Month: February 2023

Purification, characterisation and antioxidant properties of a novel polysaccharide from Physalis pubescens L. fruits was written by Gao, Pinyi;Zhang, Xingyue;Wang, Ziwei;Liu, Changfeng;Xu, Shuangshuang;Bian, Jun;Yue, Dandan;Li, Danqi;Zhang, Lixin;Liu, Xuegui. And the article was included in International Journal of Food Science and Technology in 2022.COA of Formula: C4H10O4 This article mentions the following:

Considering the medicinal and edible properties of Physalis pubescens L. fruit, the plant has a long history of cultivation in China. In the current study, a novel polysaccharide (PPL-1) was successfully obtained from P. pubescens fruits using multi-column techniques. The chem. characterization of the polysaccharide was achieved by acid hydrolysis, determination of weight average mol. mass, thermogravimetric and Smith degradation analyses, in addition to UV, Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. According to the structural analyses, PPL-1 consisted of rhamnose, arabinose, fructose, mannose and glucose with a relative molar ratio of 0.39:0.12:0.02:0.03:0.44. The average mol. weight of PPL-1 was 7.3 kDa and it was mainly composed of (1 → 3) and (1 → 6) linkages. PPL-1 exhibited not only scavenging effects on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) free radicals but also hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells effectively by decreasing malondialdehyde content and increasing total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity levels. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (2R,3S)-rel-Butane-1,2,3,4-tetraol (cas: 149-32-6COA of Formula: C4H10O4).

(2R,3S)-rel-Butane-1,2,3,4-tetraol (cas: 149-32-6) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.COA of Formula: C4H10O4

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

3-Acyl-4-hydroxycoumarins containing substituents in the benzene nucleus. IV. Syntheses of 3-acyl-5-methyl-4,7-dihydroxycoumarins and their antibacterial properties was written by Iguchi, Sadao;Utsugi, Nobuyuki. And the article was included in Yakugaku Zasshi in 1953.Product Details of 1634-34-0 This article mentions the following:

Orcinol (4 g.) and 3.7 g. CH₂(CN)CO₂Et in 30 ml. Et₂O treated with 2 g. ZnCl₂ and dry HCl gas passed in 2 hrs. gives 2.5 g. 7-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-oxo-4-imino-2,3-dihydro-4H-1-benzopyran (I), m. above 300° (decomposition); 2 g. I in 30 volumes dilute HCl (1:2) heated on a water bath, cooled, and the product filtered, washed with water, and recrystallized from hot water gives 1 g. 5-methyl-4,7-dihydroxycoumarin (II), needles, m. 266-7°. Reaction of 0.6 g. II and 0.26 g. AcCl in 8 ml. C₅H₅N and recrystallization of the product from alc. gives 0.4 g. 3-acetyl-5-methyl-4-hydroxy-7-acetoxycoumarin (III), needles, m. 149-50°, while the above reaction for 3 hrs. at 100-10° gives 0.1 g. III, and the mother liquor from III with 50% alc. yields 0.25 g. 3-acetyl-5-methyl-4,7-dihydroxycoumarin (IV), m. 242-3°. Heating III 30 min. on a water bath with 50 volumes 5% alc. KOH gives IV. Similarly, mild reaction of a 1:1 molar mixture of II and n-C₉H₁₉COCl and recrystallizing of the product from 7% alc. gives 7-decanoyl-5-methyl-4,7-dihydroxycoumarin (V), m. 153.5-4.5°; 3,7-didecanoyl-5-methyl-4,7-dihydroxycoumarin (VI), needles, m. 96-7°; 3-decanoyl-5-methyl-4,7-dihydroxycoumarin (VII), needles, m. 178-9°. Condensation of orcinol and AcCH₂CO₂Et (VIII) in the presence of concentrated H₂SO₄ gives 5-hydroxy-4,7-dimethylcoumarin, m. 252-3° similarly, resorcinol and VIII give 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin, m. 184-5°. II (1 g.) in 10 ml. 10% KOH heated 1 hr. at 110-20°, cooled, acidified with HCl, and let stand give 0.35g.4,2,6-Me(HO)₂C₆H₂Ac, leaves, m.157-8°. IV was effective in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus at the dilution of 1:40000, being 10 times as potent as 3-acetyl-4,7-dihydroxy- and 3-acetyl-4-hydroxycoumarin used as the control. 3-Decanoyl derivatives could not be examined because of their difficult solubility None of these compounds showed any apparent effect on Escherichia coli. Ultraviolet absorption spectra of these compounds are given. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2′,6′-Dihydroxy-4′-methylacetophenone (cas: 1634-34-0Product Details of 1634-34-0).

2′,6′-Dihydroxy-4′-methylacetophenone (cas: 1634-34-0) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Product Details of 1634-34-0

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Natural-Product-Directed Catalytic Stereoselective Synthesis of Functionalized Fused Borane Cluster-Oxazoles for the Discovery of Bactericidal Agents was written by Varkhedkar, Rajesh;Yang, Fan;Dontha, Rakesh;Zhang, Jianglin;Liu, Jiyong;Spingler, Bernhard;van der Veen, Stijn;Duttwyler, Simon. And the article was included in ACS Central Science in 2022.Formula: C10H20O This article mentions the following:

The identification of an alternative chem. space to address the global challenge posed by emerging antimicrobial resistance is very much needed for the discovery of novel antimicrobial lead compounds B clusters are currently being explored in drug discovery due to their unique steric and electronic properties. However, the challenges associated with the synthesis and derivatization techniques of these compounds have limited their utility in the rapid construction of a library of mols. for screening against various biol. targets as an alternative mol. platform. Herein, the authors report a transition-metal-catalyzed regioselective direct B-H alkylation-annulation of the closo-dodecaborate anion with natural products such as menthol and camphor as the directing groups. This method allowed the rapid construction of a library of 1,2,3-trisubstituted clusters, which were evaluated in terms of their antibacterial activity against WHO priority pathogens. Several of the synthesized dodecaborate derivatives displayed medium- to high-level bactericidal activity against Gram-pos. and Gram-neg. bacteria. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol (cas: 2216-51-5Formula: C10H20O).

(1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol (cas: 2216-51-5) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.Formula: C10H20O

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Thermal decomposition of propylene oxide with different activation energy and Reynolds number in a multicomponent tubular reactor containing a cooling jacket was written by Memon, Abid A.;Memon, M. Asif;Bhatti, Kaleemullah;khan, Ilyas;Alshammari, Nawa;Al-Johani, Amnah S.;Hamadneh, Nawaf N.;Andualem, Mulugeta. And the article was included in Scientific Reports in 2022.Reference of 57-55-6 This article mentions the following:

In this article, we are focusing on heat and mass transfer through a Multicomponent tubular reactor containing a cooling jacket by thermal decomposition of propylene oxide in water. The chem. reaction is an irreversible, 1st order reaction and an exothermic reaction that yields propylene glycol with enthalpy = -84,666 J/mol. The constant rate of the reaction is followed by the Arrhenius equation in which the activation energy is taken on a trial basis in the range from 75,000 to 80,000 J/mol with a fixed frequency factor. For the fluid to flow, the Reynolds number is kept in the range from 100 to 1000. The three partial differential equations of mass, momentum, and energy are coupled to study heat and mass transfer in a tubular reactor by using the chem. interface in COMSOL Multiphysics 5.4. The initial concentration of propylene oxide is tested in the range from 2 to 3% and the thermal conductivity of the mixture is tested in the range 0.599-0.799. It was found that the amount deactivated of the compound decreases with an increase in Reynolds number Propylene oxide is decomposed at about 99.8% at Re = 100 at lower activation energy and gives the total maximum enthalpy change in the tubular reactor. Observing the relationship between Sherwood numbers to Nusselt numbers, it was deducted that the convective heat transfer is opposite to convective mass transfer for high Reynolds numbers In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,2-Propanediol (cas: 57-55-6Reference of 57-55-6).

1,2-Propanediol (cas: 57-55-6) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.Reference of 57-55-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Discovery and SAR Studies of Orally Active Somatostatin Receptor Subtype-2 (SSTR2) Agonists for the Treatment of Acromegaly was written by Ishida, Akiharu;Tajima, Yohei;Okabe, Yasuyuki;Matsushita, Takeshi;Sekiguchi, Tetsuya;Imaide, Satomi;Nomura, Yoshinori;Tanaka, Motoyuki;Nojima, Shoji;Yoshida, Atsushi;Iyoda, Yoko;Aoki, Shohei;Nishio, Takuya;Komagata, Tatsuya;Iwaki, Masanori;Shono, Tomoyuki;Naganawa, Atsushi;Imagawa, Akira. And the article was included in ACS Chemical Neuroscience in 2020.Safety of tert-Butyl (4-hydroxycyclohexyl)carbamate This article mentions the following:

Acromegaly is a disease caused by the oversecretion of growth hormone. It is currently treated by i.v. injection with cyclic peptide drugs that activate somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (SSTR2). Here, novel nonpeptidic, small-mol., and orally active SSTR2 agonists were identified from a hit compound (13). Pharmacophore studies enabled scaffold hopping to obtain a unique 3,4,5-trisubstituted pyridine motif. Further optimization conferred potent SSTR2 agonistic activity and metabolic stability. Several compounds were evaluated and these showed good oral pharmacokinetic profiles in rats, and one representative compound (25)(I) showed highly potent inhibition of growth hormone secretion induced by growth hormone-releasing hormone in rats. Based on these results, 25 was identified as a promising lead for further optimization. A structure-activity relationship (SAR) study and the metabolic stability data for this compound are also described. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, tert-Butyl (4-hydroxycyclohexyl)carbamate (cas: 224309-64-2Safety of tert-Butyl (4-hydroxycyclohexyl)carbamate).

tert-Butyl (4-hydroxycyclohexyl)carbamate (cas: 224309-64-2) belongs to alcohols. The oxygen atom of the strongly polarized O―H bond of an alcohol pulls electron density away from the hydrogen atom. This polarized hydrogen, which bears a partial positive charge, can form a hydrogen bond with a pair of nonbonding electrons on another oxygen atom. Alcohols may be oxidized to give ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. These functional groups are useful for further reactions. Oxidation of organic compounds generally increases the number of bonds from carbon to oxygen (or another electronegative element, such as a halogen), and it may decrease the number of bonds to hydrogen.Safety of tert-Butyl (4-hydroxycyclohexyl)carbamate

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Direct and indirect eluates from bulk fill resin-based-composites was written by Durner, Juergen;Schrickel, Klaus;Watts, David C.;Becker, Marc;Draenert, Miriam E.. And the article was included in Dental Materials in 2022.SDS of cas: 109-17-1 This article mentions the following:

To compare elutable substances directly released from bulk-fill (BF) resin-based composites (RBCs) with indirect elution from teeth restored with a BF composite. In addition to (co)monomers, the anal. focus was on other potentially toxic ingredients or impurities. Furthermore, the barrier function of the residual dentin/adhesive layer was studied.Six BF-RBC materials were studied. For each material subgroup, ten human third molar teeth with standard Class-I occlusal cavities were prepared and provided with a three-step adhesive system and the resp. composite restoration (tooth groups). Same sized control specimens of the restorative material were prepared (′direct BF-RBC′ groups). Each specimen was placed in an elution chamber such that the elution media (ethanol/water, 3:1) only contacted the tooth root or 3/4 height of each specimen. They were incubated at 37 °C for up to 7 d. Samples of eluate were taken after 1, 2, 4 and 7 d and were analyzed by high-temperature gas chromatog./mass spectrometry.(Co)monomers such as Bisphenol A ethoxylate dimethacrylate (bisEMA) or tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEEGDMA) were mostly found in the eluates of the ′direct BF-RBC′ groups in statistically significantly greater amounts than in the eluates of the ′tooth groups′. The residual dentin and/or adhesive layers acted as a diffusion barrier for most of the substances except for triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) or diethylene glycol dimethacrylate (DEGDMA). For TEGDMA up to 3 orders of magnitude more were found in the ′tooth groups′ compared to the ′direct BF-RBC′ groups, evidently released by the adhesive system.Substances of Very High Concern (SVHC) including TINUVIN 328 and BPA were found mainly in the eluates of ′direct BF-RBC′ groups.For estimation of biocompatibility, a total system, specifically BF-RBC + adhesive, should always be investigated since individual considerations, such as only elution from a BF-RBC, do not correctly reflect the total clin. situation. The focus of elution tests should not only be on the co(monomers), but also on other ingredients or impurities that may be released. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, ((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate) (cas: 109-17-1SDS of cas: 109-17-1).

((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate) (cas: 109-17-1) belongs to alcohols. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.SDS of cas: 109-17-1

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Potential of supercritical fluid myrtle extracts as an active ingredient and co-preservative for cosmetic and topical pharmaceutical applications was written by Pereira, Paula;Mauricio, Elisabete Muchagato;Duarte, Maria Paula;Lima, Katelene;Fernandes, Ana S.;Bernardo-Gil, Gabriela;Cebola, Maria-Joao. And the article was included in Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy in 2022.Related Products of 57-55-6 This article mentions the following:

This study investigated the applications of a myrtle extract obtained by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), a technique considered environmentally friendly, as a possible antimicrobial ingredient in cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations. The supercritical fluid extract was obtained at 230 bar and 45 °C, for 2 h, with a flow of CO₂ of 0.3 kg h^-1. A cosolvent (ethanol) was also used, with a flow 0.09 kg h^-1. The extracts thus obtained were tested against seven Gram-pos. bacteria and one yeast using the well diffusion and the broth dilution techniques. The results showed that the myrtle extract exhibits good antibacterial activity against all the bacteria strains studied and is superior to most of those obtained by conventional extraction methods. Antifungal activity was also present but at a lesser extent. Cell viability studies were carried out by exposing HaCat cells to a range of extract concentrations, from 0.1 μg/mL up to 60 μg/mL for 24 h, using the MTT assay. The Salmonella mutagenicity assay was applied to evaluate the mutagenicity and antimutagenicity of the extract The results obtained suggest that the myrtle extract obtained using a green solvent, supercritical CO₂, is safe and could reduce the genotoxic damage induced by reactive oxygen species (ROSs). In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,2-Propanediol (cas: 57-55-6Related Products of 57-55-6).

1,2-Propanediol (cas: 57-55-6) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Related Products of 57-55-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

An outstanding catalyst for asymmetric transfer hydrogenation in aqueous solution and formic acid/triethylamine was written by Matharu, Daljit S.;Morris, David J.;Clarkson, Guy J.;Wills, Martin. And the article was included in Chemical Communications (Cambridge, United Kingdom) in 2006.Formula: C8H9ClO This article mentions the following:

A Rh/tetramethylcyclopentadienyl complex containing a tethered functionality has been demonstrated to give excellent results in the asym. transfer hydrogenation of ketones in both aqueous and formic acid/triethylamine media. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (R)-1-(3-Chlorophenyl)ethanol (cas: 120121-01-9Formula: C8H9ClO).

(R)-1-(3-Chlorophenyl)ethanol (cas: 120121-01-9) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.Formula: C8H9ClO

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Preparation and characterization of discrete mass polyether-based polyurethane oligomers was written by Tomlinson, Ian D.;May, Jody C.;Harris, Rachel A.;Buck, Kevin M.;Rosenthal, Sandra J.;McLean, John A.;Hercules, David M.. And the article was included in Polymer in 2022.Application In Synthesis of 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) This article mentions the following:

Polyurethanes are specialized polymeric materials with a diverse range of applications including foams, insulators, sealants, adhesives and elastomers. Anal. of these materials utilizing mass spectrometry is hampered by the polydispersity and the range of isomeric products produced during the polymerization process. To aid with the mass spectral studies of these materials we have developed methodologies to synthesize discreet polyether-based polyurethane oligomers that may be studied by mass spectrometry and used as standards in the anal. of more complex polymer products. We have synthesized oligomers consisting of polyethylene glycol and poly(tetrahydrofuran) adducts of methylene di-Ph diisocyanate (MDI) and characterized these by NMR and mass spectrometry. These oligomers represent both sym. and asym. polyurethane derivatives In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) (cas: 111-46-6Application In Synthesis of 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol)).

2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) (cas: 111-46-6) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.Application In Synthesis of 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol)

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Water-Triggered Metal-Free Synthesis of Pyranopyrazoles via One-Pot Oxidation/Michael Addition/Cyclization/Dehydration Sequence. was written by Dandia, Anshu;Bansal, Sarika;Sharma, Ruchi;Parewa, Vijay. And the article was included in ChemistrySelect in 2018.HPLC of Formula: 1777-82-8 This article mentions the following:

An ”all water” strategy for the catalyst free chemo-selective synthesis of pyranopyrazoles via the reaction of 3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-one with benzyl alcs. was developed. Water actuated the reaction via ‘electrophile-nucleophile dual activation’ of the reactants through the concerted hydrogen bonding network and impel the reactants for C-C bond formation. Reaction proceeded by metal and catalyst free oxidation-Michael addition-cyclization-dehydration sequence. This method gave pyrano[[2, 3-c:6,5-c’]dipyrazol]-2-ones selectivity over other possible products. Furthermore, this method was also applied on the reaction of the benzyl alcs. and dimedone to give arylmethylene[bis(5,5-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexene-1-ones)] in good to excellent yields. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (2,4-Dichlorophenyl)methanol (cas: 1777-82-8HPLC of Formula: 1777-82-8).

(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)methanol (cas: 1777-82-8) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.HPLC of Formula: 1777-82-8

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts