Category: 97-67-6

Bailis, Will published the artcileDistinct modes of mitochondrial metabolism uncouple T cell differentiation and function, Formula: C4H6O5, the main research area is succinate dehydrogenase ubiquinone reductase mitochondria T cell differentiation epigenetics.

Activated CD4 T cells proliferate rapidly and remodel epigenetically before exiting the cell cycle and engaging acquired effector functions. Metabolic reprogramming from the naive state is required throughout these phases of activation1. In CD4 T cells, T-cell-receptor ligation-along with co-stimulatory and cytokine signals-induces a glycolytic anabolic program that is required for biomass generation, rapid proliferation and effector function2. CD4 T cell differentiation (proliferation and epigenetic remodelling) and function are orchestrated coordinately by signal transduction and transcriptional remodelling. However, it remains unclear whether these processes are regulated independently of one another by cellular biochem. composition Here we demonstrate that distinct modes of mitochondrial metabolism support differentiation and effector functions of mouse T helper 1 (TH1) cells by biochem. uncoupling these two processes. We find that the tricarboxylic acid cycle is required for the terminal effector function of TH1 cells through succinate dehydrogenase (complex II), but that the activity of succinate dehydrogenase suppresses TH1 cell proliferation and histone acetylation. By contrast, we show that complex I of the electron transport chain, the malate-aspartate shuttle and mitochondrial citrate export are required to maintain synthesis of aspartate, which is necessary for the proliferation of T helper cells. Furthermore, we find that mitochondrial citrate export and the malate-aspartate shuttle promote histone acetylation, and specifically regulate the expression of genes involved in T cell activation. Combining genetic, pharmacol. and metabolomics approaches, we demonstrate that the differentiation and terminal effector functions of T helper cells are biochem. uncoupled. These findings support a model in which the malate-aspartate shuttle, mitochondrial citrate export and complex I supply the substrates needed for proliferation and epigenetic remodelling early during T cell activation, whereas complex II consumes the substrates of these pathways, which antagonizes differentiation and enforces terminal effector function. Our data suggest that transcriptional programming acts together with a parallel biochem. network to enforce cell state.

Nature (London, United Kingdom) published new progress about Acetylation. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Formula: C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Jiang, Youming published the artcileMicrobial production of L-malate from renewable non-food feedstocks, COA of Formula: C4H6O5, the main research area is microbial fermentation L malate renewable feedstock review.

L-malate is an intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle which is naturally occurred in various microorganisms, and it has been widely applied in polymer, beverage and food, textile, agricultural and pharmaceutical industries. Driven by the pursuit of a sustainable economy, microbial production of L-malate has received much attention in last decades. In this review, we focused on the utilization of wastes and/or byproducts as feedstocks for the microbial production of L-malate. Firstly, we presented the recent developments on the natural or engineered metabolic pathways that dedicated to the biosynthesis of L-malate, and also provided comprehensive discussions on developing high-efficient producers. Then, the recent achievements in microbial production of L-malate from various carbon sources were concluded and discussed. Furthermore, some abundant non-food feedstocks for microbial production of other chems. were reviewed, as they might be potential candidate feedstock for L-malate production in future. Finally, we outlined the major challenges and proposed further improvements for the production of L-malate.

Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering published new progress about Fermentation. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, COA of Formula: C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Zuber, Elizabeth A. published the artcileContribution of early-postmortem proteome and metabolome to ultimate pH and pork quality, Product Details of C4H6O5, the main research area is proteome metabolome phosphofructokinase lactate food quality.

This study′s objectives were to identify how subtle differences in ultimate pH relate to differences in pork quality and to understand how early-postmortem glycolysis contributes to variation in ultimate pH. The hypothesis was that elements in early-postmortem longissimus thoracis et lumborum proteome and metabolome could be used to predict quality defects associated with pH decline. Temperature and pH of the longissimus thoracis et lumborum were measured at 45 min, 24 h, and 14 d postmortem. Quality measurements were made after 14 d of aging. Groups were classified as normal pH (NpH; x ̅= 5.59 [5.53-5.67]; NpH, n = 10) and low pH (LpH; x ̅= 5.42 [5.38-5.45]; LpH, n = 10) at 14 d postmortem. Metabolites from 45 min postmortem were identified using GC-MS. Relative differences between proteins were quantified with two-dimensional difference in gel electrophoreses, and spots were identified with MALDI-MS. Western blot analyses were used to measure phosphofructokinase, peroxiredoxin-2, and reduced and non-reduced adenosine monophosphate deaminase-2 at 45 min and 14 d postmortem. Ultimate pH classification did not affect 45-min-postmortem pH (P = 0.64); 14-d pH was different between groups (P < 0.01). NpH had less purge loss (P < 0.01), was darker (P < 0.01), had lower star probe (P < 0.01), and had less intact day-7 desmin (P = 0.02). More pyruvate (P = 0.01) and less lactate (P = 0.09) was observed in NpH, along with more soluble lactate dehydrogenase (P = 0.03) and pyruvate kinase (P < 0.10). These observations indicate that differences in enzyme abundance or solubility may produce more pyruvate and less lactate. Fructose 6-phosphate was more abundant (P = 0.08) in the LpH group, indicating that phosphofructokinase may be involved in glycolytic differences. Furthermore, greater abundance of heat shock proteins, peroxiredoxin-2 (P = 0.02), and malate (P = 0.01) early postmortem all suggest differences in mitochondrial function and oxidative stability that contribute to quality differences. These results show that even subtle changes in ultimate pH can influence pork quality. The proteome and metabolome at 45 min postmortem are associated with variation in the extent of pH decline. Meat and Muscle Biology published new progress about Food quality. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Product Details of C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

McDonald, Nicholas C. published the artcileReduction of Fumarate to Succinate Mediated by Fusobacterium varium, SDS of cas: 97-67-6, the main research area is Fusobacterium varium fermentation fumarate succinate; Anaerobic metabolism; Bioconversion; Biotransformation; Cell suspensions; Fermentation; Fumaric acid reduction; Fusobacterium varium; Glycerol; Sorbitol; Succinic acid.

Accumulation of succinate as a fermentation product of Fusobacterium varium was enhanced when the anaerobic bacterium was grown on complex peptone medium supplemented with fumarate. Residual substrates and fermentation products were determined by proton NMR spectroscopy. Cells collected from the fumarate-supplemented medium (8-10 h after inoculation) supported the conversion of fumarate to succinate when suspended with fumarate and a co-substrate (glucose, sorbitol, or glycerol). Succinate production was limited by the availability of fumarate or reducing equivalent supplied by catabolism of a co-substrate via the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway. The choice of reducing co-substrate influenced the yield of acetate and lactate as side products. High conversions of fumarate to succinate were achieved over pH 6.6-8.2 and initial fumarate concentrations up to 300 mM. However, at high substrate concentrations, intracellular retention of succinate reduced extracellular yields. Overall, the efficient utilization of fumarate (�400 mM) combined with the significant extracellular accumulation of succinate (corresponding to �70% conversion) indicated the effective utilization of fumarate as a terminal electron acceptor by F. varium and the potential of the methodol. for the bioprodn. of succinate.

Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology published new progress about Fermentation. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, SDS of cas: 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Yuasa, Masahiro published the artcileChemical composition and sensory properties of fermented citrus juice using probiotic lactic acid bacteria, Computed Properties of 97-67-6, the main research area is citrus juice probiotic lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum.

We prepared three types of fermented citrus juice using probiotic lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum SI-1 and L. pentosus MU-1). The viable cell counts, chem. composition, and sensory properties of citrus juice were investigated and compared before and after fermentation Similar to probiotic foods, fermented citrus juice contains sufficient viable cell counts. Decreased concentrations of L-malic acid and specific free amino acids and increased concentration of lactic acid were observed in fermented citrus juice. However, the total sugar concentration remained unchanged. Therefore, L. plantarum SI-1 and L. pentosus MU-1 grow in citrus juice via malolactic fermentation Furthermore, no difference was observed in the sensory properties of citrus juice following lactic acid fermentation These findings demonstrate the growth mechanism of lactic acid bacteria in citrus juice and sensory properties of fermented citrus juices.

Food Bioscience published new progress about Citrus juice. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Computed Properties of 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Kaminsky, Jakub published the artcileDouble Hydrogen Bonding Dimerization Propensity of Aqueous Hydroxy Acids Investigated Using Vibrational Optical Activity, Application of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is double hydrogen bonding dimerization hydroxy acid vibrational optical activity.

Lactic and malic acids are key substances in a number of biochem. processes in living cells and are also utilized in industry. Vibrational spectroscopy represents an efficient and sensitive way to study their structure and interactions. Since water is the natural environment, proper understanding of their mol. dynamics in aqueous solutions is of critical importance. To this end, we employed Raman spectroscopy and Raman optical activity (ROA) to study the conformation of L-lactic and L-malic acids in water (while varying pH, temperature, and concentration), with special emphasis on their double hydrogen bonding dimerization propensity. Raman and ROA exptl. data were supported by extensive theor. calculations of the vibrational properties and by addnl. experiments (IR absorption, vibrational CD, and NMR). Conformational behavior of the acids in water was described by mol. dynamics simulations. Reliability of the results was verified by calculating the vibrational properties of populated conformers and by comparing thus obtained spectral features with the exptl. data. Calculations estimated the incidence of H-bonded dimers in water to be low in lactic acid and comparable to monomers in malic acid. The “”hybrid”” approach presented here reveals limitations of relying on the exptl. spectra alone to study dimer formation.

Journal of Physical Chemistry B published new progress about Conformation. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Application of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Churakova, Olga V. published the artcileCompound-specific carbon isotope patterns in needles of conifer tree species from the Swiss National Park under recent climate change, Application In Synthesis of 97-67-6, the main research area is Pinus Larix needle isotope climate change Switzerland; Abiotic stress; Adaptation; Carbohydrates; Climate; Forest dieback; Organic acids; Tree needles.

Elevated CO2 along with rising temperature and water deficits can lead to changes in tree physiol.and leaf biochem. These changes can increase heat- and drought-induced tree mortality. We aim to reveal the impacts of climatic drivers on individual compoundsat the leaf level among European larch (Larix decidua) and mountain pine (Pinus mugo) trees, which are widely distributed at high elevations. We investigated seasonal carbon isotope composition(δ13C) and concentration patterns of carbohydrates and organic acids in needles of these two different species from a case study in the Swiss National Park (SNP). We found that averageand min.air temperatures were the main climatic drivers of seasonal variation of δ13C in sucrose and glucose as well as in concentrationsof carbohydrates and citric acid/citrate in needles of both tree species. The impact of seasonal climatic drivers on larch and mountain pine trees at the needle level is in line with our earlier study in this region for long-term changes at the tree-ring level. We conclude that the species-specific changes in δ13C and concentrationsof carbohydrates and organic acids are sensitive indicators of changes in the metabolic pathways occurring as a result of climatic changes.

Plant Physiology and Biochemistry (Issy-les-Moulineaux, France) published new progress about Biochemistry. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Application In Synthesis of 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Shi, Xiao-Chen published the artcileFumarate disproportionation by Geobacter sulfurreducens and its involvement in biocorrosion and interspecies electron transfer, Application In Synthesis of 97-67-6, the main research area is Geobacter fumarate disproportionation biocorrosion electron transfer; Biocorrosion; C4-dicarboxylate; Geobacter; Interspecies electron transfer; Metabolic disproportionation; iron-rich sediment.

The model electroactive bacterium Geobacter sulfurreducens can acquire electrons directly from solid donors including metals and other species. Reports on this physiol. concluding that solid donors are the only electron sources were conducted with fumarate believed to serve exclusively as the terminal electron acceptor (TEA). Here, G. sulfurreducens was repeatedly transferred for adaptation within a growth medium containing only fumarate and no other solid or soluble substrate. The resulting evolved strain grew efficiently with either the C4-dicarboxylate fumarate or malate acting simultaneously as electron donor, carbon source, and electron acceptor via disproportionation. Whole-genome sequencing identified 38 mutations including one in the regulator PilR known to repress the expression of the C4-dicarboxylate antiporter DcuB essential to G. sulfurreducens when growing with fumarate. Futhermore, the PilR mutation was identical to the sole mutation previously reported in an evolved G. sulfurreducens grown in a co-culture assumed to derive energy solely from direct interspecies electron transfer, but cultivated with fumarate as the TEA. When cultivating the fumarate-adapted strain in the presence of stainless steel and fumarate, biocorrosion was observed and bacterial growth was accelerated 2.3 times. These results suggest that G. sulfurreducens can conserve energy concomitantly from C4-dicarboxylate disproportionation and the oxidation of a solid electron donor. This co-metabolic capacity confers an advantage to Geobacter for survival and colonization and explains in part why these microbes are omnipresent in different anaerobic ecosystems.

Science of the Total Environment published new progress about Biocorrosion. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Application In Synthesis of 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Ghiarone, Thaysa published the artcileTwice-a-day training improves mitochondrial efficiency, but not mitochondrial biogenesis, compared with once-daily training, Related Products of alcohols-buliding-blocks, the main research area is glycogen mitochondria skeletal muscle exercise biogenesis; carbohydrate; exercise training; glycogen; mitochondria; transmission electron microscopy.

Exercise training performed with lowered muscle glycogen stores can amplify adaptations related to oxidative metabolism, but it is not known if this is affected by the “”train-low”” strategy used (i.e., once-daily vs. twice-a-day training). Fifteen healthy men performed 3 wk of an endurance exercise (100-min) followed by a high-intensity interval exercise 2 (twice-a-day group, n = 8) or 14 h (once-daily group, n = 7) later; therefore, the second training session always started with low muscle glycogen in both groups. Mitochondrial efficiency (state 4 respiration) was improved only for the twice-a-day group (group x training interaction, P < 0.05). However, muscle citrate synthase activity, mitochondria, and lipid area in intermyofibrillar and subsarcolemmal regions, and PGC1a, PPARa, and electron transport chain relative protein abundance were not altered with training in either group (P > 0.05). Markers of aerobic fitness (e.g., peak oxygen uptake) were increased, and plasma lactate, O2 cost, and rating of perceived exertion during a 100-min exercise task were reduced in both groups, although the reduction in rating of perceived exertion was larger in the twice-a-day group (group x time x training interaction, P < 0.05). These findings suggest similar training adaptations with both training low approaches; however, improvements in mitochondrial efficiency and perceived effort seem to be more pronounced with twice-a-day training. Journal of Applied Physiology published new progress about Blood plasma. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Related Products of alcohols-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Lehto, Alina published the artciless-Hydroxybutyrate Improves Mitochondrial Function After Transient Ischemia in the Mouse, Formula: C4H6O5, the main research area is ischemia mitochondrial function beta hydroxybutyrate; Complex I; Complex II; Glucose; Microdialysis; Oxidative phosphorylation; Stroke.

Abstract: ss-Hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is a ketone body formed in high amounts during lipolysis and fasting. Ketone bodies and the ketogenic diet were suggested as neuroprotective agents in neurodegenerative disease. In the present work, we induced transient ischemia in mouse brain by unilaterally occluding the middle cerebral artery for 90 min. BHB (30 mg/kg), given immediately after reperfusion, significantly improved the neurol. score determined after 24 h. In isolated mitochondria from mouse brain, oxygen consumption by the complexes I, II and IV was reduced immediately after ischemia but recovered slowly over 1 wk. The single acute BHB administration after reperfusion improved complex I and II activity after 24 h while no significant effects were seen at later time points. After 24 h, plasma and brain BHB concentrations were strongly increased while mitochondrial intermediates (citrate, succinate) were unchanged in brain tissue. Our data suggest that a single administration of BHB may improve mitochondrial respiration for 1-2 days but not for later time points. Endogenous BHB formation seems to complement the effects of exogenous BHB administration.

Neurochemical Research published new progress about Blood plasma. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Formula: C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts