Month: January 2023

A convenient, highly efficient one-pot preparation of peracetylated glycals from reducing sugars was written by Shull, Brian K.;Wu, Zhijun;Koreeda, Masato. And the article was included in Journal of Carbohydrate Chemistry in 1996.Quality Control of (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal hydrate This article mentions the following:

A convenient, highly efficient, one-pot, three-step procedure has been developed for the synthesis of peracetylated glycal derivatives from various reducing sugars including D-glucose, D-galactose, L-rhamnose, L-arabinose, D-maltose, D-lactose, and maltotriose. This procedure involves peracetylation of the reducing sugars with acetic anhydride and HBr/acetic acid followed by the transformation of the anomeric acetates to the corresponding bromides with addnl. HBr/acetic acid and finally reductive elimination of the 1-bromo and 2-acetoxy groups with Zn/CuSO₄.5H₂O in acetic acid/water containing sodium acetate. The overall yields of purified peracetylated glycals from the corresponding sugars range from 50-98%. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal hydrate (cas: 10030-85-0Quality Control of (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal hydrate).

(2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal hydrate (cas: 10030-85-0) belongs to alcohols. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.Quality Control of (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal hydrate

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Synthesis, docking and biological activities of novel chromone linked [1,2,3]-triazole derivatives was written by Joolakanti, Hima Bindhu;Battu, Satyanarayana;Kamepalli, Ramanjaneyulu;Kolanupaka, Harichandana Reddy;Bobbili, Hasika Reddy. And the article was included in Chemical Data Collections in 2021.Formula: C7H6Cl2O This article mentions the following:

A series of chromone linked [1,2,3]triazoles I [R = C₆H₅, 3-MeC₆H₄, 3-ClC₆H₄, etc.] were designed based on literature followed by in-silico studies. The in-silico studies indicated good docking score for compounds I when docked into the Human Estrogen Receptor Alpha Ligand-Binding Domain (PDB ID: 1XP6). So compounds I were synthesized, characterized and evaluated for cytotoxicity, antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The compounds I [R = C₆H₅, 4-ClC₆H₄] showed promising cytotoxicity with IC₅₀ value of 18.61 and 20.39μg/mL resp. The Compounds I [R = 2-FC₆H₄, 3-FC₆H₄, 4-ClC₆H₄, 2-MeC₆H₄, 2,4-di-ClC₆H₃] showed encouraging antioxidant activity with IC₅₀ value of < 30μM i.e. DPPH scavenging activity levels more than that of pos. control, whereas compounds I [R = C₆H₅, 3-FC₆H₄, 3-ClC₆H₄, 4-ClC₆H₄, 3-MeC₆H₄, 2,4-di-ClC₆H₃] exhibited moderate antibacterial activities with the MIC value of <240μM. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (2,4-Dichlorophenyl)methanol (cas: 1777-82-8Formula: C7H6Cl2O).

(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)methanol (cas: 1777-82-8) belongs to alcohols. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. Alcohols may be oxidized to give ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. These functional groups are useful for further reactions. Oxidation of organic compounds generally increases the number of bonds from carbon to oxygen (or another electronegative element, such as a halogen), and it may decrease the number of bonds to hydrogen.Formula: C7H6Cl2O

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Benzosulfones as photochemically activated sulfur dioxide (SO₂) donors was written by Malwal, Satish R.;Chakrapani, Harinath. And the article was included in Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry in 2015.HPLC of Formula: 29364-29-2 This article mentions the following:

Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) is a gaseous environmental pollutant which is routinely used in industry as a preservative and antimicrobial. Recent data suggests that SO₂ may have value as a therapeutic agent. However, due to its gaseous nature, localizing SO₂ generation is challenging. Herein, various 1,3-dihydrobenzo[c]thiophene 2,2-dioxides (benzosulfones) were prepared as candidates for photochem. activated sulfur dioxide (SO₂) generation. These compounds were found to be stable in buffer but were photolyzed upon irradiation with UV light to generate SO₂. Our data indicates that photolysis of benzosulfones depends on substituents, and that the presence of electron donating groups results in an enhanced yield of SO₂. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Sodium 2-methyl-2-propanethiolate (cas: 29364-29-2HPLC of Formula: 29364-29-2).

Sodium 2-methyl-2-propanethiolate (cas: 29364-29-2) belongs to alcohols. The oxygen atom of the strongly polarized O―H bond of an alcohol pulls electron density away from the hydrogen atom. This polarized hydrogen, which bears a partial positive charge, can form a hydrogen bond with a pair of nonbonding electrons on another oxygen atom. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.HPLC of Formula: 29364-29-2

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Ni-Catalyzed Formal Cross-Electrophile Coupling of Alcohols with Aryl Halides was written by Lin, Quan;Ma, Guobin;Gong, Hegui. And the article was included in ACS Catalysis in 2021.Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

A strategy building upon in-situ halogenation/reductive coupling of alcs. with aryl halides to forge Csp²-Csp³ bonds was demonstrated. The combination of 2-chloro-3-ethylbenzo[d]oxazol-3-ium salt (CEBO) and TBAB as the mild bromination reagents enabled rapid transformation of a wide range of alcs. to their bromide counterparts within one to 5 min in CH₃CN and DMF, which was compatible with the Ni-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling conditions in the presence of a chem. reductant. The method is suitable for arylation of a myriad of structurally complex alcs. with no need for prepreparation of alkyl halides. More importantly, the mild and kinetically rapid bromination process showed good selectivity in the bromination/arylation of sym. diols and less sterically hindered hydroxyl groups in polyols, thus offering promise for selective functionalization of diols and polyols without laborious protecting/deprotecting operations. The practicality of this work was also evident in the arylation of a number of carbohydrates, drug compounds, and naturally occurring alcs. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(4-Bromophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (cas: 68716-49-4Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks).

2-(4-Bromophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (cas: 68716-49-4) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Why are Angelicae Sinensis radix and Chuanxiong Rhizoma different? An explanation from a chemical perspective was written by Xu, Jun;Chen, Hu-Biao;Liu, Jing;Kwok, Ka-Yan;Yue, Rui-Qi;Yi, Tao;Ho, Hing-Man;Zhao, Zhong-Zheng;Han, Quan-Bin. And the article was included in Food Research International in 2013.SDS of cas: 10030-85-0 This article mentions the following:

Angelicae Sinensis radix (ASR) and Chuanxiong Rhizoma (CR) are two commonly used herbs with different blood-related bioactivities for tonic and medicinal purpose, resp. However, current available scientific evidences indicate that they share similar chem. profiles in which volatile components are the majority. In order to figure out the decisive chem. differences and then establish their individual quality control methods, comprehensive comparison on chem. ingredients between ASR and CR was carried out in this study. First, volatile components between ASR and CR were determined and compared by GC-MS (gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry). Then, carbohydrates and polysaccharides in ASR and CR were qual. and quant. characterized using HPGPC (high performance gel permeation chromatog.) and HPLC (high performance liquid chromatog.). Furthermore, these components in different botanical parts and processed products of ASR were also investigated. The results not only confirmed that ASR and CR contain similar profiles of volatile components, but also suggested that the volatile components might not be the nutrient ingredients of ASR and that the polysaccharides make the real differences between ASR and CR. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal hydrate (cas: 10030-85-0SDS of cas: 10030-85-0).

(2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal hydrate (cas: 10030-85-0) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.SDS of cas: 10030-85-0

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Tunable, responsive nanogels containing t-butyl methacrylate and 2-(t-butylamino)ethyl methacrylate was written by Liechty, William B.;Scheuerle, Rebekah L.;Peppas, Nicholas A.. And the article was included in Polymer in 2013.Name: ((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate) This article mentions the following:

We present the synthesis and characterization of a series of pH-responsive hydrogel nanoparticles based on crosslinked 2-(diethylaminoethyl) methacrylate and poly(ethylene glycol) Me ether methacrylate (P(DEAEMA-g-PEGMA)). Variants of this polymer were created using t-Bu methacrylate (P(DEAEMA-co-TBMA-g-PEGMA)) or t-butylaminoethyl methacrylate (P(DEAEMA-co-TBAEMA-g-PEGMA)). The synthesis of these materials was accomplished using a facile photoemulsion polymerization Polymer composition was verified using ¹H NMR spectroscopy and closely approximates the copolymer composition estimated from reactivity ratios. Particle formulations possess a dry diameter of 50-65 nm as determined by transmission electron microscopy and collapsed hydrodynamic diameter of 70-100 nm as determined by dynamic light scattering. Dynamic light scattering and pyrene fluorescence spectroscopy were used to probe the pH-dependent phase transition in the hydrogel nanoparticles from collapsed hydrophobe to swollen hydrophile. The inclusion of t-Bu methacrylate served to depress the nanogel pKa and critical pH for phase transition to <6.9 while the inclusion of t-butylamino methacrylate had the opposite effect. We show that these hydrogel nanoparticles possess tunable physicochem. properties that can be adjusted by changing copolymer composition In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, ((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate) (cas: 109-17-1Name: ((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate)).

((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate) (cas: 109-17-1) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.Name: ((Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-methylacrylate)

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

The Role of D-allulose and Erythritol on the Activity of the Gut Sweet Taste Receptor and Gastrointestinal Satiation Hormone Release in Humans: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. was written by Teysseire, Fabienne;Bordier, Valentine;Budzinska, Aleksandra;Weltens, Nathalie;Rehfeld, Jens F;Holst, Jens J;Hartmann, Bolette;Beglinger, Christoph;Van Oudenhove, Lukas;Wölnerhanssen, Bettina K;Meyer-Gerspach, Anne Christin. And the article was included in The Journal of nutrition in 2022.SDS of cas: 149-32-6 This article mentions the following:

BACKGROUND: Glucose induces the release of gastrointestinal (GI) satiation hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), in part via the activation of the gut sweet taste receptor (T1R2/T1R3). OBJECTIVES: The primary objective was to investigate the importance of T1R2/T1R3 for the release of cholecystokinin (CCK), GLP-1, and PYY in response to D-allulose and erythritol by assessing the effect of the T1R2/T1R3 antagonist lactisole on these responses and as secondary objectives to study the effect of the T1R2/T1R3 blockade on gastric emptying, appetite-related sensations, and GI symptoms. METHODS: In this randomized, controlled, double-blind, crossover study, 18 participants (5 men) with a mean ± SD BMI (in kg/m2) of 21.9 ± 1.7 and aged 24 ± 4 y received an intragastric administration of 25 g D-allulose, 50 g erythritol, or tap water, with or without 450 parts per million (ppm) lactisole, respectively, in 6 different sessions. 13C-sodium acetate was added to all solutions to determine gastric emptying. At fixed time intervals, blood and breath samples were collected, and appetite-related sensations and GI symptoms were assessed. Data were analyzed with linear mixed-model analysis. RESULTS: D-allulose and erythritol induced a significant release of CCK, GLP-1, and PYY compared with tap water (all PHolm < 0.0001, dz >1). Lactisole did not affect the D-allulose- and erythritol-induced release of CCK, GLP-1, and PYY (all PHolm > 0.1). Erythritol significantly delayed gastric emptying, increased fullness, and decreased prospective food consumption compared with tap water (PHolm = 0.0002, dz = -1.05; PHolm = 0.0190, dz = 0.69; and PHolm = 0.0442, dz = -0.62, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: D-allulose and erythritol stimulate the secretion of GI satiation hormones in humans. Lactisole had no effect on CCK, GLP-1, and PYY release, indicating that D-allulose- and erythritol-induced GI satiation hormone release is not mediated via T1R2/T1R3 in the gut. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (2R,3S)-rel-Butane-1,2,3,4-tetraol (cas: 149-32-6SDS of cas: 149-32-6).

(2R,3S)-rel-Butane-1,2,3,4-tetraol (cas: 149-32-6) belongs to alcohols. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.SDS of cas: 149-32-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Evaluation of antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of chitosan edible coating with plant extracts against Salmonella and E. coli isolated from chicken was written by Johnson, Anju Mariam;Thamburaj, Suman;Etikala, Akhila;Sarma, Chayanika;Mummaleti, Gopinath;Kalakandan, Suresh Kumar. And the article was included in Journal of Food Processing and Preservation in 2022.Synthetic Route of C10H14O This article mentions the following:

This study aims to investigate the effect of chitosan edible coating with medicinal leaf extracts, their antibiofilm and antimicrobial activity against the selected strains of Salmonella spp. and E. coli isolated from the chicken sample. The presence of bioactive compounds in leaf extracts was confirmed by antioxidant assay, polyphenolic content, UV-VIS, FTIR, and GC-MS anal. Chitosan with M. piperita and P. amboinicus (ECMO) had a greater zone of inhibition against the multidrug-resistant strains (Salmonella spp., 22.10 ± 1.15; E. coli, 24.50 ± 0.500) and biofilm inhibition percentage was ≤96% in both Salmonella spp. and E. coli. In shelf-life anal., ECMO significantly lowered the growth of pathogens during 15 days of storage period. The results suggest that ECMO was identified as the impeding agent for biofilms and foodborne pathogens. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the antibiofilm and antibacterial properties of chitosan with M. piperita and P. amboinicus. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol (cas: 499-75-2Synthetic Route of C10H14O).

5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol (cas: 499-75-2) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.Synthetic Route of C10H14O

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Efficient Ru(II)-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of simple ketones with C₂-symmetric planar chiral metallocenyl phosphinooxazoline ligands was written by Guo, Hui;Liu, Delong;Butt, Nicholas A.;Liu, Yangang;Zhang, Wanbin. And the article was included in Tetrahedron in 2012.Formula: C8H9ClO This article mentions the following:

C₂-sym. metallocenyl planar phosphinooxazoline ligands have been applied in the Ru(II)-catalyzed asym. hydrogenation of simple ketones. This type of ligand enjoys the advantages of dual reaction sites as well as larger steric hindrance than their corresponding C₁-sym. counterparts. As a result, almost quant. conversions and excellent enantioselectivities were obtained for a series of simple ketones. Under the optimal reaction conditions, up to 99.7% ee was obtained in many cases. It was also confirmed that hydrogen rather than the reaction solvent i-PrOH is at work in the hydrogenation procedure. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (R)-1-(3-Chlorophenyl)ethanol (cas: 120121-01-9Formula: C8H9ClO).

(R)-1-(3-Chlorophenyl)ethanol (cas: 120121-01-9) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.Formula: C8H9ClO

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Piceatannol ameliorates behavioural, biochemical and histological aspects in cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy in rats was written by Wahdan, Sara A.;Elsherbiny, Doaa A.;Azab, Samar S.;El-Demerdash, Ebtehal. And the article was included in Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology in 2021.Formula: C14H12O4 This article mentions the following:

Peripheral neurotoxicity is a dose-limiting and a potentially lifelong persistent toxicity of cisplatin. This study investigated the possible protective effect of piceatannol (PIC) in a model of cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy in rats. PIC (10 mg/kg, i.p.) was given for 7 days, starting 2 days before cisplatin single injection (7 mg/kg, i.p.). Behavioral, biochem. and histol. examinations were conducted. Cisplatin administration resulted in thermal hypoalgesia evidenced by increased paw and tail withdrawal latency times in the hotplate and tail flick tests, resp., and reduced the abdominal constrictions in response to the acetic acid injection. Moreover, cisplatin treatment decreased rat locomotor activity and grip strength. These behavioral alterations were reversed by PIC coadministration. In addition, PIC decreased cisplatin-induced elevation in serum neurotensin and platinum accumulation in sciatic nerve. Also, PIC reversed, to a large extent, cisplatin-induced microscopical alterations in nerve axons and restored normal myelin thickness. Therefore, PIC may protect against cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (E)-4-(3,5-Dihydroxystyryl)benzene-1,2-diol (cas: 10083-24-6Formula: C14H12O4).

(E)-4-(3,5-Dihydroxystyryl)benzene-1,2-diol (cas: 10083-24-6) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.Formula: C14H12O4

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts