Category: 97-67-6

Yang, Huan published the artcileSigma-1 receptor ablation impedes adipocyte-like differentiation of mouse embryonic fibroblasts, Safety of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is sigma 1 adipocyte differentiation embryonic fibroblast; Adipogenic induction; Body weight gain; Mouse embryonic fibroblast; Sigma-1 receptor.

The sigma-1 receptor (Sig1R) is a unique ligand-operated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein without any mammalian homolog. It has long been a pharmacol. target for intervention of psychiatric disorders, and recently garnered refreshed interest for its neuroprotective potential. Though reported to modulate various intracellular events, its influence on cell identity is little known. We explored a role for Sig1R in adipocyte differentiation. We induced adipogenic differentiation of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) with a differentiation medium. MEFs were isolated from Sigmar1-/- and Sigmar1+/+ mice. The induced adipocyte-like phenotype was detected through Western blots of master transcription factors (PPARγ, CEBPA, SREBP1, SREBP2), lipogenic proteins (FABP4, ACC1, ACAT2), and Oil-Red-O staining of lipids. We found that the induced upregulation of these proteins and lipid accumulation were severely mitigated in Sigmar1-/- (vs Sigmar1+/+) MEFs. Sig1R activation with a selective agonist (PRE084) increased Sig1R protein and further enhanced the induced adipocyte-like phenotype in Sigmar1+/+ MEFs. We also determined mouse body weight gain induced by high-fat diet for 6 mo, which was impeded in Sigmar1-/- (vs Sigmar1+/+) male mice. In summary, genetic ablation of Sig1R impairs, and agonist activation of Sig1R enhances adipocyte-like phenotype of induced MEFs. In vivo, Sig1R ablation impedes the body weight gain of male mice on high-fat diet. This study warrants further investigation of a previously unrecognized role for Sig1R in adipocyte differentiation.

Cellular Signalling published new progress about Adipocyte. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Safety of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Quek, Lake-Ee published the artcileDynamic 13C Flux Analysis Captures the Reorganization of Adipocyte Glucose Metabolism in Response to Insulin, Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks, the main research area is metabolome insulin glucose metabolism adipocyte dynamic carbon flux analysis; Biological Sciences; Flux Data; Metabolic Flux Analysis; Metabolomics.

Cellular metabolism is dynamic, but quantifying non-steady metabolic fluxes by stable isotope tracers presents unique computational challenges. Here, we developed an efficient 13C-tracer dynamic metabolic flux anal. (13C-DMFA) framework for modeling central carbon fluxes that vary over time. We used B-splines to generalize the flux parameterization system and to improve the stability of the optimization algorithm. As proof of concept, we investigated how 3T3-L1 cultured adipocytes acutely metabolize glucose in response to insulin. Insulin rapidly stimulates glucose uptake, but intracellular pathways responded with differing speeds and magnitudes. Fluxes in lower glycolysis increased faster than those in upper glycolysis. Glycolysis fluxes rose disproportionally larger and faster than the tricarboxylic acid cycle, with lactate a primary glucose end product. The uncovered array of flux dynamics suggests that glucose catabolism is addnl. regulated beyond uptake to help shunt glucose into appropriate pathways. This work demonstrates the value of using dynamic intracellular fluxes to understand metabolic function and pathway regulation.

iScience published new progress about Adipocyte. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Winter, Klaus published the artcileEcophysiology of constitutive and facultative CAM photosynthesis, Application of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is review Kalanchoe crassulacean acid metabolism photosynthesis; Hatiora ; Kalanchoe ; Portulaca ; Acidity; carbon assimilation; evolution; facultative CAM; ontogeny; photosynthesis; photosynthetic intermediate.

In plants exhibiting crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), CAM photosynthesis almost always occurs together with C3 photosynthesis, and occasionally with C4 photosynthesis. Depending on species, ontogeny, and environment, CAM input to total carbon gain can vary from values of <1% to 100%. The wide range of CAM phenotypes between and within species is a fascinating example of functional diversity and plasticity, but poses a significant challenge when attempting to define CAM. CO2 gas exchange experiments designed for this review illustrate key patterns of CAM expression and highlight distinguishing features of constitutive and facultative CAM. Furthermore, they help to address frequently recurring questions on CAM terminol. The functional and evolutionary significance of contrasting CAM phenotypes and of intermediate states between extremes is discussed. Results from a study on nocturnal malate accumulation in 50 species of Aizoaceae exposed to drought and salinity stress suggest that facultative CAM is more widespread amongst vascular plants than previously thought. Journal of Experimental Botany published new progress about Aizoaceae. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Application of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Cheng, Shih-Chun published the artcileMetabolomic biomarkers in cervicovaginal fluid for detecting endometrial cancer through nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Computed Properties of 97-67-6, the main research area is metabolome biomarker cervicovaginal fluid endometrial cancer NMR spectroscopy; Biomarkers; Endometrial neoplasms; Magnetic resonance spectroscopy; Metabolomics.

Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most common gynecol. neoplasms in developed countries but lacks screening biomarkers. We aim to identify and validate metabolomic biomarkers in cervicovaginal fluid (CVF) for detecting EC through NMR (NMR) spectroscopy. We screened 100 women with suspicion of EC and benign gynecol. conditions, and randomized them into the training and independent testing datasets using a 5:1 study design. CVF samples were analyzed using a 600-MHz NMR spectrometer equipped with a cryoprobe. Four machine learning algorithms-support vector machine (SVM), partial least squares discriminant anal. (PLS-DA), random forest (RF), and logistic regression (LR), were applied to develop the model for identifying metabolomic biomarkers in cervicovaginal fluid for EC detection. A total of 54 women were eligible for the final anal., with 21 EC and 33 non-EC. From 29 identified metabolites in cervicovaginal fluid samples, the top-ranking metabolites chosen through SVM, RF and PLS-DA which existed in independent metabolic pathways, i.e. phosphocholine, malate, and asparagine, were selected to build the prediction model. The SVM, PLS-DA, RF, and LR methods all yielded area under the curve values between 0.88 and 0.92 in the training dataset. In the testing dataset, the SVM and RF methods yielded the highest accuracy of 0.78 and the specificity of 0.75 and 0.80, resp. Phosphocholine, asparagine, and malate from cervicovaginal fluid, which were identified and independently validated through models built using machine learning algorithms, are promising metabolomic biomarkers for the detection of EC using NMR spectroscopy.

Metabolomics published new progress about Algorithm. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Computed Properties of 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Feng, Mi published the artcileDirect conversion of shrimp shells to O-acylated chitin with antibacterial and anti-tumor effects by natural deep eutectic solvents, Product Details of C4H6O5, the main research area is shrimp shell acylated chitin antibacterial antitumor deep eutectic solvent.

To obtain O-acylated chitin from shrimp shells directly, the used solvent should have multiple functions to remove calcium carbonate, protein, and acylated chitin. Herein, we use the acidic natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) with the ability to release H+ and various hydrogen bonding sites to achieve the above goal. The involved NADESs with three abilities of decalcification, deproteinization and acylation replaced acids, alkalis, catalysts, and acylation reagents in the conventional method. The exptl. results revealed that the components of the NADESs, experiment temperature and time played key roles in the purity and degree of substitution (DS) of O-acylated chitin. Meanwhile, the ratio of shrimp shells to NADESs and a small amount of water had little effect on the preparation of O-acylated chitin. With the optimal NADES (choline chloride/DL-malic acid 1 : 2, ChCl 1-DL Mal 2) treatment under the optimal conditions, the purity of O-malate chitin reached 98.6% with a DS of 0.46, exhibiting antibacterial and anti-tumor effects. The exptl. results showed that the removal of calcium carbonate and protein and acylation of chitin were carried out simultaneously. Mechanistic exploration using spectroscopy and experiments confirmed that H+ release from ChCl 1-DL Mal 2 was the main reason for the removal of calcium carbonate and initiation acylation reaction. The protein was degraded to amino acids because of the acidity of ChCl 1-DL Mal 2 and dissolved in the NADES due to hydrogen bonding formation with ChCl 1-DL Mal 2.

Green Chemistry published new progress about Acylation. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Product Details of C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Pereira, Filipa published the artcileModel-guided development of an evolutionarily stable yeast chassis, Quality Control of 97-67-6, the main research area is transcriptome proteome metabolome succinate fumarate malate dehydrogenase Saccharomyces; adaptive laboratory evolution; chassis cell; metabolic engineering; multi-objective optimization; systems biology.

First-principle metabolic modeling holds potential for designing microbial chassis that are resilient against phenotype reversal due to adaptive mutations. Yet, the theory of model-based chassis design has rarely been put to rigorous exptl. test. Here, we report the development of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chassis strains for dicarboxylic acid production using genome-scale metabolic modeling. The chassis strains, albeit geared for higher flux towards succinate, fumarate and malate, do not appreciably secrete these metabolites. As predicted by the model, introducing product-specific TCA cycle disruptions resulted in the secretion of the corresponding acid. Adaptive laboratory evolution further improved production of succinate and fumarate, demonstrating the evolutionary robustness of the engineered cells. In the case of malate, multi-omics anal. revealed a flux bypass at peroxisomal malate dehydrogenase that was missing in the yeast metabolic model. In all three cases, flux balance anal. integrating transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics data confirmed the flux re-routing predicted by the model. Taken together, our modeling and exptl. results have implications for the computer-aided design of microbial cell factories.

Molecular Systems Biology published new progress about Metabolome. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Quality Control of 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Christian, Arias-Reyes published the artcileNADH-linked mitochondrial respiration in the developing mouse brain is sex-, age- and tissue-dependent, Application In Synthesis of 97-67-6, the main research area is NADH ATP synthase brainstem cortex sexual dimorphism oxidative phosphorylation; Brain development; Brainstem; Mice; Mitochondria; Sex dimorphism; cortex.

Mitochondria play a major role in the brain. In this work, we collected samples of brainstem and cortex of mice at postnatal ages 3 (P3), 21 (P21), and at adulthood (3 mo old) and evaluated the mitochondrial oxygen consumption after complex I activation. To do so, we used our oxygraph-2 K system (OROBOROS) that measures the mitochondrial bioenergetics in saponin-permeabilized tissue punches of 2 mg weight Furthermore, as sex dimorphism in the brain occurs since very early stages of development, we performed experiments in brain samples of male and female mice. Accordingly, the mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR) was evaluated under activation of complex I (NADH-linked respiration – mitochondrial state 3), and during the inhibition of the complex V (ATP synthase) with oligomycin (mitochondrial state 4). In following, the respiratory control ratio (RCR – state 3/state4) was calculated as an index of mitochondrial oxidative-phosphorylation coupling. Our results show that the activity of the mitochondrial complex I in the brain increases along with the postnatal development in a sex- and tissue-dependent manner, with males showing higher activity than females, and with brainstem tissue showing higher activity than cortex. Our data may contribute to a better understanding of the sex-dependent maturation of the cortex and the cardiorespiratory network located in the brainstem.

Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology published new progress about Brain stem. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Application In Synthesis of 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Manko, B. O. published the artcileAdaptive respiratory response of rat pancreatic acinar cells to mitochondrial membrane depolarization, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is pancreatic acinar cell mitochondrial membrane depolarization adaptive respiratory response.

The dependence of uncoupled respiratory capacity of intact pancreatic acini on oxidative substrate supply and functional cell state has not yet been studied in detail. In this study, the respiratory responses of isolated pancreatic acini to FCCP were measured with Clark electrode and mitochondrial membrane potential was assessed with rhodamine123 fluorescence. The response of acini to FCCP was characterized with maximal uncoupled respiration rate, optimal FCCP concentration, respiration acceleration and deceleration. Maximal uncoupled respiration rate substantially increased upon the oxidation of glucose + glutamine (3.03 ± 0.54 r.u.), glucose + glutamine + pyruvate (2.82 ± 0.51 r.u.), glucose + isocitrate (2.71 ± 0.33 r.u.), glucose + malate (2.75 ± 0.38 r.u.), glucose + monomethyl-succinate (2.64 ± 0.42 r.u.) or glucose + dimethyl-α-ketoglutarate (2.36 ± 0.33 r.u.) comparing to glucose alone (1.73-2.02 r.u.) or no substrate (1.76 – 0.33 r.u.). The optimal FCCP concentration was the highest (1.75 μM) upon glucose + glutamine + pyruvate combination and the lowest (0.5 μM) upon glutamate, combinations of glucose with isocitrate, malate, succinate or α-ketoglutarate. Respiration acceleration after FCCP application was the highest with dimethyl-α-ketoglutarate. Following the peak respiration, time-dependent deceleration was observed It increased with FCCP concentration and depended on oxidative substrate type. Deceleration was the highest upon malate or isocitrate oxidation but was not observed in case of glutamine or dimethyl-α-ketoglutarate oxidation Pyruvate alone or in combination with glutamine and glucose significantly decreased the depolarizing effect of FCCP on mitochondrial membrane potential and increased respiration elasticity coefficient with respect to the membrane potential change. Thus, in pancreatic acinar cells, the combination of pyruvate, glutamine and glucose enables the optimal adaptive respiratory response to membrane depolarization.

Ukrainian Biochemical Journal published new progress about Catabolism. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Dubinin, Mikhail V. published the artcileEffect of hypothermia on the functional activity of liver mitochondria of grass snake (Natrix natrix): inhibition of succinate-fueled respiration and K+ transport, ROS-induced activation of mitochondrial permeability transition, Application In Synthesis of 97-67-6, the main research area is Natrix succinate respiration liver mitochondria permeability transition; Ca2+-dependent mitochondrial pore; Fatty acids; Grass snake; Hibernation; Hypothermia; Liver mitochondria; Potassium ions; Reactive oxygen species.

The article considers the comparative anal. of the functional activity of mitochondria isolated from the liver of grass snakes, Natrix natrix (Linnaeus, 1758) that were kept at different temperatures (23-26°C and 4-5°C). It was found that liver mitochondria of hypothermia-exposed grass snakes are characterized by weak coupling of oxidative phosphorylation as compared to mitochondria of active animals which is caused by inhibition of succinate-fuelled respiration in ADP-stimulated state, as well as by activation of basal non-phosphorylating rate. Inhibition of mitochondrial respiration in hibernating animals is associated with a decrease in the activity of the respiratory chain complexes of organelles. Under these conditions, a decrease in the calcium capacity of the organelles was also revealed, which indicates a decrease in the resistance of the mitochondria of hibernating animals to the induction of the Ca2+-dependent mitochondrial pore. All these changes in the functional activity of mitochondria are observed on the background of increasing H2O2 production as well as increasing the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids in phospholipid composition of mitochondrial membranes, which are the targets of reactive oxygen species. It can lead to increased formation of lipid peroxides and activation of destructive processes associated with the induction of Ca2+-dependent mitochondrial pore.

Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes published new progress about Cell death. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Application In Synthesis of 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Li, Xinglin published the artcileFacile synthesis of a 3D flower-like SiO2-MOF architecture with copper oxide as a copper source for enantioselective capture, Name: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is copper maleate bipyridine silica supported preparation resolution enantiomer; phenyl methyl sulfoxide enantiomer separation silica supported copper oxide.

A facile self-template synthetic approach for the facile synthesis of a 3D flower-like SiO2-CuLBH architecture with copper oxide as a copper source has been demonstrated. The resulting composite as a sorbent showed a certain selective separation capability for Ph Me sulfoxide enantiomers (PMS) with an enantiomeric excess (ee) value of 31%.

New Journal of Chemistry published new progress about Composites. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Name: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts