Month: January 2023

Ospemifene metabolism in humans in vitro and in vivo: metabolite identification, quantitation, and CYP assignment of major hydroxylations was written by Tolonen, Ari;Koskimies, Pasi;Turpeinen, Miia;Uusitalo, Jouko;Lammintausta, Risto;Pelkonen, Olavi. And the article was included in Drug Metabolism and Drug Interactions in 2013.Application In Synthesis of (Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol This article mentions the following:

Background: The metabolism of ospemifene, a novel nonsteroidal selective estrogen receptor modulator, was investigated as part of its development. Methods: Metabolite identification, tentative quantitation, and CYP assignment of ospemifene were performed in human liver microsomes or homogenate incubations and in plasma samples from volunteer humans. The potential contributions of CYP enzymes were determined by recombinant human CYPs. Metabolite identification and tentative quantification were performed by liquid chromatog.-mass spectrometry. Results: The relative abundances of metabolites produced were dependent on ospemifene concentration and liver preparation, but the largest quantities of 4- and 4′-hydroxy-ospemifene (and their glucuronides in smaller quantities) were produced in human liver microsomes at low ospemifene concentrations Other metabolites were detected in in vitro incubation with human liver including a direct glucuronide of ospemifene and some metabolites with only minor abundance. In human plasma samples, 4-hydroxy-ospemifene was the most abundant metabolite, representing about 25% of the abundance of the parent compound All the other metabolites detected in plasma, including 4′-hydroxy-ospemifene, represented <7% of the abundance of ospemifene. Several CYP enzymes participated in 4-hydroxylation, including CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2B6, and CYP3A4, whereas CYP3A enzymes were the only ones to catalyze 4′-hydroxylation. Conclusions: In vitro incubations with liver preparations provided a rather reliable starting point in the search for potential metabolites in clin. settings. The in vitro metabolite profile is informative for the in vivo metabolite profile, especially regarding the major hydroxylated metabolites. However, it is anticipated that extended in vivo exposures may result in an increased production of more distal metabolites from major metabolites. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol (cas: 128607-22-7Application In Synthesis of (Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol).

(Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol (cas: 128607-22-7) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. Alcohols may be oxidized to give ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. These functional groups are useful for further reactions. Oxidation of organic compounds generally increases the number of bonds from carbon to oxygen (or another electronegative element, such as a halogen), and it may decrease the number of bonds to hydrogen.Application In Synthesis of (Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Photoactive poly(ethylene glycol) organosilane films for site-specific protein immobilization was written by Nivens, Delana A.;Conrad, David W.. And the article was included in Langmuir in 2002.Application In Synthesis of 3-(Hydroxymethyl)-4-nitrophenol This article mentions the following:

We describe the synthesis, characterization, and use of a new photoactive organosilane developed for the photoimmobilization of proteins. Thin films of 2-nitro-5-[11-(trimethoxysilyl)undecyl]oxybenzyl methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) propanoate are characterized using at. force microscopy, spectroscopic ellipsometry, and attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform IR spectroscopy. When this organosilane is used to modify silicon substrates, the solvent used during deposition affects the surface concentration and morphol. of the resultant film. Although films deposited from either aqueous buffer or anhydrous toluene can be used to attach proteins to surfaces, films deposited from aqueous buffer display 4-6 times less nonspecific protein adsorption that those deposited from toluene. Modification of surfaces with this type of photoactive and protein “rejecting” film should aid in the development of high-resolution protein microarrays. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-(Hydroxymethyl)-4-nitrophenol (cas: 60463-12-9Application In Synthesis of 3-(Hydroxymethyl)-4-nitrophenol).

3-(Hydroxymethyl)-4-nitrophenol (cas: 60463-12-9) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are among the most common organic compounds. They are used as sweeteners and in making perfumes, are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of other compounds, and are among the most abundantly produced organic chemicals in industry. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.Application In Synthesis of 3-(Hydroxymethyl)-4-nitrophenol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Noncandidal vaginitis: a comprehensive approach to diagnosis and management was written by Neal, Chemen M.;Kus, Lauren H.;Eckert, Linda O.;Peipert, Jeffrey F.. And the article was included in American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology in 2020.SDS of cas: 128607-22-7 This article mentions the following:

Vaginitis is one of the most common causes of patient visits to gynecologists, primary care providers, and urgent care centers. However, many women leave without a clear diagnosis or experience recurrent symptoms despite treatment. The 3 most common etiologies of vaginitis are trichomonas, bacterial vaginosis, and vulvovaginal candidiasis, which account for an estimated 70% of cases. The remaining 30% may be related to other causes of vaginitis, including atrophic vaginitis, desquamative inflammatory vaginitis, and vaginal erosive disease. The purpose of this review is to describe the noncandidal causes of acute and recurrent vaginitis, with the goal of improving the likelihood of accurate diagnosis as well as efficient and effective therapy. We excluded candidal vaginitis from our review because there was a recently published review on this topic in the Journal. The clin. presentation and evaluation of patients with symptoms of vaginitis can be triaged into 1 of 2 diagnostic pathways: noninflammatory and inflammatory vaginitis. The most common noninflammatory cause is bacterial vaginosis. Features such as irritation, purulent discharge, and the presence of polymorphonuclear neutrophils are more suggestive of an inflammatory process. Trichomoniasis is the most common cause of inflammatory vaginitis. Other well-described forms of inflammatory vaginitis include atrophic vaginitis, desquamative inflammatory vaginitis, and erosive disease. We present a review of the pathogenesis, symptoms, examination findings, diagnostic testing, and treatment for each of these causes of noncandidal vaginitis. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol (cas: 128607-22-7SDS of cas: 128607-22-7).

(Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol (cas: 128607-22-7) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.SDS of cas: 128607-22-7

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Skin Barrier Enhancing Alternative Preservation Strategy of O/W Emulsions by Water Activity Reduction with Natural Multifunctional Ingredients was written by Nadarzynski, Alexandra;Scholz, Jonas;Schroeder, Markus S.. And the article was included in Cosmetics in 2022.Reference of 149-32-6 This article mentions the following:

Water activity (a_w) as an important parameter for self-preservation can help to control microbial growth in cosmetic formulations. However, high amounts of water-binding substances are required to lower the a_w enough to affect microbial growth. Since consequences for the skin barrier have been poorly studied so far, we investigated the effect of a_w-lowering agents on both the antimicrobial properties of o/w emulsions and skin physiol. parameters. A combination of selected natural humectants (Sodium lactate, Propanediol, Erythritol, Betaine and Sodium PCA) with a total concentration of 28 wt% in an o/w emulsion was able to reduce its a_w from 0.980 ± 0.003 to 0.865 ± 0.005. The challenge test results of the a_w-lowered emulsion showed a convincing microbial count reduction in potentially pathogenic microorganisms. The addition of as little as 0.5% of the antimicrobial multifunctionals Glyceryl Caprylate and Magnolia Officinalis Bark Extract further enhanced the antimicrobial effect, resulting in adequate antimicrobial protection. Moreover, twice-daily application of the a_w-lowered emulsion for a period of four weeks led to a skin barrier-enhancing effect: TEWL significantly decreased, and SC hydration significantly increased. Thus, we present an opportunity to replace conventional preservatives with a natural alternative preservation strategy that has been shown to offer benefits for the skin. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (2R,3S)-rel-Butane-1,2,3,4-tetraol (cas: 149-32-6Reference of 149-32-6).

(2R,3S)-rel-Butane-1,2,3,4-tetraol (cas: 149-32-6) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.Reference of 149-32-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Hypervalent Iodine(III)-Mediated Oxidative Fluorination of Alkylsilanes by Fluoride Ions was written by Xu, Peng;Wang, Feng;Fan, Guilan;Xu, Xiufang;Tang, Pingping. And the article was included in Angewandte Chemie, International Edition in 2017.Related Products of 94022-96-5 This article mentions the following:

The first example of a hypervalent iodine(III)-mediated oxidative fluorination of alkylsilanes by fluoride ions without the use of transition metals is demonstrated. This reaction is operationally simple, scalable, and proceeds under mild reaction conditions. Mechanistic studies suggest the involvement of a single-electron transfer resulting from the interaction of an organopentafluorosilicate and aryliodonium difluoride, which were generated in situ from the corresponding alkylsilane and iodosobenzene, resp., in the presence of fluoride ions. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(Trifluoromethyl)phenethyl alcohol (cas: 94022-96-5Related Products of 94022-96-5).

2-(Trifluoromethyl)phenethyl alcohol (cas: 94022-96-5) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.Related Products of 94022-96-5

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Volatile Donor-Functionalized Alkoxy Derivatives of Lutetium and Their Structural Characterization was written by Anwander, Reiner;Munck, Florian C.;Priermeier, Thomas;Scherer, Wolfgang;Runte, Oliver;Herrmann, Wolfgang A.. And the article was included in Inorganic Chemistry in 1997.Recommanded Product: 14123-48-9 This article mentions the following:

Reaction of β-functionalized alcs. HOCR₂CH₂do (1a, do = OMe, R = Me; 1b, do = OMe, R = Et; 1c, do = NMe₂, R = Me) with Ln[N(SiMe₃)₃]₃ yields highly volatile (sublimation < 100°/10^-3 Torr) and n-hexane-soluble homoleptic alkoxide complexes [Ln(OCR₂CH₂do)₃] (2a–d, Ln = Y, Lu). A single-crystal x-ray diffraction study of Lu(OCMe₂CH₂OMe)₃ (2a) revealed a dinuclear complex with significantly polarized metal centers originating from unsym. ligand association (triple-bridging). Unintentional employment of H₂O-contaminated alc. 1a gave a hexane-soluble white residue exhibiting a substantially increased sublimation temperature (>220°/10^-3 mbar). Crystallization of the residue affords single crystals featuring the tetranuclear constitution Lu₄(O)(OH)(OCMe₂CH₂OMe)₉ (3a). 3A represents an unprecedented lanthanide alkoxide comprising both oxo and hydroxo units in addition to alkoxide ligands. The Lu₄O₁₅-core structure of 3a adopts a butterfly rather than a tetrahedral geometry. Potentially tridentate alcs. HOCBu^t(CH₂OPrⁱ₂)₂ and HOCPrⁱ₂CH₂OCH₂OMe afford alkoxide complexes Nd(OR)₃ of reduced volatility. 2A crystallizes from hexane at -35° in space group P2₁/n with a 13.510(1), b 15.130(1), c 38.953(4) Å, β 93.11(1)°, and Z = 8. Least-squares refinement of the model based on 11,747 reflections (I > 2.0 σ(I)) converged to a final R = 3.5%. 3A crystallizes from n-hexane at -35° in space group Cc with a 21.63(1), b 14.49(3), c 21.04(2) Å, β 109.70(3)°, and Z = 4. Least-squares refinement of the model based on 6124 reflections (I > 3.0 σ(I)) converged to a final R = 6.7%. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-(Dimethylamino)-2-methylpropan-2-ol (cas: 14123-48-9Recommanded Product: 14123-48-9).

1-(Dimethylamino)-2-methylpropan-2-ol (cas: 14123-48-9) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.Recommanded Product: 14123-48-9

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Iron-Catalyzed Borrowing Hydrogen β-C(sp³)-Methylation of Alcohols was written by Polidano, Kurt;Williams, Jonathan M. J.;Morrill, Louis C.. And the article was included in ACS Catalysis in 2019.Product Details of 2968-93-6 This article mentions the following:

Herein we report the iron-catalyzed β-C(sp³)-methylation of primary alcs. using methanol as a C1 building block. This borrowing hydrogen approach employs a well-defined bench-stable (cyclopentadienone)iron(0) carbonyl complex as precatalyst (5 mol %) and enables a diverse selection of substituted 2-arylethanols to undergo β-C(sp³)-methylation in good isolated yields (24 examples, 65% average yield). In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(4-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethanol (cas: 2968-93-6Product Details of 2968-93-6).

2-(4-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethanol (cas: 2968-93-6) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. Alcohols may be oxidized to give ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. These functional groups are useful for further reactions. Oxidation of organic compounds generally increases the number of bonds from carbon to oxygen (or another electronegative element, such as a halogen), and it may decrease the number of bonds to hydrogen.Product Details of 2968-93-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Advances in pharmacotherapy for treating female sexual dysfunction was written by Nappi, Rossella E.;Cucinella, Laura. And the article was included in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy in 2015.Recommanded Product: (Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol This article mentions the following:

Introduction: ‘Female sexual dysfunction’ (FSD) is an umbrella term comprising a range of common disorders, including hypoactive sexual desire, reduced subjective and/or phys. genital arousal (poor sensation, vasocongestion, lubrication), sexual pain and inability to achieve orgasm/satisfaction, which are multidimensional by nature and often coexisting. Psychol. and contextual factors have a significant influence on organic components of sexual response and behavior and a tailored medical approach to sexual symptoms is inevitably limited. Areas covered: The paper reports the most recent advances in pharmacotherapy for women taking into account the biopsychosocial model. Hormone therapy, including estrogens, testosterone, tibolone and dehydroepiandrosterone, are discussed in term of efficacy and safety in postmenopausal women both for female sexual interest/arousal disorder (FSIAD) and genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder. Ospemifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, approved to treat dyspareunia at menopause, is also discussed. Data on psychoactive agents for treatment of FSIAD in premenopausal women are discussed, including the potential use of on-demand combined hormonal (testosterone) and non-hormonal (buspirone or sildenafil) treatments to address possible neurophysiol. profiles of women. Expert opinion: We are still waiting for an approved pharmacotherapy for FSD. This is not the result of gender inequality in sexual medicine, but it reflects the need of balancing benefits and risks in order to provide effective and safe treatments to women of any age. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol (cas: 128607-22-7Recommanded Product: (Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol).

(Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol (cas: 128607-22-7) belongs to alcohols. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.Recommanded Product: (Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Enzyme activation by water-mimicking dual-functionalized ionic liquids was written by Zhao, Hua;Martin, Caden J.;Larm, Nathaniel E.;Baker, Gary A.;Trujillo, Tyler C.. And the article was included in Molecular Catalysis in 2021.COA of Formula: C6H15NO This article mentions the following:

Biocatalytic synthesis represents a green alternative to metal-catalyzed reactions. However, enzymes typically display much lower catalytic activities in nonaqueous solvents than in aqueous media. To mimic the aqueous environment for enzyme activation, this study designed a series of sixteen dual-functionalized ionic liquids (ILs) that contain both glycol ether (hydrogen-bond acceptor) and tert-alc. (hydrogen-bond donor) groups. These “water-like” ILs enabled high transesterification activities for immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) known as Novozym 435 and immobilized Bacillus licheniformis protease (known as subtilisin A), resp. Several water-mimicking ILs containing 2-3 vol% water significantly increased the CALB activity by 1.8-fold of that in tert-butanol, and 1.6-fold of that in diisopropyl ether (both organic solvents are highly enzyme-compatible). To a smaller degree, subtilisin was activated by these ionic solvents up to 1.2-fold (with 100% selectivity at 2 vol% water) than by diisopropyl ether. Fluorescence emission spectra suggested that the characteristic emission maximum peaks were maintained in “water-like” ILs in most cases. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-(Dimethylamino)-2-methylpropan-2-ol (cas: 14123-48-9COA of Formula: C6H15NO).

1-(Dimethylamino)-2-methylpropan-2-ol (cas: 14123-48-9) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.COA of Formula: C6H15NO

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Treatment of the genitourinary syndrome of menopause. was written by Palacios, S;Mejía, A;Neyro, J L. And the article was included in Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society in 2015.Synthetic Route of C24H23ClO2 This article mentions the following:

The vagina, vulva, vestibule, labia majora/minora, and bladder trigone have a high concentration of estrogen receptors; therefore, they are a sensitive biological indicator of serum levels of these hormones in women. The estrogen loss in postmenopausal women produces a dysfunction called genitourinary syndrome of menopause. The principal therapeutic goal in the genitourinary syndrome of menopause is to relieve symptoms. Treatment options, as well as local and systemic hormonal treatment are changes in lifestyle and non-hormonal treatments mainly based on the use of moisturizers and lubricants. New treatments that have recently appeared are ospemifeme, the first selective hormone receptor modulator for dyspareunia and vulvovaginal atrophy treatment, and the use of vaginal laser. This review has been written with the intention of giving recommendations on the prevention and treatment of genitourinary syndrome of menopause. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol (cas: 128607-22-7Synthetic Route of C24H23ClO2).

(Z)-2-(4-(4-Chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol (cas: 128607-22-7) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.Synthetic Route of C24H23ClO2

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts