Category: 97-67-6

Dominiak, Karolina published the artcileEffects of Endurance Training on the Coenzyme Q Redox State in Rat Heart, Liver, and Brain at the Tissue and Mitochondrial Levels: Implications for Reactive Oxygen Species Formation and Respiratory Chain Remodeling, Quality Control of 97-67-6, the main research area is voltage dependent anion channel 1 antioxidant oxidative stress adult; coenzyme Q; endurance training; mitochondrial energetics; reactive oxygen species.

Sixteen adult, 4-mo-old male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the training group (n = 8) or the control group (n = 8). We elucidated the effects of 8 wk of endurance training on coenzyme Q (Q) content and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the tissue level and in isolated mitochondria of the rat heart, liver and brain. We demonstrated that endurance training enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis in all tested organs, while a significant increase in the Q redox state was observed in the heart and brain, indicating an elevated level of QH2 as an antioxidant. Moreover, endurance training increased the mQH2 antioxidant pool in the mitochondria of the heart and liver, but not in the brain. At the tissue and isolated mitochondria level, an increase in ROS formation was only observed in the heart. ROS formation observed in the mitochondria of individual rat tissues after training may be associated with changes in the activity/amount of individual components of the oxidative phosphorylation system and its mol. organization, as well as with the size of the oxidized pool of mitochondrial Q acting as an electron carrier in the respiratory chain. Our indicate that tissue-dependent changes induced by endurance training in the cellular and mitochondrial QH2 pool acting as an antioxidant and in the mitochondrial Q pool serving the respiratory chain may serve important roles in energy metabolis, redox homeostasis and the level of oxidative stress.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences published new progress about Adult, mammalian. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Quality Control of 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Giastas, Petros published the artcileHigh-resolution crystal structure of endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 with bound phosphinic transition-state analogue inhibitor, Name: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 ERAP1 crystal structure.

Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) is an intracellular enzyme that helps generate peptides presented by Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I (MHC class I) mols. and is an emerging target for immunotherapy applications. Despite almost two decades of research on ERAP1, lack of high-resolution crystal structures has hampered drug-development efforts. By optimizing the protein construct, we obtained a high-resolution (1.60 Å) crystal structure of the closed-conformation of ERAP1 with a potent phosphinic pseudopeptide inhibitor bound in its active site. The structure provides key insight on the mechanism of inhibition as well as selectivity toward homologous enzymes and allows detailed mapping of the internal cavity of the enzyme that accommodates peptide-substrates. Bis-tris propane and malic acid mols., found bound in pockets in the internal cavity, reveal potential druggable secondary binding sites. The ability to obtain high-resolution crystal structures of ERAP1 removes a major bottleneck in the development of compounds that regulate its activity and will greatly accelerate drug-discovery efforts.

ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters published new progress about Crystal structure. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Name: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Kosakivska, Iryna V. published the artcileMolecular mechanisms of plant adaptive responses to heavy metals stress, Application of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is review plant adaptive response heavy metal stress; heavy metals; micronutrients; pollutants; redistribution; transport.

Heavy metals (HMs) are among the main environmental pollutants that can enter the soil, water bodies, and the atm. as a result of natural processes (weathering of rocks, volcanic activity), and also as a result of human activities (mining, metallurgical and chem. industries, transport, application of mineral fertilizers). Plants counteract the HMs stresses through morphol. and physiol. adaptations, which are imparted through well-coordinated mol. mechanisms. New approaches, which include transcriptomics, genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics analyses, have opened the paths to understand such complex networks. This review sheds light on mol. mechanisms included in plant adaptive and defense responses during metal stress. It is focused on the entry of HMs into plants, its transport and accumulation, effects on the main physiol. processes, gene expressions included in plant adaptive and defense responses during HM stress. Anal. of new data allowed the authors to conclude that the most important mechanism of HM tolerance is extracellular and intracellular HM sequestration. Organic anions (malate, oxalate, etc.) provide extracellular sequestration of HM ions. Intracellular HM sequestration depends not only on a direct binding mechanism with different polymers (pectin, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, etc.) or organic anions but also on the action of cellular receptors and transmembrane transporters. We focused on the functioning chloroplasts, mitochondria, and the Golgi complex under HM stress. The currently known mol. mechanisms of plant tolerance to the toxic effects of HMs are analyzed.

Cell Biology International published new progress about Chemical industry. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Application of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Lobos, A. published the artcileTolerance of three fungal species to lithium and cobalt: Implications for bioleaching of spent rechargeable Li-ion batteries, Application of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is cobalt bioleaching biol wastewater treatment lithium ion battery; Aspergillus niger ; Penicillium chrysogenum ; Penicillium simplicissimum ; Li-ion battery; bioleaching; metal biorecovery; organic acids; tolerance index.

This paper aims to quantify the growth and organic acid production of Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum and Penicillium simplicissimum when these fungi are exposed to varying levels of lithium (Li) and cobalt (Co). The study also tests whether pre-exposing the fungi to these metals enables the fungi to develop tolerance to Li or Co. When cultures of A. niger, P. chrysogenum or P. simplicissimum were exposed to 250 mg l-1 of Li or Co, biomass production and excretion of organic acids were significantly inhibited after 5 days of growth compared to cultures grown in the absence of these metals. Pre-exposing cultures of A. niger to 250 mg l-1 of Li or Co for 20 days significantly increased biomass production when the fungus was subsequently sub-cultured into 250 or 500 mg l-1 of Li or Co. However, pre-exposure of P. chrysogenum or P. simplicissimum to 250 mg l-1 of Li or Co for 20 days did not increase biomass production Aspergillus niger, but not the Penicillium species, developed tolerance to Li and to Co during the 20-day pre-exposure period. Therefore, processes that utilize fungal bioleaching with A. niger to mobilize and recover valuable metals such as Li or Co should consider a pre-exposure step for fungi to improve their tolerance to metal toxicity. Fungi may have the ability to extract valuable metals such as Li and Co from spent rechargeable batteries. However, the toxicity of the extracted metals can inhibit fungal growth and organic acid production Pre-exposure to metals may alleviate toxicity for some fungal species. This knowledge can be used to improve the design of bioleaching protocols, increasing the potential for fungal bioleaching to become an economical and environmentally friendly method of recovering Li and Co from spent batteries.

Journal of Applied Microbiology published new progress about Aspergillus niger. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Application of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Tosatti, Jessica Abdo Goncalves published the artcileEffects of Resveratrol Supplementation on the Cognitive Function of Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials, Related Products of alcohols-buliding-blocks, the main research area is review resveratrol neuroprotective agent Alzheimers disease.

Alzheimers disease (AD) comprises 60-70% of diagnosed dementia cases, and is characterized by the deposition of β-amyloid peptide and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles of tau protein. Resveratrol is a neuroprotective agent acting in the prevention of redox impairment in addition to exerting anti-apoptotic actions on brain cells. An ability to reduce neuronal damage in patients with AD has been suggested by preclin. studies. Objectives: The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the evidence in the published literature from studies that evaluated the effects of supplementation with resveratrol, alone or in a solution with glucose and malate (RGM), on the functional and cognitive performance of patients with AD, as assessed by validated instruments. A systematic literature search was performed in MEDLINE, CENTRAL, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Scopus databases including articles published up to August 2021. Randomized, placebo-controlled, clin. trials that reported cognitive and functional performance, as measured by the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-cog), Cooperative Study of Alzheimers Disease-Activities of Daily Living (ADCS-ADL), or the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), in AD patients treated with resveratrol, alone or as RGM, were included. After 1855 studies were identified, 24 RCTs underwent full-text review, with 20 studies excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria. Thus, four RCTs were included in the qual. analyses. The findings demonstrate that there are still few studies in humans, but they showed that this polyphenol acts in the delay of cognitive impairment in patients with AD, when administered alone or in combination with glucose and malate. Supplementation with resveratrol seems to influence the progressive cognitive and functional decline in AD patients, when compared with a placebo group.

Drugs & Aging published new progress about Alzheimer disease. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Related Products of alcohols-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Li, Wenwen published the artcileHonokiol Restores Microglial Phagocytosis by Reversing Metabolic Reprogramming, Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks, the main research area is honokiol restores microglial phagocytosis metabolic reprogramming; Honokiol; metabolic reprogramming; microglial phagocytosis; mitochondria.

Dysfunction of microglia has been increasingly recognized as a causative factor in Alzheimerprimes disease (AD); thus, developing medicines capable of restoring microglial functions is critically important and constitutes a promising therapeutic strategy. Honokiol is a natural neuroprotective compound extracted from Magnolia officinalis, which may play roles in AD therapy. This study aimed to evaluate the role and the underlying mechanisms of honokiol in microglial phagocytosis. MTT and flow cytometry were used to assess the cell viability and apoptosis, resp. Phagocytic capacity, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production, and membrane potential were evaluated using fluorescence microscopy. Seahorse XF24 extracellular flux analyzer was for cell glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation detection. Mass spectrometry was applied for metabolites measurement. Quant. real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were performed to detect the mRNA and protein level of PPARgamma and PGC1alpha, resp. Honokiol alleviated Abeta42-induced BV2 neurotoxicity. Honokiol promoted phagocytic efficiency of BV2 cells through reversing a metabolic switch from oxidative phosphorylation to anaerobic glycolysis and enhancing ATP production Meanwhile, honokiol reduced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and elevated mitochondrial membrane potential. Moreover, honokiol increased the expression of PPARgamma and PGC1alpha, which might play pos. roles in energy metabolism and microglial phagocytosis. In this study, honokiol was identified as an effect natural product capable of enhancing mitochondrial function thus promoting microglial phagocytic function.

Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease published new progress about Alzheimer disease. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Vitvitsky, Victor published the artcileThe mitochondrial NADH pool is involved in hydrogen sulfide signaling and stimulation of aerobic glycolysis, Computed Properties of 97-67-6, the main research area is mitochondrial NADH hydrogen sulfide signaling aerobic glycolysis; aerobic glycolysis; electron transport chain; hydrogen sulfide; sulfide quinone oxidoreductase.

Hydrogen sulfide is synthesized by enzymes involved in sulfur metabolism and oxidized via a dedicated mitochondrial pathway that intersects with the electron transport chain at the level of complex III. Studies with H2S are challenging since it is volatile and also reacts with oxidized thiols in the culture medium, forming sulfane sulfur species. The half-life of exogenously added H2S to cultured cells is unknown. In this study, we first examined the half-life of exogenously added H2S to human colonic epithelial cells. In plate cultures, H2S disappeared with a t1/2 of 3 to 4 min at 37 °C with a small fraction being trapped as sulfane sulfur species. In suspension cultures, the rate of abiotic loss of H2S was slower, and we demonstrated that sulfide stimulated aerobic glycolysis, which was sensitive to the mitochondrial but not the cytoplasmic NADH pool. Oxidation of mitochondrial NADH using the genetically encoded mito-LbNOX tool blunted the cellular sensitivity to sulfide-stimulated aerobic glycolysis and enhanced its oxidation to thiosulfate. In contrast, sulfide did not affect flux through the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway or the TCA cycle. Knockdown of sulfide quinone oxidoreductase, which commits H2S to oxidation, sensitized cells to sulfide-stimulated aerobic glycolysis. Finally, we observed that sulfide decreased ATP levels in cells. The dual potential of H2S to activate oxidative phosphorylation at low concentrations, but inhibit it at high concentrations, suggests that it might play a role in tuning electron flux and, therefore, cellular energy metabolism, particularly during cell proliferation.

Journal of Biological Chemistry published new progress about Cell proliferation. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Computed Properties of 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Hu, La published the artcileMetformin attenuates hepatoma cell proliferation by decreasing glycolytic flux through the HIF-1α/PFKFB3/PFK1 pathway, Related Products of alcohols-buliding-blocks, the main research area is hepatoma cell metformin glycolytic flux HIF1 alpha PFKFB3 PFK1; Glycolytic flux; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Metformin; PFK1.

Enhanced aerobic glycolysis is an essential hallmark of malignant cancer. Blocking the glycolytic pathway has been suggested as a therapeutic strategy to impair the proliferation of tumor cells. Metformin, a widely used anti-diabetes drug, exhibits anti-tumor properties. Stable isotope tracing technol. and gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry method were utilized to analyze the effect of metformin on glycolytic flux in HCC cells. Western blot and immunohistochem. were utilized to analyze the expression of phosphofructokinase-1 and 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 in HCC cells or xenograft tumor tissues. Lactate measurement and glucose uptake assay were used to analyze the level of lactate and glucose in the presence of frucose-2,6-diphosphate in HCC cells treated with metformin. We found that metformin significantly impaired hepatoma cell proliferation by inhibiting the glycolytic flux via PFK1 blockade. Interestingly, activation of PFK1 by F2,6BP reverses the inhibitory effect of metformin on hepatoma cell proliferation and glycolysis. Mechanistically, PFKFB3,a potent allosteric activator of PFK1, was markedly suppressed through inhibiting hypoxia-induced factor 1 accumulation mediated by metformin. Taken together these data indicate that HIF-1α/PFKFB3/PFK1 regulatory axis is a vital determinant of glucose metabolic reprogramming in hepatocellular carcinoma, which gives new insights into the action of metformin in combating liver cancer.

Life Sciences published new progress about Cell proliferation. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Related Products of alcohols-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Frymark, Justyna published the artcileExcess of polyamine as a factor influencing the mode of coordination in the Eu(III)/α-hydroxy acid/spermine system, Computed Properties of 97-67-6, the main research area is europium complexation hydroxy acid spermine excess polyamine spectroscopy.

The complexes of europium(III) ions in binary and ternary systems with α-hydroxy acids and biogenic amine – spermine were investigated. Studies have been performed in aqueous solution using the potentiometric method with computer anal. of the data. Anal. of the equilibrium constants of the reactions and spectroscopic data have allowed us to determine the type of coordination and effectiveness of the carboxyl groups in the process of complex formation in the systems studied. Furthermore, the results confirmed the occurrence of non-covalent interactions of protonated spermine with coordinated α-hydroxy acid. The effect of biogenic polyamine concentration was clearly confirmed, and their influence on the stability and coordination mode of ternary complexes was found.

Polyhedron published new progress about Circular dichroism. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Computed Properties of 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Nguyen, Bidong D. published the artcileImport of Aspartate and Malate by DcuABC Drives H2/Fumarate Respiration to Promote Initial Salmonella Gut-Lumen Colonization in Mice, Synthetic Route of 97-67-6, the main research area is import aspartate malate dcuabc drive fumarate respiration promote initial; salmonella gut lumen colonization mice; Salmonella; infection; intestine; metabolism; mouse model.

Initial enteropathogen growth in the microbiota-colonized gut is poorly understood. Salmonella Typhimurium is metabolically adaptable and can harvest energy by anaerobic respiration using microbiota-derived hydrogen (H2) as an electron donor and fumarate as an electron acceptor. As fumarate is scarce in the gut, the source of this electron acceptor is unclear. Here, transposon sequencing anal. along the colonization trajectory of S.Typhimurium implicates the C4-dicarboxylate antiporter DcuABC in early murine gut colonization. In competitive colonization assays, DcuABC and enzymes that convert the C4-dicarboxylates aspartate and malate into fumarate (AspA, FumABC), are required for fumarate/H2-dependent initial growth. Thus, S. Typhimurium obtains fumarate by DcuABC-mediated import and conversion of L-malate and L-aspartate. Fumarate reduction yields succinate, which is exported by DcuABC in exchange for L-aspartate and L-malate. This cycle allows S.Typhimurium to harvest energy by H2/fumarate respiration in the microbiota-colonized gut. This strategy may also be relevant for commensal E. coli diminishing the S.Typhimurium infection.

Cell Host & Microbe published new progress about Electron acceptors. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Synthetic Route of 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts