Month: January 2023

Synthetic ionizable aminolipids induce a pH dependent inverse hexagonal to bicontinuous cubic lyotropic liquid crystalline phase transition in monoolein nanoparticles was written by Rajesh, Sarigama;Zhai, Jiali;Drummond, Calum J.;Tran, Nhiem. And the article was included in Journal of Colloid and Interface Science in 2021.HPLC of Formula: 1122-71-0 This article mentions the following:

A prospective class of materials for drug delivery is lyotropic liquid crystalline (LLC) nanoparticles, such as cubosomes and hexosomes. Efforts are being made to generate a pH dependent system, which exhibits slow release hexosomes (H2) at physiol. pH and relatively fast release cubosomes (Q2) at acidic disease sites such as in various cancers and bacterial infection (pH ∼ 5.5-6.5). Herein, we report the synthesis of nine ionizable aminolipids, which were doped into monoolein (MO) lipid nanoparticles. Using high throughput formulation and synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), the effects of aminolipid structure and concentration on the mesophase of MO nanoparticles at various pHs were determined As the pH changed from neutral to acidic, mesophases, could be formed in an order L2 (inverse micelles) → H2 → Q2. Specifically, systems with heterocyclic oleates exhibited the H2 to Q2 transition at pH 5.5-6.5. Furthermore, the phase transition pH could be fine-tuned by incorporating two aminolipids into the nanoparticles. Nanoparticles with a pH dependent phase transition as described in this study may be useful as drug delivery carriers for the treatment of cancers and certain bacterial infection. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 6-Methyl-2-pyridinemethanol (cas: 1122-71-0HPLC of Formula: 1122-71-0).

6-Methyl-2-pyridinemethanol (cas: 1122-71-0) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.HPLC of Formula: 1122-71-0

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Efficient splitting of alcohols into hydrogen and C-C coupled products over ultrathin Ni-doped ZnIn₂S₄ nanosheet photocatalyst was written by Li, Jing-Yu;Qi, Ming-Yu;Xu, Yi-Jun. And the article was included in Chinese Journal of Catalysis in 2022.Name: (4-Chlorophenyl)methanol This article mentions the following:

Integrating selective organic synthesis with hydrogen (H₂) evolution in one photocatalytic redox reaction system sheds light on the underlying approach for concurrent employment of photogenerated electrons and holes towards efficient production of solar fuels and chems. In this work, a facile one-pot oil bath method has been proposed to fabricate a noble metal-free ultrathin Ni-doped ZnIn₂S₄ (ZIS/Ni) composite nanosheet for effective solar-driven selective dehydrocoupling of benzyl alc. into value-added C-C coupled hydrobenzoin and H₂ fuel, which exhibits higher performance than pure ZIS nanosheet. The remarkably improved photoredox activity of ZIS/Ni is mainly attributed to the optimized electron structure featuring narrower band gap and suitable energy band position, which facilitates the ability of light harvesting and photoexcited charge carrier separation and transfer. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that it is feasible to employ ZIS/Ni for various aromatic alcs. dehydrocoupling to the corresponding C-C coupled products. It is expected that this work can stimulate further interest on the establishment of innovative photocatalytic redox platform coupling clean solar fuels synthesis and selective organic conversion in a sustainable manner. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (4-Chlorophenyl)methanol (cas: 873-76-7Name: (4-Chlorophenyl)methanol).

(4-Chlorophenyl)methanol (cas: 873-76-7) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.Name: (4-Chlorophenyl)methanol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Plant cell cultures of Nordic berry species: Phenolic and carotenoid profiling and biological assessments was written by Rischer, Heiko;Nohynek, Liisa;Puupponen-Pimia, Riitta;Aguiar, Joselin;Rocchetti, Gabriele;Lucini, Luigi;Camara, Jose S.;Mendanha Cruz, Thiago;Boscacci Marques, Mariza;Granato, Daniel. And the article was included in Food Chemistry in 2022.SDS of cas: 10083-24-6 This article mentions the following:

Plant cell cultures from cloudberry (CL), lingonberry (LI), stone berry (ST), arctic bramble (AB), and strawberry (SB) were studied in terms of their polyphenol and carotenoid composition, antioxidant activity, antihemolytic activity and cytotoxicity effects on cancerous cells. High-resolution mass spectrometry data showed that LI, presented the highest antioxidant activity, contained the highest contents of flavones, phenolic acids, lignans, and total carotenoids, while CL, ST and SB presented the opposite behavior. AB and SB presented the lowest FRAP and CUPRAC values, while AB and CL presented the lowest reducing power. SB presented the lowest antioxidant activity measured by single electron transfer assays and the lowest content of lignans, phenolic acids, and flavones. CL and LI decreased the viability of in vitro mammary gland adenocarcinoma while only LI decreased the viability of in vitro lung carcinoma and showed protective effects of human erythrocytes against mech. hemolysis. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (E)-4-(3,5-Dihydroxystyryl)benzene-1,2-diol (cas: 10083-24-6SDS of cas: 10083-24-6).

(E)-4-(3,5-Dihydroxystyryl)benzene-1,2-diol (cas: 10083-24-6) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.SDS of cas: 10083-24-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

High-Throughput Assessment and Modeling of a Polymer Library Regulating Human Dental Pulp-Derived Stem Cell Behavior was written by Rasi Ghaemi, Soraya;Delalat, Bahman;Gronthos, Stan;Alexander, Morgan R.;Winkler, David A.;Hook, Andrew L.;Voelcker, Nicolas H.. And the article was included in ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces in 2018.Name: Diethyleneglycoldiacrylate This article mentions the following:

The identification of biomaterials that modulate cell responses is a crucial task for tissue engineering and cell therapy. The identification of novel materials is complicated by the immense number of synthesizable polymers and the time required for testing each material exptl. In the current study, polymeric biomaterial-cell interactions were assessed rapidly using a microarray format. The attachment, proliferation, and differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) were investigated on 141 homopolymers and 400 diverse copolymers. The copolymer of isooctyl acrylate and 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl acetoacetate achieved the highest attachment and proliferation of hDPSC, whereas high cell attachment and differentiation of hDPSC were observed on the copolymer of isooctyl acrylate and trimethylolpropane ethoxylate triacrylate. Computational models were generated, relating polymer properties to cellular responses. These models could accurately predict cell behavior for up to 95% of materials within a test set. The models identified several functional groups as being important for supporting specific cell responses. In particular, oxygen-containing chem. moieties, including fragments from the acrylate/acrylamide backbone of the polymers, promoted cell attachment. Small hydrocarbon fragments originating from polymer pendant groups promoted cell proliferation and differentiation. These computational models constitute a key tool to direct the discovery of novel materials within the enormous chem. space available to researchers. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Diethyleneglycoldiacrylate (cas: 4074-88-8Name: Diethyleneglycoldiacrylate).

Diethyleneglycoldiacrylate (cas: 4074-88-8) belongs to alcohols. The oxygen atom of the strongly polarized O―H bond of an alcohol pulls electron density away from the hydrogen atom. This polarized hydrogen, which bears a partial positive charge, can form a hydrogen bond with a pair of nonbonding electrons on another oxygen atom. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.Name: Diethyleneglycoldiacrylate

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Effects of dietary selenium on growth performance, antioxidative status and tissue selenium deposition of juvenile Chu’s croaker (Nibea coibor) was written by Lin, Fan;Zhang, Haoran;Yu, Jun;Yu, Chuanqi;Chen, Cuiying;Sun, Zhijie;Wang, Shuqi;Wen, Xiaobo. And the article was included in Aquaculture in 2021.HPLC of Formula: 137-08-6 This article mentions the following:

Selenium (Se) is an essential antioxidative trace element for animals. Proper dietary Se supplementation could promote growth and antioxidative ability of fish species, especially for those under oxidative stress caused by high-d. aquaculture model. However, the narrow safety rage between deficiency and toxicity doses of Se complicates its use for supplementation purpose. Here, we reported the effects of dietary Se supplementation with sodium selenite (0.21, 0.53, 0.79, 1.11, 1.45 and 1.72 mg Se/kg diet, P1-P6) on the growth performance, antioxidative status and tissue Se deposition of an important marine economic fish, Chu’s croaker (Nibea coibor). After an 8-wk feeding trial, it was demonstrated that the dietary Se supplementation (P1-P3) significantly improved the weight gain of the fish, while a decreased trend of weight gain was observed at higher Se supplementation levels (P4-P6). The activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in serum and liver significantly increased with the increasing Se levels. While, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) firstly increased and then decreased with the increasing Se levels, with highest value presented in P4 and P3 group, resp. The trends of malondialdehyde (MDA) content in serum and liver were opposite to those of CAT, with lowest value in P3 group. Similar to their enzyme activity counterparts, the mRNA expression of GPx1, SOD1 and SOD2 in liver were also significantly affected by the dietary Se levels. Furthermore, it was shown that Se contents in liver, muscle and swim bladder linearly increased with the dietary Se levels, with the Se accumulation efficiency of liver > muscle > swim bladder. It can be concluded that a dietary Se supplementation of 0.74 mg/kg is suggested for the aquaculture of juvenile N. coibor, based on the weight gain, antioxidative enzyme activities/expression and tissue Se accumulation. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6HPLC of Formula: 137-08-6).

Calcium (R)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoate (cas: 137-08-6) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are among the most common organic compounds. They are used as sweeteners and in making perfumes, are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of other compounds, and are among the most abundantly produced organic chemicals in industry. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.HPLC of Formula: 137-08-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Synthesis, properties, and hydrolysis of bio-based poly(butylene succinate-co-diethylene glycol succinate) copolyesters was written by Ding, Yue;Li, Shilin;Wang, Jingxi;Liu, Yuanyuan;Dong, Liming;Du, Xihua;Huang, Dan;Ai, Tianhao;Ji, Junhui. And the article was included in Journal of Applied Polymer Science in 2022.Name: 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) This article mentions the following:

A series of poly(butylene succinate-co-diethylene glycol succinate) (PBSD) copolymers were synthesized by melt-polycondensation in order to improve the nonenzymic hydrolysis of PBS. The contact angle and water uptake content of copolymer were increased obviously when the regular crystalline structure of chain segment was disturbed by diethylene glycol. Rheol. tests revealed the microphase separation structure occurred at 130°C. The tensile strength of PBSD40 copolymer was 15 MPa and the elongation at break was more than 700%, and the decomposition temperature was above 370°C. The weight loss of PBSD60 copolymer in acid condition was 98.6% after 49 days at 50°C. However, in neutral condition and simulated seawater, the weight loss was less than 10%. Acid and alk. catalyzed the hydrolysis of ester bonds. Some holes and cracks appeared at the surface of the samples after degradation from SEM anal. Thus, PBSD copolymers have the potential to serve as promising water degradable materials. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) (cas: 111-46-6Name: 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol)).

2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol) (cas: 111-46-6) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.Name: 2,2′-Oxybis(ethan-1-ol)

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Electrochemically generated base synthesis of thiazolidine-2-thiones was written by Medini, Hayet;Mekni, Nejib Hussein;Boujlel, Khaled. And the article was included in Journal of Sulfur Chemistry in 2015.Formula: C13H19NO This article mentions the following:

The electrolysis of secondary β-amino alcs. in the presence of carbon disulfide using an electrogenerated base (EGB) to promote the reaction of the synthesis of thiazolidine-2-thione was reported. The EGB was prepared by probase-free electrolysis of acetonitrile under galvanostatic conditions using a sacrificial magnesium anode. The reaction produced the corresponding heterocyclic thiazolidine-2-thiones in satisfactory yields. The compounds thus obtained were fully characterized by IR, ¹H, ¹³C NMR spectroscopy, HRMS and elementary anal. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Trans-2-(benzylamino)cyclohexanol (cas: 40571-86-6Formula: C13H19NO).

Trans-2-(benzylamino)cyclohexanol (cas: 40571-86-6) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Formula: C13H19NO

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Tetrazoles of manno- and rhamno- furanoses was written by Davis, Benjamin G.;Nash, Robert J.;Watson, Alison A.;Smith, Colin;Fleet, George W. J.. And the article was included in Tetrahedron in 1999.Safety of (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal hydrate This article mentions the following:

The synthesis of [3.3.0] bicyclic tetrazoles, e.g. I, derived from D-manno- and D-rhamnofuranose starting from D-mannose, and of L-rhamnofuranose starting from L-rhamnose is described. The key step in the formation of all three examples of this novel class of sugar mimics is an intramol. [1,3]-dipolar cycloaddition of azide and nitrile moieties. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal hydrate (cas: 10030-85-0Safety of (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal hydrate).

(2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal hydrate (cas: 10030-85-0) belongs to alcohols. The oxygen atom of the strongly polarized O―H bond of an alcohol pulls electron density away from the hydrogen atom. This polarized hydrogen, which bears a partial positive charge, can form a hydrogen bond with a pair of nonbonding electrons on another oxygen atom. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.Safety of (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal hydrate

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Studies to further investigate the inhibition of human liver microsomal CYP2C8 by the acyl-β-glucuronide of gemfibrozil was written by Jenkins, S. M.;Zvyaga, T.;Johnson, S. R.;Hurley, J.;Wagner, A.;Burrell, R.;Turley, W.;Leet, J. E.;Philip, T.;Rodrigues, A. D.. And the article was included in Drug Metabolism and Disposition in 2011.Recommanded Product: 59960-32-6 This article mentions the following:

In previous studies, gemfibrozil acyl-β-glucuronide, but not gemfibrozil, was found to be a mechanism-based inhibitor of cytochrome P 450 2C8. To better understand whether this inhibition is specific for gemfibrozil acyl-β-glucuronide or whether other glucuronide conjugates are potential substrates for inhibition of this enzyme, we evaluated several pharmaceutical compounds (as their acyl glucuronides) as direct-acting and metabolism-dependent inhibitors of CYP2C8 in human liver microsomes. Of 11 compounds that were evaluated as their acyl glucuronide conjugates, only gemfibrozil acyl-β-glucuronide exhibited mechanism-based inhibition, indicating that CYP2C8 mechanism-based inhibition is very specific to certain glucuronide conjugates. Structural analogs of gemfibrozil were synthesized, and their glucuronide conjugates were prepared to further examine the mechanism of inhibition. When the aromatic Me groups on the gemfibrozil moiety were substituted with trifluoromethyls, the resulting glucuronide conjugate was a weaker inhibitor of CYP2C8 and mechanism-based inhibition was abolished. However, the glucuronide conjugates of monomethyl gemfibrozil analogs were mechanism-based inhibitors of CYP2C8, although not as potent as gemfibrozil acyl-β-glucuronide itself. The ortho-monomethyl analog was a more potent inhibitor than the meta-monomethyl analog, indicating that CYP2C8 favors the ortho position for oxidation and potential inhibition. Mol. modeling of gemfibrozil acyl-β-glucuronide in the CYP2C8 active site is consistent with the ortho-Me position being the favored site of covalent attachment to the heme. Moreover, hydrogen bonding to four residues (Ser100, Ser103, Gln214, and Asn217) is implicated. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(3-(Hydroxy(phenyl)methyl)phenyl)propanoic acid (cas: 59960-32-6Recommanded Product: 59960-32-6).

2-(3-(Hydroxy(phenyl)methyl)phenyl)propanoic acid (cas: 59960-32-6) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.Recommanded Product: 59960-32-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of N²-Substituted 2,4-Diamino-6-cyclohexylmethoxy-5-nitrosopyrimidines and Related 5-Cyano-NNO-azoxy Derivatives as Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 (CDK2) Inhibitors was written by Cortese, Daniela;Chegaev, Konstantin;Guglielmo, Stefano;Wang, Lan Z.;Golding, Bernard T.;Cano, Celine;Fruttero, Roberta. And the article was included in ChemMedChem in 2016.Name: (R)-2-Aminobutan-1-ol This article mentions the following:

The potent and selective cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) inhibitor NU6027 (6-cyclohexylmethoxy-5-nitroso-2,4-diaminopyrimidine) was used as the lead for the synthesis of a series of analogs in order to provide further insight into the structure-activity relationships for 2,4-diaminopyrimidine CDK2 inhibitors. Aliphatic amino substituents were introduced at position 2. The use of linear or less sterically hindered amines gave rise to compounds endowed with slightly better activity than the lead; on the other hand, the compounds were less active if a bulkier amino substituent was used. Substitution of the 5-nitroso group with a 5-cyano-NNO-azoxy moiety afforded a new class of inhibitors, the activity of which against CDK2 was found to be similar to that of the nitroso series. The most active nitroso compound was (2S)-2-[(4-amino-6-cyclohexylmethoxy-5-nitrosopyrimidin-2-yl)amino]propan-1-ol (IC₅₀=0.16 μm), while in the 5-cyano-NNO-azoxy series the most active compound was 4-amino-5-[(Z)-cyano-NNO-azoxy]-2-{[(2S)-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]amino}-6-cyclohexylmethoxypyrimidine (IC₅₀=0.30 μm). Taken together, these new analogs of NU6027 enhance our understanding of the structure-activity relationships for 2,4-diaminopyrimidine CDK2 inhibitors. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (R)-2-Aminobutan-1-ol (cas: 5856-63-3Name: (R)-2-Aminobutan-1-ol).

(R)-2-Aminobutan-1-ol (cas: 5856-63-3) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.Name: (R)-2-Aminobutan-1-ol

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts