Category: 97-67-6

Cerdeira, Victoria published the artcileDesign of a low-cost culture medium based in whey permeate for biomass production of enological Lactobacillus plantarum strains, Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks, the main research area is Lactobacillus culture medium whey permeate biomass production; enological Lactobacillus plantarum strains; malic acid consumption; nutritional supplementation; sterile wine; whey permeate.

The production of malolactic starter cultures requires the obtention of suitably large biomass at low-cost. In this work it was possible to obtain a good amount of biomass, at laboratory scale, of two enol. strains of Lb. plantarum, by formulating a culture medium based on whey permeate (WP), a byproduct of the cheese industry usually disposed as waste, when this was supplemented with yeast extract (Y), salts (S) and Tween 80 (T) (WPYST). Bacteria grown in WPYST medium exhibited good tolerance to stress conditions of synthetic wine (pH 3.5, ethanol 13% vol/vol). However, when WPYST was added with 8% vol/vol ethanol, cultures inoculated in synthetic wine, showed a lower viability and capacity to consume L-malic acid than when they were cultured in WPYST without ethanol. Subsequently, strains grown in WPYST were inoculated in sterile wine samples (final stage of alc. fermentation) of the red varietals Merlot and Pinot noir, and incubated at laboratory scale. Cultures from WPYST, inoculated in Pinot noir wine, showed a better performance than bacteria grown in MRS broth, and exhibited a consumption of L-malic acid higher than 90%. However, cultures from WPYST or from MRS broth, inoculated in sterile Merlot wine, showed a lower survival. This study allowed the formulation of a low-cost culture medium, based on a byproduct of the food industry, which showed to be adequate for the growth of two enol. strains of Lb. plantarum, suggesting their potentiality for application in the elaboration of malolactic starter cultures.

Biotechnology Progress published new progress about Biomass. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Liu, Chenggang published the artcilePerennial cover crop biomass contributes to regulating soil P availability more than rhizosphere P-mobilizing capacity in rubber-based agroforestry systems, Quality Control of 97-67-6, the main research area is soil phosphorus rhizosphere agroforestry system biomass.

Cover crops used in agroforestry systems (AFS) are generally perceived to improve soil quality, but mechanisms underlying phosphorus (P) cycling in complex rhizosphere system are less clear, because the impacts of incorporated crops are often determined by inclusion time, residue management and species. We quantified 7-yr cumulative effects of perennial legume cover crop-Flemingia macrophylla on rhizosphere P cycling and availability during the dry and wet seasons in young and mature rubber-based AFS (i.e., YAFS and MAFS) in tropical China by analyzing cover crop biomass and P content, as well as net rhizosphere changes in P-mobilizing capacity (pH, organic acids and phosphatase activity) and P fractions. Compared to their monoculture counterparts, YAFS enhanced plant biomass and P stock in both seasons, whereas MAFS exhibited an opposite trend, except for increased biomass and P stock of floor litter in the dry season. Moreover, YAFS had a greater effect on net rhizosphere properties by reducing pH and increasing organic acids concentrations and acid phosphatase activity, but MAFS hardly alter them. However, these changes had little effect on net rhizosphere P fractions in both seasons, except the contribution of calcium-P to increasing P availability to a certain extent. Net rhizosphere organic P and microbial biomass P in YAFS were enhanced in both seasons by abundant residue returns from cover crop. Net rhizosphere available P surplus occurred in YAFS in the dry season and maintained balance in the wet season, but it almost reached a deficit in MAFS in both seasons. These results suggest that rhizosphere P cycling was more improved by cover crop in YAFS than MAFS, and biomass of cover crop residue contributed to regulating rhizosphere P cycling and availability more than rhizosphere P-mobilizing capacity. Our study highlights the importance of residue management of permanent cover crops on rhizosphere P cycling and availability in AFS with different ages.

Geoderma published new progress about Biomass. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Quality Control of 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Hakamata, Yuki published the artcileDifferences in breast muscle mitochondrial respiratory capacity, reactive oxygen species generation, and complex characteristics between 7-week-old meat-and laying-type chickens, Quality Control of 97-67-6, the main research area is chicken meat reactive oxygen species breast muscle mitochondrial respiration; cardiolipin; carnitine palmitoyltransferase system; fatty acid oxidation; reactive oxygen species production; respiratory complex; respiratory supercomplex.

The skeletal muscle growth rate is a major feature differentiating meat- and laying-type chickens. A large amount of ATP is required during skeletal muscle synthesis, in which mitochondrial energy production capacities play a significant role. Addnl., mitochondria may participate in muscle protein degradation via reactive oxygen species generation. To investigate the differences in mitochondrial energetic characteristics between chickens exhibiting different growth rates, this study evaluated respiratory capacities in response to different types of respiratory substrate, protein abundances, assembly of individual respiratory complexes (I-V) and supercomplexes, and reactive oxygen species generation rates. These characteristics were compared between mitochondria from the breast muscle (M. pectoralis superficialis) of seven-week-old meat- and laying-type male chickens. Blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis anal. revealed that meat-type chickens exhibited a significantly lower protein abundance of complex III (cytochrome bc1 complex), complex V (F0F1 ATP synthase), and total amount of supercomplexes than did laying-type chickens. There were no differences between chicken types in the respiration rate of mitochondria incubated with either pyruvate/malate or succinate, each of which drives complex I- and complex IIlinked respiration. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1-dependent and -independent respiration during ATP synthesis and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-2 enzymic activity were significantly lower in meat-type chickens than in layingtype chickens. For mitochondria receiving pyruvate/malate plus succinate, the reactive oxygen species generation rate and its ratio to the oxygen consumed (the percentage of free radical leak) were also significantly lower in meat-type chickens than in laying-type chickens. These results suggested that the mitochondrial energetic capacities of the breast muscle of meat-type chickens could be lower than those of laying-type chickens at seven weeks of age. Furthermore, the lower reactive oxygen species generation rate in meat-type chickens might have implications for rapid muscle development, which is possibly related to their lower muscle protein degradation rates.

Journal of Poultry Science published new progress about Chicken. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Quality Control of 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Pasti, Alberto Pietro published the artcileHuman lactate dehydrogenase A undergoes allosteric transitions under pH conditions inducing the dissociation of the tetrameric enzyme, Safety of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is human lactate dehydrogenase allosteric transition pH tetrameric enzyme; allosteric regulation; enzyme kinetics; lactate dehydrogenase; lactic acid; liver.

The aerobic energetic metabolism of eukaryotic cells relies on the glycolytic generation of pyruvate, which is subsequently channelled to the oxidative phosphorylation taking place in mitochondria. However, under conditions limiting oxidative phosphorylation, pyruvate is coupled to alternative energetic pathways, e.g. its reduction to lactate catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenases (LDHs). This biochem. process is known to induce a significant decrease in cytosolic pH, and is accordingly denoted lactic acidosis. Nevertheless, the mutual dependence of LDHs action and lactic acidosis is far from being fully understood. Using human LDH-A, here we show that when exposed to acidic pH this enzyme is subjected to homotropic allosteric transitions triggered by pyruvate. Conversely, human LDH-A features Michaelis-Menten kinetics at pH values equal to 7.0 or higher. Further, citrate, isocitrate, and malate were observed to activate human LDH-A, both at pH 5.0 and 6.5, with citrate and isocitrate being responsible for major effects. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) experiments revealed that the occurrence of allosteric kinetics in human LDH-A is mirrored by a consistent dissociation of the enzyme tetramer, suggesting that pyruvate promotes tetramer association under acidic conditions. Finally, using the human liver cancer cell line HepG2 we isolated cells featuring cytosolic pH equal to 7.3 or 6.5, and we observed a concomitant decrease in cytosolic pH and lactate secretion. Overall, our observations indicate the occurrence of a neg. feedback between lactic acidosis and human LDH-A activity, and a complex regulation of this feedback by pyruvate and by some intermediates of the Krebs cycle.

Bioscience Reports published new progress about Cytosol. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Safety of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Bensard, Claire L. published the artcileRegulation of Tumor Initiation by the Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier, Product Details of C4H6O5, the main research area is Drosophila colorectal cancer mitochondrial pyruvate carrier Wnt beta catenin; cancer metabolism; carbohydrate metabolism; colon cancer; mitochondria; pyruvate metabolism; stem cell metabolism; tumor initiation.

Although metabolic adaptations have been demonstrated to be essential for tumor cell proliferation, the metabolic underpinnings of tumor initiation are poorly understood. We found that the earliest stages of colorectal cancer (CRC) initiation are marked by a glycolytic metabolic signature, including downregulation of the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC), which couples glycolysis and glucose oxidation through mitochondrial pyruvate import. Genetic studies in Drosophila suggest that this downregulation is required because hyperplasia caused by loss of the Apc or Notch tumor suppressors in intestinal stem cells can be completely blocked by MPC overexpression. Moreover, in two distinct CRC mouse models, loss of Mpc1 prior to a tumorigenic stimulus doubled the frequency of adenoma formation and produced higher grade tumors. MPC loss was associated with a glycolytic metabolic phenotype and increased expression of stem cell markers. These data suggest that changes in cellular pyruvate metabolism are necessary and sufficient to promote cancer initiation.

Cell Metabolism published new progress about Alleles. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Product Details of C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Baytas, Ozan published the artcileMitochondrial enzyme GPT2 regulates metabolic mechanisms required for neuron growth and motor function in vivo, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is GPT2 mitochondrial enzyme neuron growth.

The metabolic needs for postnatal growth of the human nervous system are vast. Recessive loss-of-function mutations in the mitochondrial enzyme glutamate pyruvate transaminase 2 (GPT2) in humans cause postnatal undergrowth of brain, and cognitive and motor disability. We demonstrate that GPT2 governs critical metabolic mechanisms in neurons required for neuronal growth and survival. These metabolic processes include neuronal alanine synthesis and anaplerosis, the replenishment of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates. We performed metabolomics across postnatal development in Gpt2-null mouse brain to identify the trajectory of dysregulated metabolic pathways: alterations in alanine occur earliest; followed by reduced TCA cycle intermediates and reduced pyruvate; followed by elevations in glycolytic intermediates and amino acids. Neuron-specific deletion of GPT2 in mice is sufficient to cause motor abnormalities and death pre-weaning, a phenotype identical to the germline Gpt2-null mouse. Alanine biosynthesis is profoundly impeded in Gpt2-null neurons. Exogenous alanine is necessary for Gpt2-null neuronal survival in vitro but is not needed for Gpt2-null astrocytes. Dietary alanine supplementation in Gpt2-null mice enhances animal survival and improves the metabolic profile of Gpt2-null brain but does not alone appear to correct motor function. In surviving Gpt2-null animals, we observe smaller upper and lower motor neurons in vivo. We also observe selective death of lower motor neurons in vivo with worsening motor behavior with age. In conclusion, these studies of the pathophysiol. of GPT2 Deficiency have identified metabolic mechanisms that are required for neuronal growth and that potentially underlie selective neuronal vulnerabilities in motor neurons.

Human Molecular Genetics published new progress about Alleles. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Wang, Yuqi published the artcileAn exclusion mechanism is epistatic to an internal detoxification mechanism in aluminum resistance in Arabidopsis, SDS of cas: 97-67-6, the main research area is Arabidopsis aluminum resistance detoxification; ALMT1; Epistasis; Malate; NIP1;2; Organic acid; Resistance mechanism; Root cell wall.

In Arabidopsis, the aluminum (Al) exclusion mechanism is mainly facilitated by ALMT1-mediated malate exudation and MATE-mediated citrate releases from the root. Recently, we have demonstrated that coordinated functioning between an ALMT1-mediated Al exclusion mechanism, via exudation of malate from the root tip, and a NIP1;2-facilitated internal detoxification mechanism, via removal of Al from the root cell wall and subsequent root-to-shoot Al translocation, plays critical roles in achieving overall Al resistance. However, the genetic relationship between ALMT1 and NIP1;2 in these processes remained unclear. Through genetic and physiol. analyses, we demonstrate that unlike ALMT1 and MATE, which function independently and additively, ALMT1 and NIP1;2 show an epistatic relationship in Al resistance. These results indicate that ALMT1 and NIP1;2 function in the same biochem. pathway, whereas ALMT1 and MATE in different ones. The establishment of the epistatic relationship and the coordinated functioning between the ALMT1 and NIP1;2-mediated exclusion and internal detoxification mechanisms are pivotal for achieving overall Al resistance in the non-accumulating Arabidopsis plant. We discuss and emphasize the indispensable roles of the root cell wall for the implementation of the Al exclusion mechanism and for the establishment of an epistatic relationship between the ALMT1-mediated exclusion mechanism and the NIP1;2-facilitated internal detoxification mechanism.

BMC Plant Biology published new progress about Alleles. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, SDS of cas: 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

van Karnebeek, Clara D. M. published the artcileBi-allelic GOT2 Mutations Cause a Treatable Malate-Aspartate Shuttle-Related Encephalopathy, Synthetic Route of 97-67-6, the main research area is brain developmental defect seizure encephalopathy malate aspartate GOT2; EC 2.6.1.1.; GOT2; aspartate aminotransferase; encephalopathy; inborn error of metabolism; malate-aspartate shuttle; mitochondriopathy; pyridoxine responsive epilepsy; redox imbalance; treatment.

Whole-exome sequencing was used to investigate the disease etiol. in four children from independent families with intellectual disability and epilepsy, revealing bi-allelic GOT2 mutations. In-depth metabolic studies in individual 1 showed low plasma serine, hypercitrullinemia, hyperlactatemia, and hyperammonemia. The epilepsy was serine and pyridoxine responsive. Zebrafish and mouse models were used to validate brain developmental and functional defects and to test therapeutic strategies. GOT2 encodes the mitochondrial glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase. GOT2 enzyme activity was deficient in fibroblasts with bi-allelic mutations. GOT2, a member of the malate-aspartate shuttle, plays an essential role in the intracellular NAD(H) redox balance. De novo serine biosynthesis was impaired in fibroblasts with GOT2 mutations and GOT2-knockout HEK293 cells. Correcting the highly oxidized cytosolic NAD-redox state by pyruvate supplementation restored serine biosynthesis in GOT2-deficient cells. Knockdown of got2a in zebrafish resulted in a brain developmental defect associated with seizure-like electroencephalog. spikes, which could be rescued by supplying pyridoxine in embryo water. Both pyridoxine and serine synergistically rescued embryonic developmental defects in zebrafish got2a morphants. Our data provide a mechanistic basis for the biochem. abnormalities in GOT2 deficiency that may also hold for other MAS defects.

American Journal of Human Genetics published new progress about Alleles. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Synthetic Route of 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Balmaseda, Aitor published the artcileImpact of changes in wine composition produced by non-Saccharomyces on malolactic fermentation, Synthetic Route of 97-67-6, the main research area is Oenococcus Torulaspora Saccharomyces wine malolactic fermentation; Malolactic fermentation; Non-Saccharomyces; Oenococcus oeni; Wine.

Non-Saccharomyces yeasts have increasingly been used in vinification recently. This is particularly true of Torulaspora delbrueckii and Metschnikowia pulcherrima, which are inoculated before S. cerevisiae, to complete a sequential alc. fermentation This paper aims to study the effects of these two non-Saccharomyces yeasts on malolactic fermentation (MLF) carried out by two strains of Oenococcus oeni, under cellar conditions. Oenol. parameters, and volatile and phenolic compounds were analyzed in wines. The wines were tasted, and the microorganisms identified. In general, non-Saccharomyces created more MLF friendly conditions, largely because of lower concentrations of SO2 and medium chain fatty acids. The most favorable results were observed in wines inoculated with T. delbrueckii, that seemed to promote the development of O. oeni and improve MLF performance.

International Journal of Food Microbiology published new progress about Alleles. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Synthetic Route of 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Kuerban, Mireadili published the artcileTargeting low-phytate soybean genotypes without compromising desirable phosphorus-acquisition traits, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is phytate phosphorus acquisition soybean genotype; carboxylates; phosphorus-acquisition efficiency; phytate; root morphology; soybean germplasm.

Phytate-phosphorus (P) in food and feed is not efficiently utilized by humans and nonruminant livestock, potentially contributing to high losses of P to the environment. Crops with high P-acquisition efficiency can access soil P effectively. It remains elusive whether crop genotypes with high P-acquisition efficiency can also have low seed phytate concentrations A core collection of 256 soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] genotypes from China with diverse genetic background were grown in the same environment and seeds were sampled to screen for seed phytate-P concentration Some of these genotypes were also grown in a low-P soil in the glasshouse to measure root morphol. and physiol. traits related to P acquisition. Large genotypic variation was found in seed phytate-P concentration (0.69-5.49 mg P g-1 dry weight), total root length, root surface area, rhizosheath carboxylates, and acid phosphatase activity in rhizosheath soil. Geog., seed phytate-P concentration was the highest for the genotypes from Hainan Province, whereas it was the lowest for the genotypes from Inner Mongolia. Seed phytate-P concentration showed no correlation with any desirable root traits associated with enhanced P acquisition. Two genotypes (Siliyuan and Diliuhuangdou-2) with both low phytate concentrations and highly desirable P-acquisition traits were identified. This is the first study to show that some soybean genotypes have extremely low seed phytate concentrations, combined with important root traits for efficient P acquisition, offering material for breeding genotypes with low seed phytate-P concentrations

Frontiers in Genetics published new progress about Anatomy. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts