Category: 97-67-6

Zhao, Yiqing published the artcileColorectal cancers utilize glutamine as an anaplerotic substrate of the TCA cycle in vivo, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is colorectal cancer tricarboxylic acid glutamine anaplerotic substrate.

Cancer cells in culture rely on glutamine as an anaplerotic substrate to replenish tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates that have been consumed. but it is uncertain whether cancers in vivo depend on glutamine for anaplerosis. Here, following in vivo infusions of [13C5]-glutamine in mice bearing s.c. colon cancer xenografts, we showed substantial amounts of infused [13C5]-glutamine enters the TCA cycle in the tumors. Consistent with our prior observation that colorectal cancers (CRCs) with oncogenic mutations in the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic (PIK3CA) subunit are more dependent on glutamine than CRCs with wild type PIK3CA, labeling from glutamine to most TCA cycle intermediates was higher in PIK3CA-mutant s.c. xenograft tumors than in wild type PIK3CA tumors. Moreover, using orthotopic mouse colon tumors estalished from human CRC cells or patient-derived xenografts, we demonstrated substantial amounts of infused [13C5]-glutamine enters the TCA cycle in the tumors and tumors utilize anaplerotic glutamine to a greater extent than adjacent normal colon tissues. Similar results were seen in spontaneous colon tumors arising in genetically engineered mice. Our studies provide compelling evidence CRCs utilizes glutamine to replenish the TCA cycle in vivo, suggesting that targeting glutamine metabolism could be a therapeutic approach for CRCs, especially for PIK3CA-mutant CRCs.

Scientific Reports published new progress about Blood plasma. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Scalzo, Rebecca L. published the artcileSingle-leg exercise training augments in vivo skeletal muscle oxidative flux and vascular content and function in adults with type 2 diabetes, Product Details of C4H6O5, the main research area is skeletal muscle oxidative flux diabetes human exercise training; blood flow; diabetes; exercise; skeletal muscle.

Cardiorespiratory fitness is impaired in type 2 diabetes (T2D), conferring significant cardiovascular risk in this population; interventions are needed. Previously, we reported that a T2D-associated decrement in skeletal muscle oxidative flux is ameliorated with acute use of supplemental oxygen, suggesting that skeletal muscle oxygenation is rate-limiting to in vivo mitochondrial oxidative flux during exercise in T2D. We hypothesized that single-leg exercise training (SLET) would improve the T2D-specific impairment in in vivo mitochondrial oxidative flux during exercise. Adults with (n = 19) and without T2D (n = 22) with similar body mass indexes and levels of phys. activity participated in two weeks of SLET. Following SLET, in vivo oxidative flux measured by 31P-MRS increased in participants with T2D, but not people without T2D, measured by the increase in initial phosphocreatine synthesis (P = 0.0455 for the group × exercise interaction) and maximum rate of oxidative ATP synthesis (P = 0.0286 for the interaction). Addnl., oxidative phosphorylation increased in all participants with SLET (P = 0.0209). After SLET, there was no effect of supplemental oxygen on any of the in vivo oxidative flux measurements in either group (P > 0.02), consistent with resolution of the T2D-associated oxygen limitation previously observed at baseline in subjects with T2D. State 4 mitochondrial respiration also improved in muscle fibers ex vivo. Skeletal muscle vasculature content and calf blood flow increased in all participants with SLET (P < 0.0040); oxygen extraction in the calf increased only in T2D (P = 0.0461). SLET resolves the T2D-associated impairment of skeletal muscle in vivo mitochondrial oxidative flux potentially through improved effective blood flow/oxygen delivery. Journal of Physiology (Oxford, United Kingdom) published new progress about Blood vessel. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Product Details of C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Moussa, Hanan published the artcileSelective Crystal Growth Regulation by Chiral α-Hydroxycarboxylic Acids Improves the Strength and Toughness of Calcium Sulfate Cements, Name: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is calcium sulfate bone cement crystal growth chiral hydroxycarboxylic acid; chirality; compressive strength; crystallization; fracture toughness; gypsum cements; α-hydroxycarboxylic acid.

Natural biominerals, such as bones and teeth, use acidic matrix biomols. to control growth, morphol., and organization of the brittle hydroxyapatite crystals. This interplay provides biominerals with outstanding mech. properties. Recently, we reported that the L-enantiomer of chiral tartaric acid has a potent regulatory effect on the crystal structure and mech. performance of brushite cement, a mineral with a monoclinic crystal system. We hypothesized that this strategy could be applied using various chiral α-hydroxycarboxylic acids to enhance the mech. performance of calcium sulfate dihydrate cements, another mineral belonging to the monoclinic crystal system. Calcium sulfate cements are widely used in dentistry, medicine, and construction, but these cements have low mech. properties. In this work, we first determined the impact of different chiral α-hydroxycarboxylic acids on the properties of calcium sulfate cements. After that, we focused on identifying the regulation effect of chiral tartaric acid on gypsum crystals precipitated in a supersaturated solution Here, we show that the selective effect of α-hydroxycarboxylic acid L-enantiomers on calcium sulfate crystals improved the mech. performance of gypsum cements, while D-enantiomer had a weak impact. Compare to the calcium sulfate cements prepared without additives, the presence of L-enantiomer enhanced the compressive strength and the fracture toughness of gypsum cements by 40 and 70%, resp. Thus, these results prove the generalizability of this approach and help us to fabricate high-strength cements.

ACS Applied Bio Materials published new progress about Bone cements. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Name: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Claassens, Nico J. published the artcilePhosphoglycolate salvage in a chemolithoautotroph using the Calvin cycle, Application of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is phosphoglycolate signaling Calvin cycle chemolithoautotroph; CO2 fixation; glycolate oxidation; glycolate secretion; hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria; malate synthase.

Carbon fixation via the Calvin cycle is constrained by the side activity of Rubisco with dioxygen, generating 2-phosphoglycolate. The metabolic recycling of phosphoglycolate was extensively studied in photoautotrophic organisms, including plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, where it is referred to as photorespiration. Here, we study phosphoglycolate salvage in the model chemolithoautotroph Cupriavidus necator H16 (Ralstonia eutropha H16) by characterizing the proxy process of glycolate metabolism, performing comparative transcriptomics of autotrophic growth under low and high CO2 concentrations, and testing autotrophic growth phenotypes of gene deletion strains atambient CO2. We find that the canonical plant-like C2 cycle does not operate in this bacterium, and instead, the bacterial-like glycerate pathway is the main route for phosphoglycolate salvage. Upon disruption of the glycerate pathway, we find that an oxidative pathway, which we term the malate cycle, supports phosphoglycolate salvage. In this cycle, glyoxylate is condensed with acetylCoA (acetyl-CoA) to give malate, which undergoes two oxidative decarboxylation steps to regenerate acetyl-CoA. When both pathways are disrupted, autotrophic growth is abolished atambient CO2. We present bioinformatic data suggesting that the malate cycle may support phosphoglycolate salvage in diverse chemolithoautotrophic bacteria. This study thus demonstrates a so far unknown phosphoglycolate salvage pathway, highlighting important diversity in microbial carbon fixation metabolism

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America published new progress about Calvin cycle. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Application of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Yan, Haifeng published the artcileCharacterization of full-length transcriptome in Saccharum officinarum and molecular insights into tiller development, Product Details of C4H6O5, the main research area is Saccharum leaf tiller development transcriptome; C4 plant; Carbon fixation; Crop productivity; Gene expression; Genomic data; Linoleic acid.

Although extensive breeding efforts are ongoing in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.), the average yield is far below the theor. potential. Tillering is an important component of sugarcane yield, however, the mol. mechanism underlying tiller development is still elusive. The limited genomic data in sugarcane, particularly due to its complex and large genome, has hindered in-depth mol. studies. Herein, we generated full-length (FL) transcriptome from developing leaf and tiller bud samples based on PacBio Iso-Seq. In addition, we performed RNA-seq from tiller bud samples at three developmental stages (T0, T1 and T2) to uncover key genes and biol. pathways involved in sugarcane tiller development. In total, 30,360 and 20,088 high-quality non-redundant isoforms were identified in leaf and tiller bud samples, resp., representing 41,109 unique isoforms in sugarcane. Likewise, we identified 1063 and 1037 alternative splicing events identified in leaf and tiller bud samples, resp. We predicted the presence of coding sequence for 40,343 isoforms, 98% of which was successfully annotated. Comparison with previous FL transcriptomes in sugarcane revealed 2963 unreported isoforms. In addition, we characterized 14,946 SSRs from 11,700 transcripts and 310 lncRNAs. By integrating RNA-seq with the FL transcriptome, 468 and 57 differentially expressed genes (DEG) were identified in T1vsT0 and T2vsT0, resp. Strong up-regulation of several pyruvate phosphate dikinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase genes suggests enhanced carbon fixation and protein synthesis to facilitate tiller growth. Similarly, up-regulation of linoleate 9S-lipoxygenase and lipoxygenase genes in the linoleic acid metabolism pathway suggests high synthesis of key oxylipins involved in tiller growth and development. Collectively, we have enriched the genomic data available in sugarcane and provided candidate genes for manipulating tiller formation and development, towards productivity enhancement in sugarcane.

BMC Plant Biology published new progress about Calvin cycle. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Product Details of C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Manhas, Neeraj published the artcileComputationally modeling mammalian succinate dehydrogenase kinetics identifies the origins and primary determinants of ROS production, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is succinate dehydrogenase reactive oxygen species mitochondria antioxidant simulation; computational biology; computer modeling; enzyme kinetics; enzyme mechanism; free radicals; hydrogen peroxide; mechanistic regulation; oxidative stress; redox regulation; succinate dehydrogenase (SDH); superoxide; superoxide ion; ubiquinone.

Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) is an inner mitochondrial membrane protein complex that links the Krebs cycle to the electron transport system. It can produce significant amounts of superoxide (O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2); however, the precise mechanisms are unknown. This fact hinders the development of next-generation antioxidant therapies targeting mitochondria. To help address this problem, we developed a computational model to analyze and identify the kinetic mechanism of O-2 and H2O2 production by SDH. Our model includes the major redox centers in the complex, namely FAD, three iron-sulfur clusters, and a transiently bound semiquinone. Oxidation state transitions involve a one- or two-electron redox reaction, each being thermodynamically constrained. Model parameters were simultaneously fit to many data sets using a variety of succinate oxidation and free radical production data. In the absence of respiratory chain inhibitors, model anal. revealed the 3Fe-4S iron-sulfur cluster as the primary O-2 source. However, when the quinone reductase site is inhibited or the quinone pool is highly reduced, O-2 is generated primarily by the FAD. In addition, H2O2 production is only significant when the enzyme is fully reduced, and fumarate is absent. Our simulations also reveal that the redox state of the quinone pool is the primary determinant of free radical production by SDH. In this study, we showed the importance of analyzing enzyme kinetics and associated side reactions in a consistent, quant., and biophys. detailed manner using a diverse set of exptl. data to interpret and explain exptl. observations from a unified perspective.

Current Medical Research and Opinion published new progress about Antioxidants. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Wojdylo, Aneta published the artcileThe influence of different strains of Oenococcus oeni malolactic bacteria on profile of organic acids and phenolic compounds of red wine cultivars Rondo and Regent growing in a cold region, Product Details of C4H6O5, the main research area is Oenococcus malolactic bacteria phenolic compound red wine; MLF; antioxidant capacity; organic acids; phenolic compounds; red wine.

Wines produced from grapes cultivated in cool climate areas are characterized by high levels of organic acids. One method to correct this is malolactic fermentation (MLF). The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of different strains of Oenococcus oeni bacteria (Viniflora CH11, Viniflora CH16, Viniflora CH35, Viniflora Oenos, SIHA LACT Oeno) during the biol. acidity reduction process. Red wine from Rondo and Regent cultivars was obtained by ethanol fermentation of the pulp, at 20°C for 14 days. The profile of organic acids was examined with a particular focus on changes in the content of L-malic and L-lactic acids. Addnl., the impact on profile and quantity of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity was measured. The results showed that MLF had a pos. influence on content of organic acids through the reduction of L-malic acid content with a simultaneous increase of the amount of L-lactic acid. The best effect was obtained with the CH11 and CH35 bacterial strains. The biol. acidity reduction process had no significant (P > 0.05) impact on phenolic content or antioxidant capacity. However, the wine making process (ethanol fermentation, maturation) contributed to the reduction of polyphenols and in consequence lower antioxidant capacity of the final tested wines. Practical Application : The present study provides useful information on the impact of different Oenococcus oeni bacterial strains on MLF in red wines, reduction of L-malic to L-lactic acid, and stability of phenolic compounds during MLF and the maturation period. Also, this article provides information about phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity during malolactic fermentation and maturity of red wines made from hybrids of Vitis vinifera such as Rondo and Regent cultivars.

Journal of Food Science published new progress about Antioxidants. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Product Details of C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Tshewang, Sangay published the artcileMicrobial consortium inoculant increases pasture grasses yield in low-phosphorus soil by influencing root morphology, rhizosphere carboxylate exudation and mycorrhizal colonisation, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is phosphorus nutrient soil pasture grass root yield mycorrhizal rhizosphere; citrate; malate; nutrient uptake; rock mineral fertiliser; specific root length.

Pasture farming in south-western Australia is challenged by nutrient-poor soils. We assessed the impact of microbial consortium inoculant (MI) and rock mineral fertiliser (MF) on growth, nutrient uptake, root morphol., rhizosphere carboxylate exudation and mycorrhizal colonisation in three pasture grasses – tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea L.), veldt grass (Ehrharta calycina Sm.) and tall wheatgrass (Thinopyrum ponticum L.) grown in low-phosphorus (P) sandy soil in a glasshouse for 30 and 60 days after sowing (DAS). Veldt grass produced the highest specific root length and smallest average root diameter in both growth periods, and had similar shoot weight, root surface area and fine root length (except at 30 DAS) to tall fescue. Compared with the control, MI alone or combined with MF significantly increased shoot and root biomass (except root biomass at 30 DAS), likely due to the significant increases in root surface area and fine root length. Plants supplied with MI + MF had higher shoot N and P contents than those in the MI and the control treatments at 60 DAS. Malate, citrate and trans-aconitate were the major rhizosphere carboxylates exuded at both 30 and 60 DAS. Malate exudation varied among species and treatments in both growth periods, but citrate exudation was consistently higher in the low-P treatments (control and MI) than the MF and MI + MF treatments. Microbial consortium inoculant can pos. influence pasture production in low-P soil by increasing root surface area and fine root length, whereas exudation of nutrient-mobilizing carboxylates (citrate) is dependent more on soil P supply than microbial consortium inoculant. 2021 Society of Chem. Industry.

Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published new progress about Arable soils. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Coleman, Robert E. published the artcileKinetics of autoxidation of tartaric acid in presence of iron, Application of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is tartaric acid iron catalyst autoxidation kinetics mechanism.

The kinetics of the autoxidation reaction of tartaric acid in an air-saturated solution in the presence of Fe(II) show autocatalytic behavior with distinct initiation, propagation, and termination phases. The initiation phase, which involves activation of dissolved oxygen, decreases with increasing pH, over the test range of pH of 2.5-4.5, indicating that activation of oxygen is catalyzed by an Fe(II)-tartrate complex. The autocatalytic nature of this reaction indicates the presence of a catalytic intermediate that is produced during the initiation phase and regenerated during the propagation phase. The addition of catalase, as well as direct measurements, provided evidence of the presence and kinetic action of hydrogen peroxide as one of the intermediates. Direct addition of hydrogen peroxide resulted in shortening of the initiation stage and the propagation phase with similar rates as in the autoxidation reaction at low pH. The propagation is approx. a zero order reaction with respect to oxygen and iron. The kinetic anal. suggests that an intermediate catalytic complex(s) involving a ferryl ion (FeO2+) controls the rate of the propagation reaction. The Fe(III) formation shows autocatalytic behavior that mirrors the dissolved oxygen consumption patterns under all pH conditions studied. At pH values of 2.5 and 3.0, Fe(III) accumulated to a maximum, before it was partially consumed. This maximum coincided with the depletion of dissolved oxygen. The consumption of Fe(III), or the reduction of Fe(III) back to Fe(II), reflects the catalytic nature of Fe(II) and the essential role of tartaric acid in the initiation phase of Fenton’s original reaction. (c) 2020 American Institute of Physics.

Journal of Chemical Physics published new progress about Autoxidation. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Application of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Jarmuszkiewicz, Wieslawa published the artcileLung mitochondria adaptation to endurance training in rats, Name: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is lung mitochondria endurance training oxidative metabolism hypoxia; Endurance training and mitochondrial biogenesis; Hypoxia; Lung mitochondria function; Oxidative metabolism; Oxidative stress.

We elucidated the impact of eight weeks of endurance training on the oxidative metabolism of rat lungs. Adult 3.5-mo-old male rats were randomly allocated to a treadmill training group or a sedentary group as control. In the lungs, endurance training raised the expression level of the oxygen sensors hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) and lysine-specific demethylase 6A (KDM6A) as well as stimulated mitochondrial oxidative capacity and mitochondrial biogenesis, while lactate dehydrogenase activity was reduced. Endurance training enhanced antioxidant systems (the coenzyme Q content and superoxide dismutase) in lung tissue but decreased them (and uncoupling protein 2) in lung mitochondria. In the lung mitochondria of trained rats, the decreased Q content and Complex I (CI) activity and the enhanced cytochrome pathway activity (CIII + CIV) may account for the diminished Q reduction level, resulting in a general decrease in H2O2 formation by mitochondria. Endurance training enhanced oxidation of glutamate and fatty acids and caused opposite effects in functional mitochondrial properties during malate and succinate oxidation, which were related to reduced activity of CI and increased activity of CII, resp. In addition, endurance training downregulated CI in supercomplexes and upregulated CIII in the CIII2+CIV supercomplex in the oxidative phosphorylation system. We concluded that the adaptive lung responses observed could be due to hypoxia and oxidative stress induced by strenuous endurance training.

Free Radical Biology & Medicine published new progress about Antioxidants. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Name: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts