Author: tianli

Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System Enhances Tissue Distribution of Cinnamaldehyde by Altering the Properties of the Mucus Layer was written by Liu, Liu;Cao, Wenxuan;Xia, Mengqiu;Tian, Chunling;Wu, Wenqing;Cai, Ye;Chu, Xiaoqin. And the article was included in AAPS PharmSciTech in 2022.HPLC of Formula: 57-55-6 This article mentions the following:

Oral delivery is considered the preferred route of administration due to its convenience and favorable compliance. However, this delivery often faces difficulties, such as poor solubility, limited absorption, and undesirable stability, especially for some volatile oils. The aim of this study was to develop self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) containing cinnamaldehyde (CA) to overcome these shortcomings. The CA-SEDDS were spherical and smooth with an average size of 14.96 ± 0.18 nm. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and attenuated total reflection by Fourier transform IR (ATR-FTIR) showed that CA has been successfully loaded into SEDDS. The accumulative release of CA-SEDDS (73.39%) was approx. 2.14-fold that of free CA when using simulated intestinal fluid as the release medium. A scanning electron microscope was used to observe the mucus network structure. Rheol. tests found that CA-SEDDS can appropriately enhance the viscosity of the mucus system. We found from tissue distribution studies that CA was more widely distributed in various tissues in the CA-SEDDS group compared to the free CA group. The cinnamaldehyde and cinnamon acid also accumulated more in various tissues in the CA-SEDDS group than in the free CA group, especially in the kidney. These findings hinted that SEDDS exhibited lower irritation, good release, and penetration, which demonstrated great potential for utilizing CA. Our research supports the rational implications of SEDDS in delivering similar volatile substances by improving the solubility, mucus penetration, and stability, resulting in excellent clin. efficacy. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,2-Propanediol (cas: 57-55-6HPLC of Formula: 57-55-6).

1,2-Propanediol (cas: 57-55-6) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.HPLC of Formula: 57-55-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Expeditive Syntheses of Functionalized Pentahelicenes and NC-AFM on Ag(001) was written by Goretta, Sarah;Tasciotti, Christelle;Mathieu, Simon;Smet, Mario;Maes, Wouter;Chabre, Yoann M.;Dehaen, Wim;Giasson, Richard;Raimundo, Jean-Manuel;Henry, Claude R.;Barth, Clemens;Gingras, Marc. And the article was included in Organic Letters in 2009.Recommanded Product: 29364-29-2 This article mentions the following:

One of the shortest and most efficient routes toward a series of functionalized pentahelicenes is reported. Benzylic (dibromo)methine coupling is an important entry into functional helicene chem. It allowed a mono- or a double functionalization by some metal-catalyzed Ar-C, Ar-S, Ar-CN, and Ar-I bond formations. Those functions offer new avenues for further applications. For instance, helicene (I) can be supported on a Ag(001) surface, which was characterized by high-resolution NC-AFM imaging. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Sodium 2-methyl-2-propanethiolate (cas: 29364-29-2Recommanded Product: 29364-29-2).

Sodium 2-methyl-2-propanethiolate (cas: 29364-29-2) belongs to alcohols. The oxygen atom of the strongly polarized O―H bond of an alcohol pulls electron density away from the hydrogen atom. This polarized hydrogen, which bears a partial positive charge, can form a hydrogen bond with a pair of nonbonding electrons on another oxygen atom. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Recommanded Product: 29364-29-2

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Incidence of venous thromboembolism among postmenopausal women prescribed ospemifene, selective estrogen receptor modulators for noncancer indications, or untreated vulvar and vaginal atrophy. was written by Nordstrom, Beth L;Cai, Bin;De Gregorio, Fabio;Dhalwani, Nafeesa;Fraeman, Kathy H;Yoshida, Yuki;Gibbs, Trevor. And the article was included in Menopause (New York, N.Y.) in 2020.SDS of cas: 128607-22-7 This article mentions the following:

OBJECTIVE: Ospemifene is a nonsteroidal selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) for the treatment of moderate symptomatic vulvar and vaginal atrophy (VVA) due to menopause. A postauthorization safety study is currently examining the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) among postmenopausal women receiving ospemifene or other SERM (raloxifene, bazedoxifene, or tamoxifen, for noncancer indications), or with untreated VVA. METHODS: This interim analysis used the US MarketScan Commercial and Medicare Supplemental claims database from 2013 to 2017 to identify incident VTE. The incidence rate and 95% confidence interval of VTE during the first continuous course of treatment (or continuous untreated time for the untreated cohort) were calculated for each cohort overall and by age group, with sensitivity analyses examining incidence in the short term (up to 90 days) and long term (all available follow-up, regardless of treatment changes). RESULTS: Analyses included 8,188 ospemifene users, 11,777 other SERM users, and 220,242 women with untreated VVA. The incidence per 1,000 person-years and 95% confidence interval of VTE were 3.7 (1.7-7.1) for ospemifene, 11.5 (8.9-14.6) for other SERM, and 11.3 (10.8-11.7) for untreated VVA. Stratification by age and altering the time frame for analysis produced results with similar patterns to the primary analysis. CONCLUSIONS: This interim analysis of an ongoing study suggests a favorable safety profile for ospemifene with respect to VTE. Comparative analyses with covariate adjustment will be performed when data accrual is complete. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol (cas: 128607-22-7SDS of cas: 128607-22-7).

(Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol (cas: 128607-22-7) belongs to alcohols. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.SDS of cas: 128607-22-7

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Effects of dietary arginine on growth performance, digestion, absorption ability, antioxidant capability, gene expression of intestinal protein synthesis, and inflammation-related genes of triploid juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss fed a low-fishmeal diet was written by Wang, Yaling;Wang, Chang’an;Liu, Siyuan;Zhang, Shuze;Lu, Shaoxia;Liu, Hongbai;Han, Shicheng;Jiang, Haibo;Zhang, Yin. And the article was included in Aquaculture Nutrition in 2022.Safety of Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate This article mentions the following:

In this study, the effects of arginine on growth, serum antioxidant levels, intestinal digestion physiol., intestinal protein synthesis, and expression of inflammatory-related genes of triploid juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were investigated. Five diets containing 0.86%, 1.65%, 2.10%, 2.85%, and 3.50% arginine were fed to satiation to triplicate groups of 30 fish per tank for 8 wk. The results showed that the weight gain rate, specific growth rate, and protein efficiency ratio significantly increased. The optimal dietary arginine requirement was 2.48% (5.97% of dietary protein) based on quadratic regression anal. between specific growth rate and dietary arginine content. There were no significant differences in crude lipid and ash content. Moisture significantly decreased, and crude protein content significantly increased (P < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and lysozyme levels in serum and the liver first significantly increased and then decreased with the level of arginine compared to the control group (P < 0.05), while the malondialdehyde level significantly decreased. Intestinal lipase and amylase levels significantly increased, but there was no significant difference in trypsin level (P > 0.05). The muscular layer thickness and villus width foregut in the 2.85% group were significantly increased. TOR at 2.86% and IGF-1 and S6K1 at 2.11% reached the maximum level, and IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 showed a decreasing trend with their lowest levels in the 3.50% and 2.85% groups. The expression of TNF-a first decreased and then increased with the arginine level. Both TGF-β and IL-10 expression first decreased and then increased with the level of arginine and reached the maximum value in the 2.85% group. NF-κB showed an opposite trend and reached the lowest value in the 3.50% group. In conclusion, dietary arginine has a significant effect on growth, serum antioxidant capability, digestion physiol., immunity, digestion, and absorption of nutrients in triploid O. mykiss, and the optimum requirement is 2.48% fed a low-fishmeal diet. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6Safety of Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate).

Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Safety of Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Ultrafast and Stable CO₂ Capture Using Alkali Metal Salt-Promoted MgO-CaCO₃ Sorbents was written by Cui, Hongjie;Zhang, Qiming;Hu, Yuanwu;Peng, Chong;Fang, Xiangchen;Cheng, Zhenmin;Galvita, Vladimir V.;Zhou, Zhiming. And the article was included in ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces in 2018.Electric Literature of C6H20CaO11 This article mentions the following:

As a potential candidate for precombustion CO₂ capture at intermediate temperatures (200-400 °C), MgO-based sorbents usually suffer from low kinetics and poor cyclic stability. Herein, a general and facile approach is proposed for the fabrication of high-performance MgO-based sorbents via incorporation of CaCO₃ into MgO followed by deposition of a mixed alkali metal salt (AMS). The AMS-promoted MgO-CaCO₃ sorbents are capable of adsorbing CO₂ at an ultrafast rate, high capacity, and good stability. The CO₂ uptake of sorbent can reach as high as above 0.5 g_CO2 g_sorbent^-1 after only 5 min of sorption at 350 °C, accounting for vast majority of the total uptake. In addition, the sorbents are very stable even under severe but more realistic conditions (desorption in CO₂ at 500 °C), where the CO₂ uptake of the best sorbent is stabilized at 0.58 g_CO2 g_sorbent^-1 in 20 consecutive cycles. The excellent CO₂ capture performance of the sorbent is mainly due to the promoting effect of molten AMS, the rapid formation of CaMg(CO₃)₂, and the plate-like structure of sorbent. The exceptional ultrafast rate and the good stability of the AMS-promoted MgO-CaCO₃ sorbents promise high potential for practical applications, such as precombustion CO₂ capture from integrated gasification combined cycle plants and sorption-enhanced water gas shift process. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium 2-hydroxypropanoate pentahydrate (cas: 5743-47-5Electric Literature of C6H20CaO11).

Calcium 2-hydroxypropanoate pentahydrate (cas: 5743-47-5) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.Electric Literature of C6H20CaO11

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Synergistic effect of dietary inactivated Lactobacillus plantarum and berberine supplementation on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and immune function of juvenile black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) was written by Sagada, Gladstone;Wang, Lei;Xu, Bingying;Tegomo, Fabrice Arnaud;Chen, Kai;Zheng, Lu;Sun, Yuxiao;Liu, Yuechong;Yang, Yifei;Ullah, Sami;Shao, Qingjun. And the article was included in Aquaculture Nutrition in 2022.Formula: C18H32CaN2O10 This article mentions the following:

The interactive effect of dietary inactivated Lactobacillus plantarum and berberine on black sea bream, Acanthopagrus schlegelii, was investigated with three diets designated as D1 (Con: basal diet), D2 (LP: basal diet + 400 mg/kg L. plantarum), and D3 (LPBB: basal diet + 400 mg/kg L. plantarum + 50 mg/kg berberine) and fed to juvenile black sea bream (5.67 ± 0.05 g) for 56 days. The growth performance and feed utilization parameters, as well as intestinal trypsin activity, were significantly improved in the LP and LPBB groups (P < 0.05). Fish fed the LPBB diet showed better serum and hepatic antioxidant capacity, while the LP group had better hepatic antioxidant capacity, than the control fish (P < 0.05). Intestinal IgM and C3 levels significantly increased in the LPBB fish than the rest of the groups (P < 0.05). NF-κB was significantly upregulated in the LP group (P < 0.05). Nrf2 and IL-10 were significantly upregulated, while Keap1b and NF-κB were significantly downregulated in the LPBB group (P < 0.05). These findings show that a combination of inactivated L. plantarum and berberine in the diet of black sea bream can improve the immune response and antioxidant capacity than a diet with only the inactivated probiotic, while both diets can equally improve growth performance. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6Formula: C18H32CaN2O10).

Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.Formula: C18H32CaN2O10

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Catalytic Amination of β-(Hetero)arylethyl Ethers by Phosphazene Base t-Bu-P4 was written by Shigeno, Masanori;Nakamura, Ryutaro;Hayashi, Kazutoshi;Nozawa-Kumada, Kanako;Kondo, Yoshinori. And the article was included in Organic Letters in 2019.Recommanded Product: 2968-93-6 This article mentions the following:

The catalytic amination of β-(hetero)arylethyl ethers with amines using the organic superbase t-Bu-P4 to obtain β-(hetero)arylethylamines, is described. The reaction has a broad substrate scope and allows the transformations of electron-deficient and electron-neutral β-(hetero)arylethyl ethers with various amines including pyrrole, N-alkylaniline, diphenylamine, aniline, indole, and indoline derivatives Mechanistic studies indicate a two-reaction pathway of MeOH elimination from the substrate to form a (hetero)arylalkene followed by the hydroamination of the alkene. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(4-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethanol (cas: 2968-93-6Recommanded Product: 2968-93-6).

2-(4-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethanol (cas: 2968-93-6) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Recommanded Product: 2968-93-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Tartramide Ligands for Copper-Catalyzed N-Arylation at Room Temperature was written by Ma, Xuerui;Davies, Robert P.. And the article was included in Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis in 2022.Name: 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) This article mentions the following:

Readily accessible tartramide ligands R¹NHC(O)CH(OH)CH(OH) C(O)NHR (R = Ph, Bn, cyclohexyl, etc.)have been demonstrated to promote copper-catalyzed N-arylation under mild conditions. In addition, the coupling protocol employs cheap and readily available pre-catalyst, ligand, and base (NaOH), and overcomes many current limitations often associated with Ullmann coupling: it can be run with low catalyst loadings, does not require the use of excess amine, operates at room temperature, is fully homogeneous, and displays improved tolerance to air and moisture. Detailed kinetic studies using reaction progress kinetic anal. (RPKA) methods have provided insight into the factors influencing the reaction rate in terms of impact of ligand structure, reactant/catalyst dependence and catalyst (in)stability. These kinetic insights have been used in a quality-by-design approach for further optimization of the reaction protocol. The reaction scope was extended to 22 examples, showing broad applicability for a wide range of substituted aryl iodides ArI (Ar = 3,5-dimethylphenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 3-cyanophenyl, etc.) with both primary and secondary amines R¹NHR² (R¹ = H); R² = -(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂-, -(CH₂)₂N(CH₃)(CH₂)₂-, -(CH₂)₅-, etc. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) (cas: 111-46-6Name: 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol)).

2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) (cas: 111-46-6) belongs to alcohols. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.Name: 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol)

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Effect of tea polyphenols on flavour, healthcare components, physicochemical properties, and mechanisms of collagen synthesis in growing grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) muscle was written by Ma, Yao-Bin;Zhang, Jin-Xiu;Zhou, Xiao-Qiu;Jiang, Wei-Dan;Wu, Pei;Liu, Yang;Kuang, Sheng-Yao;Tang, Ling;Feng, Lin. And the article was included in Aquaculture in 2021.HPLC of Formula: 137-08-6 This article mentions the following:

This study aimed to investigate whether dietary TP in growing grass carp could provide high quality fish flesh. 540 fish (187.49 ± 0.66 g) were fed six diets with different concentrations of TP (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 mg / kg) for 60 days to determine the effects of TP on flesh quality. The results demonstrated that appropriate dietary TP supplementation benefits growing grass carp in the following respects: (1) promoting performance of growth and nutritional value of fish, (2) enhancing flavor of flesh by increasing the levels of umami-taste free amino acids (glutamic acid and aspartic acid) (3) increasing healthcare components of flesh particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA 22:6n-3), (4) improving physicochem. properties (firmness,pH, water-holding capacity) of flesh. The present research explores, for the first time, the effects of TP on enhancing the collagen content, which is partly correlated with the upregulation of type I collagen synthesis genes Col1α1 and Col1α2, mediated through transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) by Smad pathway in fish muscle. Based on growth performance (percentage weight gain) and fish flesh quality indexes (EPA, DHA, shear force, and pH), the appropriate dietary supplementation of TP in growing grass carp were assessed to be 103.01, 116.30, 106.60, 141.15 and 113.49 mg/kg, using quadratic regression anal. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6HPLC of Formula: 137-08-6).

Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6) belongs to alcohols. The oxygen atom of the strongly polarized O―H bond of an alcohol pulls electron density away from the hydrogen atom. This polarized hydrogen, which bears a partial positive charge, can form a hydrogen bond with a pair of nonbonding electrons on another oxygen atom. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.HPLC of Formula: 137-08-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Ospemifene for the treatment of vulvar and vaginal atrophy: A meta-analysis of randomized trials. Part II: Evaluation of tolerability and safety was written by Di Donato, Violante;Schiavi, Michele Carlo;Iacobelli, Valentina;D’oria, Ottavia;Kontopantelis, Evangelos;Simoncini, Tommaso;Muzii, Ludovico;Benedetti Panici, Pierluigi. And the article was included in Maturitas in 2019.Synthetic Route of C24H23ClO2 This article mentions the following:

Objective: To evaluate the tolerability and safety of ospemifene in treating dyspareunia associated with postmenopausal vulvo- vaginal atrophy (VVA). Methods: The literature was searched through to 31 July 2018 to identify randomized controlled trials comparing ospemifene 60 mg against placebo for the treatment of VVA. Two groups of outcomes were selected: 1. side-effects, including hot flushes, urinary tract infection (UTI), headache, deep venous thrombosis (DVT), coronary heart disease (CHD), cardiovascular event (CVE), discontinuation due to side-effects, serious adverse event (SAE); 2. Safety, in relation to endometrial thickness, vaginal bleeding, breast tenderness, breast and endometrial cancer. A random-effects model was used in the meta-anal. Study quality and bias risk were assessed with the Cochrane tool. Results: In the group of patients treated with ospemifene, there was a slightly higher rate of hot flushes (OR:2.36, 95% CI 1.26-4.42; p = 0.007) and UTI (OR:1.97, 95% CI 1.23-3.14, p = 0.005) at 12 wk of treatment, but no differences were noted after 52 wk. The incidence of headaches, DVT, CHD, CVE, discontinuation of treatment, and SAEs was not significantly different between groups. Ospemifene treatment was statistically associated with a greater endometrial thickness in women with an intact uterus both at 12 wk SMD: 0.40, (95% CI 0.17 to 0.63, p < 0.0005) and at 52 wk (SMD: 0.62, 95% CI 0.23-1.01, p = 0.002); however, this increase was not clin. relevant. The incidence of vaginal bleeding, endometrial cancer, breast tenderness, breast and endometrial cancer was not significantly different between groups. Conclusions: This meta-anal. suggests that ospemifene treatment is well tolerated and presents a good safety profile. Long-term safety studies with larger samples, which include patients at high risk, are warranted. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol (cas: 128607-22-7Synthetic Route of C24H23ClO2).

(Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol (cas: 128607-22-7) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.Synthetic Route of C24H23ClO2

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts