress, here, we studied the effects of a combination of drought and salt on CAM expression, chlorophyll fluorescence and antioxidant parameters in the C3-CAM facultative Sedum album and C4-CAM facultative Portulaca oleracea plants. While salinity alone was not able to induce functional CAM expression in P. oleracea leaves, we showed that salinity induced low level of nocturnal acid accumulation in S. album species. After 20 d of exposure to the combination of simultaneous salt and drought stress, P. oleracea plants exhibited more resistance to photoinhibition as compared to S. album plants. The decrease of maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) in S. album leaves under combined stress was in parallel with the largest suppression of CAM expression of >50%, probably displaying the withdrawal of functional CAM back to C3 pathway. However, under drought treatment alone, S. album plants exhibited higher photosynthetic flexibility, which was associated with the up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes activities and maintenance of glutathione (GSH) pool, and consequently higher photochem. functioning. The levels of nitric oxide (NO) correlated well with CAM expression, which was observed only in S. album, suggesting that NO acts in a different way in C3 and C4 species during CAM induction. Addnl., in both species, over the course of CAM induction, the changes in CAM expression parameters exhibited a similar pattern to that of antioxidant capacity and photochem. functioning parameters.

Physiologia Plantarum published new progress about C3 plants. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Product Details of C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Batnini, Marwa published the artcileThe alternative oxidase pathway is involved in optimizing photosynthesis in Medicago truncatula infected by Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is Medicago fungal infection photosynthesis alternative oxidase.

Phytopathogen infection alters primary metabolism status and plant development. The alternative oxidase (AOX) has been hypothesized to increase under pathogen attack preventing reductions, thus optimizing photosynthesis and growth. In this study, two genotypes of Medicago truncatula, one relatively resistant (Jemalong A17) and one susceptible (TN1.11), were infected with Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani. The in vivo foliar respiratory activities of the cytochrome oxidase pathway (COP) and the alternative oxidase pathway (AOP) were measured using the oxygen isotope fractionation. Gas exchange and photosynthesis-related parameters were measured and calculated together with antioxidant enzymes activities and organic acids contents. Our results show that the in vivo activity of AOX (valt) plays a role under fungal infection. When infected with R. solani, the increase of valt in A17 was concomitant to an increase in net assimilation, in mesophyll conductance, to an improvement in the maximum velocity of Rubisco carboxylation and to unchanged malate content. However, under F. oxysporum infection, the induced valt was accompanied by an enhancement in the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT; EC1.11.1.6) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX; EC1.11.1.7), activities and to an unchanged tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. These results provide new insight into the role of the in vivo activity of AOX in coordinating primary metabolism interactions that, partly, modulate the relative resistance of M. truncatula to diseases caused by soil-borne pathogenic fungi.

Physiologia Plantarum published new progress about Fungal plant disease. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Connell, Niels J. published the artcileNo evidence for brown adipose tissue activation after creatine supplementation in adult vegetarians, Synthetic Route of 97-67-6, the main research area is creatine supplementation brown adipose tissue vegetarian.

Abstract: Creatine availability in adipose tissue has been shown to have profound effects on thermogenesis and energy balance in mice. However, whether dietary creatine supplementation affects brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation in humans is unclear. In the present study, we report the results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial (NCT04086381) in which 14 young, healthy, vegetarian adults, who are characterized by low creatine levels, received 20 g of creatine monohydrate per day or placebo. Participants were eligible if they met the following criteria: male or female, white, aged 18-30 years, consuming a vegetarian diet (≥6 mo) and body mass index 20-25 kg m-2. BAT activation after acute cold exposure was determined by calculating standard uptake values (SUVs) acquired by [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomog.-magnetic resonance imaging. BAT volume (-31.32 (19.32) SUV (95% confidence interval (CI) -73.06, 10.42; P = 0.129)), SUVmean (-0.34 (0.29) SUV (95% CI -0.97, 0.28; P = 0.254)) and SUVmax (-2.49 (2.64) SUV (95% CI -8.20, 3.21; P = 0.362)) following acute cold exposure were similar between placebo and creatine supplementation. No side effects of creatine supplementation were reported; one participant experienced bowel complaints during placebo, which resolved without intervention. Our data show that creatine monohydrate supplementation in young, healthy, lean, vegetarian adults does not enhance BAT activation after acute cold exposure.

Nature Metabolism published new progress about Body mass index. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Synthetic Route of 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts