Substituted (2SR)-2-((1SR,2SR)-2-carboxycycloprop-1-yl)glycines as Potent and Selective Antagonists of Group II Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors. 2. Effects of Aromatic Substitution; Pharmacological Characterization, and Bioavailability was written by Ornstein, Paul L.;Bleisch, Thomas J.;Arnold, M. Brian;Wright, Rebecca A.;Johnson, Bryan G.;Tizzano, Joseph P.;Helton, David R.;Kallman, Mary Jeanne;Schoepp, Darryle D.;Herin, Marc. And the article was included in Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in 1998.Reference of 94022-96-5 This article mentions the following:
In this paper the authors describe the synthesis of a series of α-substituted analogs of the potent and selective group II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonist (1S,1’S,2’S)-carboxycyclopropylglycine (I). Incorporation of a substituent on the amino acid carbon converted the agonist I into an antagonist. All of the compounds were prepared and tested as a series of four isomers, i.e., two racemic diastereomers. On the basis of the improvement in affinity realized for the α-phenylethyl analog II (R = CH2Ph), in this paper the authors explored the effects of substitution on the aromatic ring as a strategy to increase the affinity of these compounds for group II mGluRs. Affinity for group II mGluRs was measured using [3H]glutamic acid (Glu) binding in rat forebrain membranes. Antagonist activity was confirmed for these compounds by measuring their ability to antagonize (1S,3R)-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid-induced inhibition of forskolin stimulated cyclic-AMP in RGT cells transfected with human mGluR2 and mGluR3. Meta substitution on the aromatic ring of II (R = CH2Ph) with a variety of substituents, both electron donating (R = 3-R1C6H4CH2; R1 = 3-Me, 3-OH, 3-NH2, 3-OMe, 3-Ph, 3-PhO) and electron withdrawing (R1 = 3-F, 3-Cl, 3-Br, 3-CO2H, 3-CF3) gave from 1.5- to 4.5-fold increases in affinity. Substitution with p-F (II; R = 4-FC6H4CH2) (IC50 = 0.022 ± 0.002), was the exception. Here, a greater increase in affinity was realized than for either the ortho- or meta-substituted analogs; II (R = 4-FC6H4CH2) was the most potent compound resulting from monosubstitution of the aromatic At best, only modest increases in affinity were realized for certain compounds bearing either two chlorines or two fluorines, and two methoxy groups gave no improvement in affinity (all examined in a variety of substitution patterns). Three amino acids II (R1 = CHPh2, 9-xanthyl, 3-MeC6H4CH2) were resolved into their four constituent isomers, and affinity and functional activity for group II mGluRs was found to reside solely in the S,S,S-isomers of each, consistent with I. With an IC50 = 2.9 ± 0.6 nM, the resolved xanthylmethyl compound (S,S,S)-III (LY341495) was the most potent compound from this SAR. (S,S,S)-III demonstrated high plasma levels following i.p. (i.p.) administration and readily penetrated into the brain. This compound, however, had only limited (∼5%) oral bioavailability. Systemic administration of (S,S,S)-III protected mice from limbic seizures produced by the mGluR agonist 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine, with an ED50 = 31 mg/kg (i.p., 60 min preinjection). Thus, (S,S,S)-III represents a valuable tool to study the role of group II mGluRs in disease. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(Trifluoromethyl)phenethyl alcohol (cas: 94022-96-5Reference of 94022-96-5).
2-(Trifluoromethyl)phenethyl alcohol (cas: 94022-96-5) belongs to alcohols. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. Alcohols may be oxidized to give ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. These functional groups are useful for further reactions. Oxidation of organic compounds generally increases the number of bonds from carbon to oxygen (or another electronegative element, such as a halogen), and it may decrease the number of bonds to hydrogen.Reference of 94022-96-5
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