Category: 97-67-6

Eizauskaite, Ugne published the artcileNatural ingredients-based gummy bear composition designed according to texture analysis and sensory evaluation in vivo, Name: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is natural ingredient gummy bear composition texture analysis sensory property; chewable dosage form; experimental design; gelatin; gummy bear.

The increased interest in functional materials of natural origin has resulted in a higher market demand for preservative-free, “”clean label””, or natural ingredients-based products. The gummy bear food supplements are more acceptable to consumers and have fewer limitations compared to other dosage forms. The aim of our study was to produce natural ingredients-based gummy bear composition, and evaluate the influence of the selected ingredients on the product’s textural properties, its acceptance in vivo, and the gummy bear’s quality. The optimal base composition was determined using a surface response design: gelatin 4.3 g and agave syrup 6.3 g. The investigated sweeteners did not affect the textural properties (p > 0.05). However, further studies demonstrated that a 100% increase of agave results in up to 27% higher flexibility (p < 0.05). The addition of calcium and cholecalciferol reduced firmness by 59.59 ± 1.45% (p < 0.05). On the other hand, acai berry extract had no significant effect. The presence of calcium resulted in a decreased smell and taste; however, the data indicated that exptl. texture anal. is a more accurate technique than in vivo evaluation. The acai berry extract did not improve all of the tested sensory properties. We can conclude that the suggested gummy bear base can be supplemented with various active ingredients and commercialized, though further studies are needed to investigate the other natural sources to mask the unpleasant taste of active ingredients and avoid water loss. Molecules published new progress about Carbohydrates Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Name: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Dirks, Marlou L. published the artcileShort-term bed rest-induced insulin resistance cannot be explained by increased mitochondrial H2O2 emission, SDS of cas: 97-67-6, the main research area is insulin resistance mitochondrial emission oxidative stress; bed rest; insulin resistance; mitochondria; muscle disuse; reactive oxygen species.

Key points : We determined if bed rest increased mitochondrially derived reactive oxygen species and cellular redox stress, contributing to the induction of insulin resistance. Bed rest decreased maximal and submaximal ADP-stimulated mitochondrial respiration. We investigated the potential that an increase in skeletal muscle mitochondrial H2O2 emission, potentially as a result of decreased ADP sensitivity, contributes to cellular redox stress and the induction of insulin resistance during short-term bed rest in 20 healthy males. Bed rest led to a decline in glucose infusion rate during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (-42 ± 2%; P < 0.001), and in permeabilized skeletal muscle fibers it decreased OXPHOS protein content (-16 ± 8%) and mitochondrial respiration across a range of ADP concentrations (-13 ± 5%). While bed rest tended to increase maximal mitochondrial H2O2 emission rates (P = 0.053), H2O2 emission in the presence of ADP concentrations indicative of resting muscle, the ratio of H2O2 emission to mitochondrial O2 consumption, and markers of oxidative stress were not altered following bed rest. Altogether, while bed rest impairs mitochondrial ADP-stimulated respiration, an increase in mitochondrial H2O2 emission does not contribute to the induction of insulin resistance following short-term bed rest. Journal of Physiology (Oxford, United Kingdom) published new progress about Carbohydrates Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, SDS of cas: 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Pretorius, N. published the artcileInfluence of sugars and pH on the citrate metabolism of different lactic acid bacteria strains in a synthetic wine matrix, SDS of cas: 97-67-6, the main research area is sugar citrate metabolism lactic acid bacteria strain synthetic wine; Lactobacillus plantarum ; Oenococcus oeni ; acetoin; citrate lyase; citrate metabolism; diacetyl.

This study investigated the influence of sugars (glucose and fructose) and pH on the gene expression of citE (citrate lyase β-subunit) and the subsequent formation of metabolites associated with citrate metabolism Different levels of glucose (2.5, 50 and 115 gl-1), fructose (2.5, 50 and 115 gl-1) and pH (3.0, 3.5, 4.0 and 5.0) were evaluated for their effect on citE expression in four different lactic acid bacteria strains. Two Oenococcus oeni strains and two Lactobacillus plantarum strains were used, of which one strain of each species screened pos. for the citE gene. Among the factors tested, fructose had the biggest influence on the relative expression of citE in Oenococcus oeni. In addition, the citrate-pos. strains produced high concentrations of diacetyl and acetoin. This study gives an overview of how sugar, pH and different lactic acid bacteria strains influence citE gene expression and the formation of metabolites associated with citrate metabolism closely linked to malolactic fermentation (MLF).

Journal of Applied Microbiology published new progress about Carbohydrates Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, SDS of cas: 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Cavaglia, Julieta published the artcileATR-MIR spectroscopy and multivariate analysis in alcoholic fermentation monitoring and lactic acid bacteria spoilage detection, Safety of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is Lactobacillus Oenococcus contamination alc fermentation ATR MIR spectroscopy.

Wine production processes still rely on post-production evaluation and off-site laboratory analyses to ensure the quality of the final product. Here we propose an at-line methodol. that combines a portable ATR-MIR spectrometer and multivariate anal. to control the alc. fermentation process and to detect wine fermentation problems. In total, 36 microvinifications were conducted, 14 in normal fermentation conditions (NFC) and 22 intentionally contaminated fermentations (ICF) with different lactic acid bacteria (LAB) concentrations ATR-MIR measurements were collected during alc. and malolactic fermentations and relative d., pH, and L-malic acid were analyzed by traditional methods. Partial Least Squares Regression could suitably predict d. and pH in fermenting samples (root mean squared errors of prediction of 0.0014 g mL-1 and 0.06 resp.). With regard to ICF, LAB contamination was detected by multivariate discriminant anal. when the difference in L-malic acid concentration between NFC and ICF was in the order of 0.7-0.8 g L-1, before the end of malolactic fermentation This methodol. shows great potential as a fast and simple at-line anal. tool for detecting fermentation problems at an early stage.

Food Control published new progress about Alcohols Role: BCP (Biochemical Process), BIOL (Biological Study), PROC (Process). 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Safety of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

dos Santos, Martielly S. published the artcileSilicon alleviates the impairments of iron toxicity on the rice photosynthetic performance via alterations in leaf diffusive conductance with minimal impacts on carbon metabolism, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is Oryza leaf diffusive conductance photosynthesis carbon iron toxicity silicon; Iron toxicity; Oryza sativa; Silicon; photosynthesis.

Iron (Fe) toxicity is often observed in lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants, disrupting cell homeostasis and impairing growth and crop yields. Silicon (Si) can mitigate the effects of Fe excess on rice by decreasing tissue Fe concentrations, but no information exists whether Si could prevent the harmful effects of Fe toxicity on the photosynthesis and carbon metabolism Two rice cultivars with contrasting abilities to tolerate Fe excess were hydroponically grown under two Fe levels (25μ M or 5 mM) and amended or not with Si (0 or 2 mM). Fe toxicity caused decreases in net photosynthetic rate (A), particularly in the sensitive cultivar. These decreases were correlated with reductions in stomatal (gs) and mesophyll (gm) conductances, as well as with increasing photorespiration. Photochem. (e.g. electron transport rate) and biochem. (e.g., maximum RuBisCO carboxylation capacity and RuBisCO activity) parameters of photosynthesis, and activities of a range of carbon metabolism enzymes, were minimally, if at all, affected by the treatments. Si attenuated the decreases in A by presumably reducing the Fe content. In fact, A as well as gs and gm, correlated significantly with leaf Fe contents. In summary, our data suggest a remarkable metabolic homeostasis under Fe toxicity, and that Si attenuated the impairments of Fe excess on the photosynthetic apparatus by affecting the leaf diffusive conductance with minimal impacts on carbon metabolism

Plant Physiology and Biochemistry (Issy-les-Moulineaux, France) published new progress about Carbohydrates Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Cheng, Hang published the artcileNaked mole-rat skeletal muscle mitochondria exhibit minimal functional plasticity in acute or chronic hypoxia, Formula: C4H6O5, the main research area is skeletal muscle mitochondria plasticity chronic hypoxia; Electron transport system; High resolution respirometry; Oxidative phosphorylation; Reactive oxygen species; Succinate.

Oxidative phosphorylation is compromised in hypoxia, but many organisms live and exercise in low oxygen environments. Hypoxia-driven adaptations at the mitochondrial level are common and may enhance energetic efficiency or minimize deleterious reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Mitochondria from various hypoxia-tolerant animals exhibit robust functional changes following in vivo hypoxia and we hypothesized that similar plasticity would occur in naked mole-rat skeletal muscle. To test this, we exposed adult subordinate naked mole-rats to normoxia (21% O2) or acute (4 h, 7% O2) or chronic hypoxia (4-6 wk, 11% O2) and then isolated skeletal muscle mitochondria. Using high-resolution respirometry and a fluorescent indicator of ROS production, we then probed for changes in: (i) lipid- (palmitoylcarnitine-malate), (ii) carbohydrate- (pyruvate-malate), and (iii) succinate-fueled metabolism, and also (iv) complex IV electron transfer capacity, and (v) H2O2 production Compared to normoxic values, (a) lipid-fueled uncoupled respiration was reduced ∼15% during acute and chronic hypoxia, (b) complex I-II capacity and the rate of ROS efflux were both unaffected, and (c) complex II and IV uncoupled respiration were suppressed ∼16% following acute hypoxia. Notably, complex II-linked H2O2 efflux was 33% lower after acute hypoxia, which may reduce deleterious ROS bursts during reoxygenation. These mild changes in lipid- and carbohydrate-fueled respiratory capacity may reflect the need for this animal to exercise regularly in highly variable and intermittently hypoxic environments in which more robust plasticity may be energetically expensive.

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B: Biochemistry & Molecular Biology published new progress about Carbohydrates Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Formula: C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Lima, Valeria F. published the artcileThe sucrose-to-malate ratio correlates with the faster CO2 and light stomatal responses of angiosperms compared to ferns, Product Details of C4H6O5, the main research area is Microsorum Phlebodium Vigna Nicotiana sucrose maltose light stomata; angiosperms; ferns; stomata; stomata evolution; stomatal movement regulation.

Stomatal responses to environmental signals differ substantially between ferns and angiosperms. However, the mechanisms that lead to such different responses remain unclear. Here we investigated the extent to which leaf metabolism contributes to coordinate the differential stomatal behavior among ferns and angiosperms. Stomata from all species were responsive to light and CO2 transitions. However, fern stomatal responses were slower and minor in both absolute and relative terms. Angiosperms have higher stomatal d., but this is not correlated with speed of stomatal closure. The metabolic responses throughout the diel course and under different CO2 conditions differ substantially among ferns and angiosperms. Higher sucrose content and an increased sucrose-to-malate ratio during high CO2-induced stomatal closure was observed in angiosperms compared to ferns. Furthermore, the speed of stomatal closure was pos. and neg. correlated with sugars and organic acids, resp., suggesting that the balance between sugars and organic acids aids in explaining the faster stomatal responses of angiosperms. Our results suggest that mesophyll-derived metabolic signals, especially those associated with sucrose and malate, may also be important to modulate the differential stomatal behavior between ferns and angiosperms, providing important new information that helps in understanding the metabolism-mediated mechanisms regulating stomatal movements across land plant evolution.

New Phytologist published new progress about Carbohydrates Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Product Details of C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Fujisawa, Koichi published the artcileSeasonal variations in photoperiod affect hepatic metabolism of medaka (Oryzias latipes), COA of Formula: C4H6O5, the main research area is Oryzias liver lipid metabolism climate photoperiod; fatty liver; medaka; metabolome; photoperiod; tricarboxylic acid cycle.

Organisms living in temperate regions are sensitive to seasonal variations in the environment; they are known to accumulate energy as fat in their livers during the winter when days are shorter, temparature are lower, and food is scarce. However, the effect of variations in photoperiod alone on hepatic lipid metabolism has not been well studied. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed lipid metabolism in the liver of medaka, Oryzias latipes, while varying the length of days at constant temparature. Larger amounts of fatty acids accumulated in the liver after 14 days under short-day conditions than under long-day conditions. Metabolome anal. showed no accumulation of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids, but showed a significant accumulation of long-chain saturated fatty acids. Short-day conditions induced a reduction in the levels of succinate, fumarate, and malate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, decreased expression of PPARα, and decreased accumulation of acylcarnitine, which suggested inhibition of lipolysis. In addition, transparent medaka fed on a high-fat diet under short-day conditions exhibited greater amounts of fat accumulation and developed fatty liver. The findings of our study will be useful for creating a medaka hepatic steatosis model for future studies of hepatic steatosis-related diseases.

FEBS Open Bio published new progress about Acylcarnitines Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, COA of Formula: C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Sasaki, Takayuki published the artcileFunctional roles of ALMT-type anion channels in malate-induced stomatal closure in tomato and Arabidopsis, Name: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is ALMT1 stomata Arabidopsis Solanum; ALMT channel; Arabidopsis; Solanum lycopersicum (tomato); guard cells; malate; stomatal closure.

Guard-cell-type aluminum-activated malate transporters (ALMTs) are involved in stomatal closure by exporting anions from guard cells. However, their physiol. and electrophysiol. functions are yet to be explored. Here, we analyzed the physiol. and electrophysiol. properties of the ALMT channels in Arabidopsis and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). SlALMT11 was specifically expressed in tomato guard cells. External malate-induced stomatal closure was impaired in ALMT-suppressed lines of tomato and Arabidopsis, although abscisic acid did not influence the stomatal response in SlALMT11-knock-down tomato lines. Electrophysiol. analyses in Xenopus oocytes showed that SlALMT11 and AtALMT12/QUAC1 exhibited characteristic bell-shaped current-voltage patterns dependent on extracellular malate, fumarate, and citrate. Both ALMTs could transport malate, fumarate, and succinate, but not citrate, suggesting that the guard-cell-type ALMTs are dicarboxylic anion channels activated by extracellular organic acids. The truncation of acidic amino acids, Asp or Glu, from the C-terminal end of SlALMT11 or AtALMT12/QUAC1 led to the disappearance of the bell-shaped current-voltage patterns. Our findings establish that malate-activated stomatal closure is mediated by guard-cell-type ALMT channels that require an acidic amino acid in the C-terminus as a candidate voltage sensor in both tomato and Arabidopsis.

Plant, Cell & Environment published new progress about Anion channels Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Name: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Lefoulon, Cecile published the artcileCrassulacean acid metabolism guard cell anion channel activity follows transcript abundance and is suppressed by apoplastic malate, Product Details of C4H6O5, the main research area is crassulacean acid metabolism guard cell anion channel apoplastic malate; Kalanchoë fedtschenkoi ; apoplast; circadian stomatal regulation; crassulacean acid metabolism; guard cell anion channel; malic acid metabolism; voltage clamp.

Plants utilizing crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) concentrate CO2 around RuBisCO while reducing transpirational water loss associated with photosynthesis. Unlike stomata of C3 and C4 species, CAM stomata open at night for the mesophyll to fix CO2 into malate (Mal) and store it in the vacuole. CAM plants decarboxylate Mal in the light, generating high CO2 concentrations within the leaf behind closed stomata for refixation by RuBisCO. CO2 may contribute to stomatal closure but addnl. mechanisms, plausibly including Mal activation of anion channels, ensure closure in the light. In the CAM species Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi, we found that guard cell anion channel activity, recorded under voltage clamp, follows KfSLAC1 and KfALMT12 transcript abundance, declining to near zero by the end of the light period. Unexpectedly, however, we found that extracellular Mal inhibited the anion current of Kalanchoe guard cells, both in wild-type and RNAi mutants with impaired Mal metabolism We conclude that the diurnal cycle of anion channel gene transcription, rather than the physiol. signal of Mal release, is a key factor in the inverted CAM stomatal cycle.

New Phytologist published new progress about Anion channels Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Product Details of C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts