Category: 97-67-6

Lindsay, Ross T. published the artcileA model for determining cardiac mitochondrial substrate utilisation using stable 13C-labelled metabolites, HPLC of Formula: 97-67-6, the main research area is carbon cardiac mitochondrial substrate utilization label metabolite; Fluxomics; Heart; Isotopomer analysis; Krebs cycle; LC–MS/MS; Metabolic substrate switching; TCA cycle.

Objectives: We aimed to generate a network model for the quant. anal. of Krebs cycle intermediate isotopologue distributions measured by mass spectrometry, to determine the 13C labeled proportion of acetyl-CoA entering the Krebs cycle. Methods: A model was generated, and validated ex vivo using isotopic distributions measured from isolated hearts perfused with buffer containing 11 mM glucose in total, with varying fractions of universally labeled with 13C. The model was then employed to determine the relative oxidation of glucose and triacylglycerol by hearts perfused with 11 mM glucose and 0.4 mM equivalent Intralipid (a triacylglycerol mixture). Results: The contribution of glucose to Krebs cycle oxidation was measured to be 79.1 ± 0.9%, independent of the fraction of buffer glucose which was U-13C labeled, or of which Krebs cycle intermediate was assessed. In the presence of Intralipid, glucose and triglyceride were determined to contribute 58 ± 3.6% and 35.6 ± 0.8% of acetyl-CoA entering the Krebs cycle, resp. Conclusion: These results demonstrate the accuracy of a functional model of Krebs cycle metabolism, which can allow quant. determination of the effects of therapeutics and pathol. on cardiac substrate metabolism

Metabolomics published new progress about Heart. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, HPLC of Formula: 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Belosludtsev, Konstantin N. published the artcileItaconic acid impairs the mitochondrial function by the inhibition of complexes II and IV and induction of the permeability transition pore opening in rat liver mitochondria, Application of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is itaconic acid permeability transition liver mitochondria; Dicarboxylate carrier; Itaconic acid; MPT pore; Mitochondria; Mitochondrial respiration; Oxidative phosphorylation; ROS production; Respiration chain complexes.

Itaconic acid (methylene-succinic acid, ItA) is an unsaturated dicarboxylic acid that is secreted by mammalian macrophages in response to a pro-inflammatory stimulus and shows an anti-inflammatory/antibacterial effect. Being a mitochondrial metabolite, it exhibits an inhibitory activity on succinate dehydrogenase and subsequently induces mitochondrial dysfunction. The present study has shown that ItA dose-dependently inhibited ADP- and DNP-stimulated (uncoupled) respiration of rat liver mitochondria energized with succinate. This effect of ItA could be related to the suppression of the activity of complex II and the combined activity of complexes II + III of the respiratory chain. At the same time, ItA had no effect on the activity of the dicarboxylate carrier, which catalyzes the transport of succinate across the inner mitochondrial membrane. It was found that 4 mM ItA diminished the rates of ADP- and DNP-stimulated mitochondrial respiration supported by the substrates of complex I glutamate and malate. A study of the effect of ItA on the activity of complexes of the respiratory chain showed that it decreases the activity of complex IV. It was observed that 4 mM ItA inhibited the rate of H2O2 production by mitochondria. At the same time, ItA promoted the opening of the cyclosporin A-sensitive Ca2+-dependent permeability transition pore. The latter was revealed as the decrease in the calcium retention capacity of mitochondria and the stimulation of release of cytochrome c from the organelles. ItA by itself promoted the cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Possible mechanisms of the effect of ItA on mitochondrial function are discussed.

Biochimie published new progress about Liver. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Application of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Amaral-Silva, Lara do published the artcileRegulated hypothermia in response to endotoxin in birds, Computed Properties of 97-67-6, the main research area is endotoxin regulated hypothermia response bird; anapyrexia; birds; hypothermia; inflammation; metabolic rate; peripheral vasodilatation; tachypnea.

A switch from fever to regulated hypothermia can occur in mammals under circumstances of reduced physiol. fitness (e.g. sepsis) to direct energy to defend vital systems. Birds in which the cost to resist a pathogen is additive to the highest metabolic rate and body temperature (Tb) among vertebrates may also benefit from regulated hypothermia during systemic inflammation. Here, we show that the decrease in Tb observed during an immune challenge in birds is a regulated hypothermia, and not a result of metabolic failure. We investigated O2 consumption (thermogenesis index), ventilation (respiratory heat loss), skin temperature (sensible heat loss) and muscle mitochondrial respiration (thermogenic tissue) during Tb fall in chicken chicks challenged with endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)]. Chicks injected with LPS were also tested regarding the capacity to raise O2 consumption to meet an increased demand driven by 2,4-dinitrophenol. LPS decreased Tb and the metabolic rate of chicks without affecting muscle uncoupled, coupled and non-coupled mitochondrial respiration. LPS-challenged chicks were indeed capable of increasing metabolic rate in response to 2,4-dinitrophenol, indicating no O2 delivery limitation. Addnl., chicks did not attempt to prevent Tb from falling during hypothermia but, instead, activated cutaneous and respiratory thermolytic mechanisms, providing an addnl. cooling force. These data provide the first evidence of the regulated nature of the hypothermic response to endotoxin in birds. Therefore, it changes the current understanding of bird’s thermoregulation during severe inflammation, indicating that regulated hypothermia is either a convergent trait for endotherms or a conserved response among vertebrates, which adds a new perspective for evolutionary medicine research.

Journal of Physiology (Oxford, United Kingdom) published new progress about Aves. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Computed Properties of 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

da Cruz, Tatiana N. M. published the artcileA new glance on root-to-shoot in vivo zinc transport and time-dependent physiological effects of ZnSO4 and ZnO nanoparticles on plants, COA of Formula: C4H6O5, the main research area is Phaseolus root shoot zinc oxide nanoparticle.

Understanding nanoparticle root uptake and root-to-shoot transport might contribute to the use of nanotechnol. in plant nutrition. This study performed time resolved experiments to probe Zn uptake, biotransformation and physiol. effects on Phaseolus vulgaris (L.). Plants roots were exposed to ZnO nanoparticles (40 and 300 nm) dispersions and ZnSO4(aq) (100 and 1000 mg Zn L-1) for 48 h. Near edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy showed that 40 nm ZnO was more easily dissolved by roots than 300 nm ZnO. It also showed that in the leaves Zn was found as a mixture Zn3(PO4)2 and Zn-histidine complex. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy showed that root-to-shoot Zn-translocation presented a decreasing gradient of concentration and velocity, it seems radial Zn movement occurs simultaneously to the axial xylem transport. Below 100 mg Zn L-1, the lower stem tissue section served as a buffer preventing Zn from reaching the leaves. Conversely, it was not observed for 1000 mg Zn L-1 ZnSO4(aq). Transcriptional anal. of genes encoding metal carriers indicated higher expression levels of tonoplast-localized transporters, suggesting that the mechanism trend to accumulate Zn in the lower tissues may be associated with an enhanced of Zn compartmentalization in vacuoles. The photosynthetic rate, transpiration, and water conductance were impaired by treatments.

Scientific Reports published new progress about Bean. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, COA of Formula: C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Jing, Shan published the artcileHigher growth of the apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) fruit cortex is supported by resource intensive metabolism during early development, Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks, the main research area is Malus fruit development cortex growth metabolism; Carbon metabolism; Cell production; Fruit growth and development; Fruit load reduction; Metabolic profiling; Nitrogen metabolism; Sink activity.

Abstract: Background: The major fleshy tissues of the apple fruit are spatially separable into cortex and pith. These tissues display differential growth during development. We hypothesized that differential growth between these fruit tissues is supported by differential sink metabolic programs, particularly during early development. Growth, metabolite concentrations, and transcript abundance of metabolism-related genes were measured to determine characteristics of differential growth and their underlying metabolic programs. Results: The cortex displayed > 5-fold higher growth than the pith during early fruit development, indicating that differential growth was established during this period. Further, when resource availability was increased through sink-removal, cortex growth was preferentially enhanced. Higher cortex growth during early development was facilitated by increased catabolism of imported carbon (C) resources, sorbitol and sucrose, and the nitrogen (N) resource, asparagine. It was also associated with enhanced primary C metabolism, and C storage as malate and quinate. The pith metabolic program during this period involved limited allocation of C and N to growth, but greater allocation to storage, and enhanced sucrose-sucrose cycling. Conclusions: Together, these data indicate that the fruit cortex tissue displays a resource intensive metabolic program during early fruit development.

BMC Plant Biology published new progress about Apple. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Zhang, Guo-Fang published the artcileReductive TCA cycle metabolism fuels glutamine- and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, Product Details of C4H6O5, the main research area is TCA cycle metabolism fuel glucose insulin secretion; NADPH; anaplerosis; insulin secretion; isocitrate dehydrogenase-2; metabolic flux; pancreatic islet β cells; reductive TCA cycle; stable isotopes.

Metabolic fuels regulate insulin secretion by generating second messengers that drive insulin granule exocytosis, but the biochem. pathways involved are incompletely understood. Here we demonstrate that stimulation of rat insulinoma cells or primary rat islets with glucose or glutamine + 2-aminobicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid (Gln + BCH) induces reductive, “”counter-clockwise”” tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle flux of glutamine to citrate. Mol. or pharmacol. suppression of isocitrate dehydrogenase-2 (IDH2), which catalyzes reductive carboxylation of 2-ketoglutarate to isocitrate, results in impairment of glucose- and Gln + BCH-stimulated reductive TCA cycle flux, lowering of NADPH levels, and inhibition of insulin secretion. Pharmacol. suppression of IDH2 also inhibits insulin secretion in living mice. Reductive TCA cycle flux has been proposed as a mechanism for generation of biomass in cancer cells. Here we demonstrate that reductive TCA cycle flux also produces stimulus-secretion coupling factors that regulate insulin secretion, including in non-dividing cells.

Cell Metabolism published new progress about Blood. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Product Details of C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Liu, Bilin published the artcileComparative study on isolation and mitochondrial function of adult mouse and rat cardiomyocytes, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is cardiomyocyte mitochondria reactive oxygen species; Cardiomyocytes cultivation; Mitochondrial function; Mouse; ROS; Rat; mPTP.

The functions of mouse cardiomyocytes decline faster than rat cardiomyocytes in culture conditions. However, little is known about the difference of mitochondrial function between cultured mouse and rat myocytes. Cardiomyocytes mitochondrial functions were measured after 2 h, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, and 4 days culture by monitoring mitoflashes. Then, we focused on the third day cultured mouse and rat myocytes, comparatively analyzing the respiration function and superoxide generation stimulated by pyruvate/malate/ADP and the mPTP opening induction. Mouse myocytes showed lower respiration and mitoflash activity, but without the change of maximum uncoupled respiration when compared with rat myocytes. Although the response to superoxide production stimulated by respiration substrates was slower than rat myocytes, the basal superoxide generation is faster than the rat. The faster mitochondrial ROS generation of mouse myocytes upon laser stimulation triggered the faster mPTP opening compared with the rat. Finally, antioxidant MitoTEMPO pretreatment preserved the mitochondrial function of mouse myocytes on the third day. The mitochondrial function and stability are different between cultured mouse and rat cardiac myocytes beyond 3 days even though they both belong to Muridae. Mitochondrial ROS impairs the mitochondrial functions of mouse cardiomyocytes on the third day. Suppressing superoxide maintained the mitochondrial function of mouse myocytes on the third day.

Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology published new progress about Blood. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Araujo de Lima, Ludmila published the artcileEffects of vitamin D (VD3) supplementation on the brain mitochondrial function of male rats, in the 6-OHDA-induced model of Parkinson’s disease, HPLC of Formula: 97-67-6, the main research area is vitamin supplementation brain mitochondrial function OHDA induced Parkinson disease; 6-OHDA-model of PD; Mitochondria; Oxidative stress; VD3; Vitamin D.

Mitochondria dysfunction is an important factor involved in PD pathogenesis. We reported neuroprotective actions of vitamin D (VD3) on a PD model, and now we investigated the VD3 effects on the brain mitochondrial function. We focused on oxygen consumption, respiratory control ratio (RCR), ADP/O ratio, mitochondria swelling, H2O2 production, and SOD activity. Addnl., immunohistochem. assays for the dopamine system markers (TH and DAT) and mitochondrial markers (VDAC1 and Hsp60) were also carried out in the striata. Young adult male Wistar rats (250 g, 2.5 mo age) were anesthetized and subjected to stereotaxic surgery and injection of saline (SO group) or 6-OHDA, into the right striatum. Brain mitochondria were isolated from the groups: sham-operated (SO), 6-OHDA, 6-OHDA pretreated with VD3 for 7, days before the 6-OHDA lesion (6-OHDA+VD3, pre-) or treated with VD3 for 14 days, after the 6-OHDA lesion (6-OHDA+VD3, post-). VD3 prevented decreases in oxygen consumption, RCR, and ADP/O ratio observed after 6-OHDA injury. Noteworthy, a very low (oxygen consumption and RCR) or no improvement (ADP/O) were observed in the 6-OHDA+VD3 post- group. VD3 also prevented the increased mitochondria swelling and H2O2 production and a decrease in SOD activity, resp., in the 6-OHDA injured mitochondria. Also, VD3 supplementation protected the hemiparkinsonian brain from decreases in TH and DAT expressions and decreased the upregulation of mitochondrial markers, as VDAC 1 and Hsp60. In conclusion, VD3 showed neuroprotective actions on brain mitochondria injured by 6-OHDA and should stimulate translational studies focusing on its use as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases as PD.

Neurochemistry International published new progress about Brain. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, HPLC of Formula: 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Farhat, Elie published the artcileGoldfish response to chronic hypoxia: mitochondrial respiration, fuel preference and energy metabolism, Synthetic Route of 97-67-6, the main research area is hypoxia mitochondrial respiration energy metabolism glycolysis beta oxidation goldfish; Na+/K+-ATPase; beta-oxidation; citrate synthase; glycolysis; hypoxia tolerance; metabolic suppression; mitochondria.

Hypometabolism is a hallmark strategy of hypoxia tolerance. To identify potential mechanisms of metabolic suppression, we have used the goldfish to quantify the effects of chronically low oxygen (4 wk; 10% air saturation) on mitochondrial respiration capacity and fuel preference. The responses of key enzymes from glycolysis, β-oxidation and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and Na+/K+-ATPase were also monitored in various tissues of this champion of hypoxia tolerance. Results show that mitochondrial respiration of individual tissues depends on oxygen availability as well as metabolic fuel oxidized. All the respiration parameters measured in this study (LEAK, OXPHOS, Respiratory Control Ratio, CCCP-uncoupled, and COX) are affected by hypoxia, at least for one of the metabolic fuels. However, no common pattern of changes in respiration states is observed across tissues, except for the general downregulation of COX that may help metabolic suppression. Hypoxia causes the brain to switch from carbohydrates to lipids, with no clear fuel preference in other tissues. It also downregulates brain Na+/K+-ATPase (40%) and causes widespread tissue-specific effects on glycolysis and beta-oxidation This study shows that hypoxia-acclimated goldfish mainly promote metabolic suppression by adjusting the glycolytic supply of pyruvate, reducing brain Na+/K+-ATPase, and downregulating COX, most likely decreasing mitochondrial d.

Metabolites published new progress about Brain. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Synthetic Route of 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Gallego-Tevar, Blanca published the artcileChanges to the functional traits of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase following hybridization in C-4 halophytes, Name: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is Spartina halophyte phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase hybridization C4 pathway.

Hybridization is a relevant evolutionary mechanism linked to the invasiveness of plant species, but little is known about its effect on enzymic activities in response to stress. We analyzed the effects of salinity on key mechanistic traits of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) enzyme for two hybrid taxa derived from native Spartina maritima (Curtis) Fernald and invasive Spartina densiflora Brongn. in comparison with their parental species. Parental species showed contrasted strategies at the PEPC level to cope with salinity. Spartina maritima showed its physiol. optimum at 10 to 40 ppt salinity, with high PEPC activity (per unit leaf soluble protein), in contrast to the lower salinity optimum of 0.5 and 10 ppt for S. densiflora, where highest levels of PEPC apparent specific activity coincided with high light-induced activation of PEPC. Both hybrids showed constant PEPC apparent specific activity from fresh water to hypersalinity and exhibited higher net photosynthesis rates in fresh water than their parents. Spartina maritima × densiflora presented three transgressive PEPC-related traits, being the only taxon able to increase its PEPC activation in darkness at high salinity. Spartina densiflora × maritima showed most PEPC-related traits intermediate between its parents. Inheritance types operating differently in reciprocal hybrids determine key functional traits conditioning their ecol. performance.

Physiologia Plantarum published new progress about Growth. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Name: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts