Month: January 2023

Resveratrol: Mechanistic and therapeutic perspectives in pulmonary arterial hypertension was written by Mirhadi, Elaheh;Roufogalis, Basil D.;Banach, Maciej;Barati, Mehdi;Sahebkar, Amirhossein. And the article was included in Pharmacological Research in 2021.Application In Synthesis of (E)-4-(3,5-Dihydroxystyryl)benzene-1,2-diol This article mentions the following:

Resveratrol, trans 3,5,4-trihydroxystilbene, is a stilbenoid polyphenol with a wide range of properties including antioxidant, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. It is found in the skins of grape (50-100μg/mL), red wine, peanuts, bilberries, blueberries and cranberries. The most important effects of resveratrol have been found in cardiovascular disease, with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) being a major severe and progressive component. Many factors are involved in the pathogenesis of PAH, including enzymes, transcription factors, proteins, chemokines, cytokines, hypoxia, oxidative stress and others. Resveratrol treats PAH through its actions on various signaling pathways. These signaling pathways are mainly suppressed SphK1-mediated NF-κB activation, BMP/SMAD signaling pathway, miR-638 and NR4A3/cyclin D1 pathway, SIRT1 pathway, Nrf-2, HIF-1 α expression, MAPK/ERK1 and PI3K/AKT pathways, and RhoA-ROCK signaling pathway. Resveratrol efficiently inhibits the proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells and right ventricular remodeling, which are underlying processes leading to enhanced PAH. While supportive evidence from randomized controlled trials is yet to be available, current in vitro and in vivo studies seem to be convincing and suggest a therapeutic promise for the use of resveratrol in PAH. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (E)-4-(3,5-Dihydroxystyryl)benzene-1,2-diol (cas: 10083-24-6Application In Synthesis of (E)-4-(3,5-Dihydroxystyryl)benzene-1,2-diol).

(E)-4-(3,5-Dihydroxystyryl)benzene-1,2-diol (cas: 10083-24-6) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.Application In Synthesis of (E)-4-(3,5-Dihydroxystyryl)benzene-1,2-diol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Invited review: Crystals in cheese: More than a curiosity was written by Kindstedt, Paul S.;Polowsky, Patrick J.. And the article was included in Journal of Dairy Science in 2021.Computed Properties of C6H20CaO11 This article mentions the following:

Scientific interest in cheese crystals extends back more than a century. However, starting around the 1970s, industry interest, and interest on the part of cheese scientists, grew dramatically as changes in cheesemaking technol. and market changes caused the presence of crystals in the marketplace to increase; advanced anal. capabilities enabled new crystalline species to be identified, their origins and causative factors to be elucidated, and their contributions to cheese texture to be better understood. It is now evident that a host of organic- and inorganic-based crystals occur in natural cheeses. Some crystals form preferentially at the surface of rindless or rinded cheeses, others in the irregular openings or spherical eyes that occur within the body of some cheeses, and still others embedded within the cheese matrix. It is also evident that crystals may profoundly influence cheese texture, both as a direct consequence of their abundance, size, shape, and hardness, and as an indirect result of cascading physiochem. events initiated by crystal formation. Consumer response to increased incidence of crystals in the marketplace has been mixed. On the one hand, surface crystals of calcium lactate pentahydrate on Cheddar cheese came to be viewed quite neg. in some markets, often being mistaken for mold growth and spoilage. This triggered industry concern and led to considerable research to determine the underlying causes and to develop strategies to limit or prevent calcium lactate pentahydrate formation. At the same time, other forms of crystallization increasingly came to be viewed as pos. features in the growing market dedicated to artisanal and traditional cheeses, giving rise to a bifurcated consumer response to cheese crystals that is evident today. Traditional artisanal cheesemakers perhaps have the most to gain from advances in cheese-crystal research. Traditional artisanal cheeses rely heavily on stories that are weaved around their identity to create uniqueness and add value. A challenge and opportunity for these cheesemakers in the United States and globally will be to translate the fascinating science of their cheese crystals into engaging narratives that capture the imagination, add value to their cheese, and enhance the enjoyment of their cheese by consumers. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium 2-hydroxypropanoate pentahydrate (cas: 5743-47-5Computed Properties of C6H20CaO11).

Calcium 2-hydroxypropanoate pentahydrate (cas: 5743-47-5) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.Computed Properties of C6H20CaO11

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

A switchable-oxidative cellulose filter paper bearing immobilized Mn^(III)-salen complex for alcohol oxidation was written by Long, Wei;Sevbitov, Andrei;Abdalkareem Jasim, Saade;Kravchenko, Olga;Al-Gazally, Moaed E.;Chupradit, Supat;Kzar, Hamzah H.;Kazemnejadi, Milad. And the article was included in Arabian Journal of Chemistry in 2022.Electric Literature of C7H7ClO This article mentions the following:

Surface modifications of polysaccharide filter papers can alter their catalytic properties significantly. In particular, polysaccharides have gained increasing interest in the development of heterogeneous catalysts. This wok introduces a new approach to the heterogeneous/ sustainable catalytic system preparation based on a catalytic filter paper modified by silylation followed by immobilization of a Mn(III)-salen complex as a novel “catalytic filtration” or “portable catalysis”. Oxidation of alcs. as well as direct conversion of alcs. to Schiff bases and oximes were performed by filtration and passing the reactants through the modified filter paper. Oxidation of benzyl alc. in the presence of mol. oxygen and NaOCl, selectively leads to aldehydes and carboxylic acids, resp. The direct conversion of alcs. to Schiff bases and oximes resulted in the formation of insoluble products on the filter paper. Another advantage of the modified filter paper was its stability and reusability for several times with preservation of the catalytic activity and swellability, which no shrinkage during consecutive wetting-drying cycles was observed Also, a deep study was conducted over mechanism, reusability/stability, and control experiments of the alc. oxidation This study gave new insights into the catalytic propensities of a cellulose filter paper via filtration of reactants. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (4-Chlorophenyl)methanol (cas: 873-76-7Electric Literature of C7H7ClO).

(4-Chlorophenyl)methanol (cas: 873-76-7) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are among the most common organic compounds. They are used as sweeteners and in making perfumes, are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of other compounds, and are among the most abundantly produced organic chemicals in industry. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.Electric Literature of C7H7ClO

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Effect of intramolecular crosslinker properties on the mechanochemical fragmentation of covalently folded polymers was written by Levy, Avishai;Goldstein, Hadar;Brenman, Dolev;Diesendruck, Charles E.. And the article was included in Journal of Polymer Science (Hoboken, NJ, United States) in 2020.Reference of 4074-88-8 This article mentions the following:

The mechanochem. stability of polymers in solution is enhanced if the chains are covalently folded. Under shear forces, the addnl. bonds absorb mech. energy and inhibit unfolding, and as a result, slow down fragmentation. However, not all crosslinkers are equal in terms of their properties (length, strength, etc.). In order to understand the role of these added bonds in the polymers’ stability under mech. stress, a thorough study compares the rate of mechanochem. on single-chain polymer nanoparticles which have been folded with crosslinkers with different lengths, strengths, positioning, and valencies. The usage of bonds with different mech. strengths in the crosslinkers was found to be the most powerful way to change the mechanochem. fragmentation rate. In addition, positioning and valency also play significant role in the mech. stabilization mechanism. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Diethyleneglycoldiacrylate (cas: 4074-88-8Reference of 4074-88-8).

Diethyleneglycoldiacrylate (cas: 4074-88-8) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.Reference of 4074-88-8

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Glycemic, insulinemic and methylglyoxal postprandial responses to starches alone or in whole diets in dogs versus cats: Relating the concept of glycemic index to metabolic responses and gene expression was written by Briens, Jennifer M.;Subramaniam, Marina;Kilgour, Alyssa;Loewen, Matthew E.;Desai, Kaushik M.;Adolphe, Jennifer L.;Zatti, Kyla M.;Drew, Murray D.;Weber, Lynn P.. And the article was included in Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology in 2021.Synthetic Route of C18H32CaN2O10 This article mentions the following:

Species differences between domestic cats (Felis catus) and dogs (Canis familiaris) has led to differences in their ability to digest, absorb and metabolize carbohydrates through poorly characterized mechanisms. The current study aimed to first examine biopsied small intestine, pancreas, liver and skeletal muscle from laboratory beagles and domestic cats for mRNA expression of key enzymes involved in starch digestion (amylase), glucose transport (sodium-dependent SGLTs and -independent glucose transporters, GLUT) and glucose metabolism (hexokinase and glucokinase). Cats had lower mRNA expression of most genes examined in almost all tissues compared to dogs (p < 0.05). Next, postprandial glucose, insulin, methylglyoxal (a toxic glucose metabolite) and D-lactate (metabolite of methylglyoxal) after single feedings of different starch sources were tested in fasted dogs and cats. After feeding pure glucose, peak postprandial blood glucose and methylglyoxal were surprisingly similar between dogs and cats, except cats had a longer time to peak and a greater area under the curve consistent with lower glycolytic enzyme expression. After feeding starches or whole diets to dogs, postprandial glycemic response, glycemic index, insulin, methylglyoxal and D-lactate followed reported glycemic index trends in humans. In contrast, cats showed very low to negligible postprandial glycemic responses and low insulin after feeding different starch sources, but not whole diets, with no relationship to methylglyoxal or D-lactate. Thus, the concept of glycemic index appears valid in dogs, but not cats. Differences in amylase, glucose transporters, and glycolytic enzymes are consistent with species differences in starch and glucose handling between cats and dogs. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6Synthetic Route of C18H32CaN2O10).

Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.Synthetic Route of C18H32CaN2O10

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Surface characterization of a silicone hydrogel contact lens having bioinspired 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine polymer layer in hydrated state was written by Shi, Xinfeng;Cantu-Crouch, David;Sharma, Vinay;Pruitt, John;Yao, George;Fukazawa, Kyoko;Wu, James Yuliang;Ishihara, Kazuhiko. And the article was included in Colloids and Surfaces, B: Biointerfaces in 2021.Formula: C16H26O7 This article mentions the following:

A silicone hydrogel contact lens material, with a unique chem. and phys. structure has been designed for long-term ocular performance. Enhancement of this silicone hydrogel contact lens material was achieved through surface modification using a crosslinkable bioinspired 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) polymer, which creates a soft surface gel layer on the silicone hydrogel base material. The surface properties of this MPC polymer-modified lens were characterized under hydrated condition revealing, inter alia, its unique polymer structure, excellent hydrophilicity, lubricity, and flexibility. Anal. of the MPC polymer layer in a hydrated state was performed using a combination of a high-resolution environmental SEM and at. force microscopy. Compared to the silicone hydrogel base material, this surface had a higher captive bubble contact angle, which corresponds to higher hydrophilicity of the surface. In addition, the hydrated MPC polymer layer exhibited an extremely soft surface and reduced the coefficient of friction by more than 80%. These characteristics were attributed to the hydration state of the MPC polymer layer on the surface of the silicone hydrogel base material. Also, interaction force of protein deposition was lowered on the surface. Such superior surface properties are anticipated to contribute to excellent ocular performance. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, ((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate) (cas: 109-17-1Formula: C16H26O7).

((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate) (cas: 109-17-1) belongs to alcohols. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.Formula: C16H26O7

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Hitting on the move: Targeting intrinsically disordered protein states of the MDM2-p53 interaction was written by Neochoritis, Constantinos G.;Atmaj, Jack;Twarda-Clapa, Aleksandra;Surmiak, Ewa;Skalniak, Lukasz;Kohler, Lisa-Maria;Muszak, Damian;Kurpiewska, Katarzyna;Kalinowska-Tluscik, Justyna;Beck, Barbara;Holak, Tad A.;Domling, Alexander. And the article was included in European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in 2019.Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

Intrinsically disordered proteins are an emerging class of proteins without a folded structure and currently disorder-based drug targeting remains a challenge. p53 is the principal regulator of cell division and growth whereas MDM2 consists its main neg. regulator. The MDM2-p53 recognition is a dynamic and multistage process that amongst other, employs the dissociation of a transient α-helical N-terminal ”lid” segment of MDM2 from the proximity of the p53-complementary interface. Several small mol. inhibitors have been reported to inhibit the formation of the p53-MDM2 complex with the vast majority mimicking the p53 residues Phe19, Trp23 and Leu26. Recently, the authors have described the transit from the 3-point to 4-point pharmacophore model stabilizing this intrinsically disordered N-terminus by increasing the binding affinity by a factor of 3. Therefore, the authors performed a thorough SAR anal., including chiral separation of key compound which was evaluated by FP and 2D NMR. Finally, p53-specific anticancer activity towards p53-wild-type cancer cells was observed for several representative compounds In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (2,4-Dichlorophenyl)methanol (cas: 1777-82-8Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks).

(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)methanol (cas: 1777-82-8) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

One-step solid-state fermentation for efficient erythritol production from the simultaneous saccharified crop wastes by incorporating immobilized cellulase was written by Liu, Xiaoyan;Dong, Xiujin;Zhong, Sidan;Xia, Jun;He, Jianlong;Deng, Yuanfang;Xu, Jiaxing. And the article was included in Industrial Crops and Products in 2022.Recommanded Product: 149-32-6 This article mentions the following:

Crop wastes are advantaged feedstocks for low-cost erythritol production via Yarrowia procedure, whereas a high amount of cellulose remains in the fermentative medium due to the lack of cellulase. The present study proposed a one-step solid-state fermentation (SSF) for erythritol production from oil crop waste that was simultaneous saccharified by the incorporated exogenous cellulase. Cellulase was immobilized in alginate-chitosan beads, and the outstanding performance of the immobilized cellulase in erythritol cultivation was proven based on its tolerance to pH and osmotic pressure, with high stability and reusability (83% of activity maintained after five cycles of utilization). Under the optimal condition of pH 6.0 and 0.01 g/g dry substrate with the immobilized cellulase addition of 1.5% (weight/weight), persistent cellulase activity accompanied by the efficient consumption of total sugar was detected during the cultivation. Enhanced erythritol production was achieved with the highest titer of 226.8 mg/g dry substrate in scale-up batch fermentation, when the fed-batch cultivation contributed to a considerable total amount of erythritol. Cost anal. suggests that the present process leads toward the development of eco-friendly and economically feasible erythritol production In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (2R,3S)-rel-Butane-1,2,3,4-tetraol (cas: 149-32-6Recommanded Product: 149-32-6).

(2R,3S)-rel-Butane-1,2,3,4-tetraol (cas: 149-32-6) belongs to alcohols. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Recommanded Product: 149-32-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Design and synthesis of dual-responsive hydrogels based on N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate by copolymerization with N-isopropylacrylamide was written by Orakdogen, Nermin. And the article was included in Macromolecular Research in 2014.Recommanded Product: ((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate) This article mentions the following:

Copolymeric hydrogels of N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA) of various monomer ratios were evaluated as thermo-responsive and pH-responsive systems for the development of controlled-release and targeted-delivery devices. The swelling properties were investigated with different temperature, pH, and monomer feed ratios. The results show that the temperature-dependent and pH-dependent phase transition of poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate-N-isopropylacrylamide) (P(DMAEMA-NIPA)) copolymeric hydrogels can be controlled by changing the amount of NIPA units in the network chains. In experiments to determine the temperature-dependent swelling of copolymeric hydrogels in water, it was found that the swelling ratio rapidly decreases as the temperature increases between 35 and 70°C. To characterize the network structure of the copolymeric hydrogels corresponding to effective crosslinking d. and average network chain length, uniaxial compressive mech. testing was carried both after the preparation of hydrogels and after their equilibrium swelling in water. The data obtained demonstrates that the resulting copolymeric hydrogels are promising as materials with tunable hydrophilicity-hydrophobicity and swelling behavior responsive to temperature and pH. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, ((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate) (cas: 109-17-1Recommanded Product: ((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate)).

((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate) (cas: 109-17-1) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are among the most common organic compounds. They are used as sweeteners and in making perfumes, are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of other compounds, and are among the most abundantly produced organic chemicals in industry. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.Recommanded Product: ((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate)

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Diastereoselective Substitution Reactions of Acyclic β-Alkoxy Acetals via Electrostatically Stabilized Oxocarbenium Ion Intermediates was written by Ramdular, Amanda;Woerpel, K. A.. And the article was included in Organic Letters in 2022.Name: (1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol This article mentions the following:

Substitution reactions of acyclic β-alkoxy acetals proceeded with generally high diastereoselectivities (>90:10) to form the anti product. Mechanistic experiments supplemented with computational studies suggest that, upon activation of the acetal, the resulting oxocarbenium ion is electrostatically stabilized by the β-alkoxy group. This stabilization defines the conformation of the reactive intermediate, which can be attacked preferentially from the more exposed face, leading to the observed products. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol (cas: 2216-51-5Name: (1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol).

(1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol (cas: 2216-51-5) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are among the most common organic compounds. They are used as sweeteners and in making perfumes, are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of other compounds, and are among the most abundantly produced organic chemicals in industry. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.Name: (1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts