Category: 97-67-6

Hennacy, Jessica H. published the artcileProspects for Engineering Biophysical CO2 Concentrating Mechanisms into Land Plants to Enhance Yields, Formula: C4H6O5, the main research area is review Chlamydomonas Nicotiana Arabidopsis carbon dioxide; CO2 concentrating mechanism; Rubisco; carboxysome; crop yields; pyrenoid; synthetic biology.

Although cyanobacteria and algae represent a small fraction of the biomass of all primary producers, their photosynthetic activity accounts for roughly half of the daily CO2 fixation that occurs on Earth. These microorganisms are able to accomplish this feat by enhancing the activity of the CO2-fixing enzyme Rubisco using biophys. CO2 concentrating mechanisms (CCMs). Biophys. CCMs operate by concentrating bicarbonate and converting it into CO2 in a compartment that houses Rubisco (in contrast with other CCMs that concentrate CO2 via an organic intermediate, such as malate in the case of C4 CCMs). This activity provides Rubisco with a high concentration of its substrate, thereby increasing its reaction rate. The genetic engineering of a biophys. CCM into land plants is being pursued as a strategy to increase crop yields. This review focuses on the progress toward understanding the mol. components of cyanobacterial and algal CCMs, as well as recent advances toward engineering these components into land plants.

Annual Review of Plant Biology published new progress about Algae. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Formula: C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Yu, Jian-Qiang published the artcileThe apple bHLH transcription factor MdbHLH3 functions in determining the fruit carbohydrates and malate, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is Malus fruit bHLH HLH3 transcription factor carbohydrate malate; apple; bHLH; carbohydrates; fruit quality; malate accumulation; photosynthesis.

Summary : Changes in carbohydrates and organic acids largely determine the palatability of edible tissues of horticulture crops. Elucidating the potential mol. mechanisms involved in the change in carbohydrates and organic acids, and their temporal and spatial crosstalk are key steps in understanding fruit developmental processes. Here, we used apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) as research materials and found that MdbHLH3, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor (bHLH TF), modulates the accumulation of malate and carbohydrates. Biochem. analyses demonstrated that MdbHLH3 directly binds to the promoter of MdcyMDH that encodes an apple cytosolic NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase, activating its transcriptional expression, thereby promoting malate accumulation in apple fruits. Addnl., MdbHLH3 overexpression increased the photosynthetic capacity and carbohydrate levels in apple leaves and also enhanced the carbohydrate accumulation in fruits by adjusting carbohydrate allocation from sources to sinks. Overall, our findings provide new insights into the mechanism of how the bHLH TF MdbHLH3 modulates the fruit quality. It directly regulates the expression of cytosolic malate dehydrogenase MdcyMDH to coordinate carbohydrate allocation and malate accumulation in apple.

Plant Biotechnology Journal published new progress about Apple. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Jia, Dongjie published the artcileGenetic variation in the promoter of an R2R3-MYB transcription factor determines fruit malate content in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.), Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks, the main research area is gene expression Malus breeding genetic variation R2R3MYB malate.

Deciphering the mechanism of malate accumulation in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) fruits can help to improve their flavor quality and enhance their benefits for human health. Here, we analyzed malate content as a quant. trait that is determined mainly by genetic effects. In a previous study, we identified an R2R3-MYB transcription factor named MdMYB44 that was a candidate gene in qtl08.1 (quant. trait locus mapped to chromosome 8) of fruit malate content. In the present study, we established that MdMYB44 neg. regulates fruit malate accumulation by repressing the promoter activity of the malate-associated genes Ma1 (Al-Activated Malate Transporter 9), Ma10 (P-type ATPase 10), MdVHA-A3 (V-type ATPase A3), and MdVHA-D2 (V-type ATPase D2). Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the MdMYB44 promoter, SNP A/G and SNP T/-, were exptl. shown to associate with fruit malate content. The TATA-box in the MdMYB44 promoter in the presence of SNP A enhances the basal activity of the MdMYB44 promoter. The binding of a basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factor MdbHLH49 to the MdMYB44 promoter was enhanced by the presence of SNP T, leading to increased MdMYB44 transcript levels and reduced malate accumulation. Furthermore, MdbHLH49 interacts with MdMYB44 and enhances MdMYB44 activity. The two SNPs could be used in combination to select for sour or non-sour apples, providing a valuable tool for the selection of fruit acidity by the apple breeding industry. This research is important for understanding the complex mol. mechanisms of fruit malate accumulation and accelerating the development of germplasm innovation in apple species and cultivars.

Plant Physiology published new progress about Apple. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Grillet, Pierre-Edouard published the artcileBiomarkers of Redox Balance Adjusted to Exercise Intensity as a Useful Tool to Identify Patients at Risk of Muscle Disease through Exercise Test, Application In Synthesis of 97-67-6, the main research area is risk assessment exercise intensity muscle disease; Liquid Chromatography tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS); cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET); exercise intolerance; maximal oxygen uptake; metabolomics; myopathy; tricarboxylic citric acid cycle.

The screening of skeletal muscle diseases constitutes an unresolved challenge. Currently, exercise tests or plasmatic tests alone have shown limited performance in the screening of subjects with an increased risk of muscle oxidative metabolism impairment. Intensity-adjusted energy substrate levels of lactate (La), pyruvate (Pyr), β-hydroxybutyrate (BOH) and acetoacetate (AA) during a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) could constitute alternative valid biomarkers to select “”at-risk”” patients, requiring the gold-standard diagnosis procedure through muscle biopsy. Thus, we aimed to test: (1) the validity of the V’O2-adjusted La, Pyr, BOH and AA during a CPET for the assessment of the muscle oxidative metabolism (exercise and mitochondrial respiration parameters); and (2) the discriminative value of the V’O2-adjusted energy and redox markers, as well as five other V’O2-adjusted TCA cycle-related metabolites, between healthy subjects, subjects with muscle complaints and muscle disease patients. Two hundred and thirty subjects with muscle complaints without diagnosis, nine patients with a diagnosed muscle disease and ten healthy subjects performed a CPET with blood assessments at rest, at the estimated 1st ventilatory threshold and at the maximal intensity. Twelve subjects with muscle complaints presenting a severe alteration of their profile underwent a muscle biopsy. The V’O2-adjusted plasma levels of La, Pyr, BOH and AA, and their resp. ratios showed significant correlations with functional and muscle fiber mitochondrial respiration parameters. Differences in exercise V’O2-adjusted La/Pyr, BOH, AA and BOH/AA were observed between healthy subjects, subjects with muscle complaints without diagnosis and muscle disease patients. The energy substrate and redox blood profile of complaining subjects with severe exercise intolerance matched the blood profile of muscle disease patients. Adding five tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates did not improve the discriminative value of the intensity-adjusted energy and redox markers. The V’O2-adjusted La, Pyr, BOH, AA and their resp. ratios constitute valid muscle biomarkers that reveal similar blunted adaptations in muscle disease patients and in subjects with muscle complaints and severe exercise intolerance. A targeted metabolomic approach to improve the screening of at-risk patients is discussed.

Nutrients published new progress about Biopsy. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Application In Synthesis of 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Kurata, Yu published the artcileThe role of hypoxia in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis, Product Details of C4H6O5, the main research area is HIF1 oxygen tension hypoxia lupus nephritis; hypoxia; hypoxia-inducible factor; systemic lupus erythematosus.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is asystemic autoimmune disease of multi-factorial etiol. T cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of SLE by amplifying inflammatory responses and helping B cells to produce autoantibodies. Naive T cells are activated by recognition of an antigen signal and initiate immune responses including differentiation, expansion, and effector functions. Activated T cells shift their metabolic program toward glycolysis to generate energy and biosynthetic precursors. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), a transcription factor, plays a key role in the metabolic reprogramming of immune cells. HIF-1 regulates cellular adaptation to hypoxia and upregulates an array of target genes. In order to accommodate to hypoxic conditions, where mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is disrupted, HIF-1 upregulate genes related to glucose uptake and glycolysis. Proinflammatory CD4-T helper type17 (TH17) cells are important mediators involved in the pathogenesis of SLE. The differentiation of naive CD4-T cells into TH17 cell lineage depends on HIF-1 via the facilitation of glycolysis and direct upregulation of a key transcription factor. In patients with lupus nephritis patients, HIF-1alpha expression was shown to be upregulated in both the glomeruli and the interstitium, and glomerular HIF-1 a expression was associated with the severity of renal histopathol.

Kidney International published new progress about Anemia. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Product Details of C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Richardson, Alan E. published the artcileOrganic anions facilitate the mobilization of soil organic phosphorus and its subsequent lability to phosphatases, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is soil organic phosphorus phosphomonoesterase phosphodiesterase phytase.

Organic anions commonly released from plant roots and microorganisms are widely reported to mobilize soil phosphorus (P). We characterized soil organic P that was mobilized by organic anions and assessed its amenability to hydrolysis by phosphatase enzymes. Six soils differing in organic P concentration were extracted with citrate, malate or oxalate solutions and incubated with preparations of phosphomonoesterase, phosphodiesterase, or phytase. Organic P compounds present in these extracts were putatively identified and quantified with solution 31P-NMR spectroscopy and the enzyme-labile P fractions were assessed by changes in molybdate-reactive P (MRP) concentration Organic P mobilization varied markedly among the organic anions. Extraction with 10 mM citrate was most effective and extracted 7.8-fold more total P than the water controls across all soils. Approx. 95% of the extracted P was non-MRP. The organic anions increased both the amount of P extracted and the proportion of the total extracted P that was phosphatase-labile. Phytase was generally the most effective enzyme with up to 60% of the total non-MRP being amenable to hydrolysis by phytase across all extracts The presence of inositol hexakisphosphates in the extracts, as well as other forms of organic P including nucleic acids and phospholipids, was verified by 31P-NMR with concentrations dependent on both organic anions and soil type. The combination of organic anions and phosphatases represents a key mechanism by which plants and microorganisms can enhance the bioavailability of soil P. This has important implications for understanding P dynamics in natural and managed ecosystems and for ongoing efforts to improve the P-acquisition efficiency of agricultural plants.

Plant and Soil published new progress about Anions. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Brizuela, Natalia Soledad published the artcileWhey permeate as a substrate for the production of freeze-dried Lactiplantibacillus plantarum to be used as a malolactic starter culture, Name: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is wine whey permeate malic acid fermentation Lactiplantibacillus green chem; Freeze-drying; Lactiplantibacillus plantarum; Malolactic fermentation; Whey permeate; Wine.

The aim of this work was to obtain freeze-dried biomass of the native Patagonian Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strain UNQLp 11 from a whey permeate (WP)-based medium and compare it with the growth in com. MRS broth medium. Survival and activity of the freeze-dried Lb. plantarum strain were investigated after inoculation in wine as a starter culture for malolactic fermentation (MLF). The effect of storage and rehydration condition of the dried bacteria and the nutrient supplementation of wine were also studied. The freeze-dried cultures from WP and those grown in MRS showed similar survival results. Rehydration in MRS broth for 24 h and the addition of a rehydration medium to wine as nutrient supplementation improved the survival under wine harsh conditions and guaranteed the success of MLF. Storage at 4°C under vacuum was the best option, maintaining high cell viability for at least 56 days, with malic acid consumption higher than 90% after 7 days of inoculation in a wine-like medium. These results represent a significant advance for sustainable production of dried malolactic starter cultures in an environmentally friendly process, which is low cost and easy to apply in winemaking under harsh physicochem. conditions.

World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology published new progress about Biomass. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Name: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Oliveira de Araujo, Talita published the artcilePaspalum urvillei and Setaria parviflora, two grasses naturally adapted to extreme iron-rich environments, COA of Formula: C4H6O5, the main research area is Paspalum Setaria iron root shoot; Chloroplast; Citrate; Ferritin; Iron plaque; Malate; Oryza sativa; Paspalum urvillei; Perls-DAB method; Setaria parviflora; Setaria viridis; Vacuole; μXANES; μXRF.

Paspalum urvillei and Setaria parviflora are two plant species naturally adapted to iron-rich environments such as around iron mines wastes. The aim of our work was to characterize how these two species cope with these extreme conditions by comparing them with related model species, Oryza sativa and Setaria viridis, that appeared to be much less tolerant to Fe excess. Both Paspalum urvillei and Setaria parviflora were able to limit the amount of Fe accumulated within roots and shoots, compared to the less tolerant species. Perls/DAB staining of Fe in root cross sections indicated that Paspalum urvillei and Setaria parviflora responded through the build-up of the iron plaque (IP), suggesting a role of this structure in the limitation of Fe uptake. Synchrotron μXRF analyses showed the presence of phosphorus, calcium, silicon and sulfur on IP of Paspalum urvillei roots and μXANES analyses identified Fe oxyhydroxide (ferrihydrite) as the main Fe form. Once within roots, high concentrations of Fe were localized in the cell walls and vacuoles of Paspalum urvillei, Setaria parviflora and O. sativa whereas Setaria viridis accumulated Fe in ferritins. The Fe forms translocated to the shoots of Setaria parviflora were identified as tri-iron complexes with citrate and malate. In leaves, all species accumulated Fe in the vacuoles of bundle sheath cells and as ferritin complexes in plastids. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that Paspalum urvillei and Setaria parviflora set up mechanisms of Fe exclusion in roots and shoots to limit the toxicity induced by Fe excess.

Plant Physiology and Biochemistry (Issy-les-Moulineaux, France) published new progress about Biomass. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, COA of Formula: C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Dixit, Rakhi Bajpai published the artcileSecretomics: a biochemical footprinting tool for developing microalgal cultivation strategies, Name: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is biochem footprinting microalgal cultivation; Biochemical tool; Bioprocess monitoring; Microalgal cultivation; Operation cost; Principal component biplot.

Microalgae offer a promising source of biofuel and a wide array of high-value biomols. Large-scale cultivation of microalgae at low d. poses a significant challenge in terms of water management. High-d. microalgae cultivation, however, can be challenging due to biochem. changes associated with growth dynamics. Therefore, there is a need for a biomarker that can predict the optimum d. for high biomass cultivation. A locally isolated microalga Cyanobacterium aponinum CCC734 was grown with optimized nitrogen and phosphorus in the ratio of 12:1 for sustained high biomass productivity. To understand d.-associated bottlenecks secretome dynamics were monitored at biomass densities from 0.6 ± 0.1 to 7 ± 0.1 g/L (2 to 22 OD) in batch mode. Liquid chromatog. coupled with mass spectrometry identified 880 exometabolites in the supernatant of C. aponinum CCC734. The PCA anal. showed similarity between exometabolite profiles at low (4 and 8 OD) and mid (12 and 16 OD), whereas distinctly sep. at high biomass concentrations (20 and 22 OD). Ten exometabolites were selected based on their role in influencing growth and are specifically present at low, mid, and high biomass concentrations Taking cues from secretome dynamics, 5.0 ± 0.5 g/L biomass concentration (16 OD) was optimal for C. aponinum CCC734 cultivation. Further validation was performed with a semi-turbidostat mode of cultivation for 29 days with a volumetric productivity of 1.0 ± 0.2 g/L/day. The secretomes-based footprinting tool is the first comprehensive growth study of exometabolite at the mol. level at variable biomass densities. This tool may be utilized in analyzing and directing microalgal cultivation strategies and reduction in overall operating costs.

World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology published new progress about Biomass. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Name: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Wang, Bo published the artcileBiohybrid photoheterotrophic metabolism for significant enhancement of biological nitrogen fixation in pure microbial cultures, Quality Control of 97-67-6, the main research area is Rhodopseudomonas nitrogen fixation photoheterotrophic metabolism biocompatibility.

We induce the coating of biocompatible cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles (NPs) on the living cell surface of a versatile photoheterotrophic bacterium, Rhodopseudomonas palustris. The photo-induced electrons from the CdS NPs significantly improve the biol. nitrogen fixation in pure cultures of R. palustris, as shown by increased nitrogenase activity, addnl. H2 evolution, elevated reducing equivalent, and increased intracellular ammonia and L-amino acids. As a result, an addnl. 153% of solid biomass is accumulated by the biohybrid cells, with outstanding photosynthetic efficiency of 6.73% and a nearly unaffected malate usage efficiency of 0.06 g h-1. The number of NPs and the cross-membrane interface both play important roles in the efficient generation and transduction of electrons. The biohybrid cells continuously fix N2 when sufficient N is available, thus revealing excessive reducing power. The Calvin cycle also contributes 28.1% to the addnl. solid biomass in the presence of available CO2. The CdS-coated photoheterotrophic cells exhibit excellent practical feasibility with an industrial waste carbon source under a solar/dark cycle. This study provides a facile and expandable strategy for other studies of visible-light-driven ambient N2 fixation and advanced solar-to-chem. conversion.

Energy & Environmental Science published new progress about Biomass. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Quality Control of 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts