Month: December 2022

Chen, Pei published the artcileA cold-water soluble polysaccharide isolated from Grifola frondosa induces the apoptosis of HepG2 cells through mitochondrial passway, HPLC of Formula: 59-23-4, the main research area is Grifola polysaccharide anticancer agent apoptosis signaling hepatocellular carcinoma; Cell apoptosis; Cold-water-soluble polysaccharide; Grifola frondosa polysaccharide; Mitochondrial pathway.

Grifola frondosa is a widely eaten and medicinal fungus. In this study, we extracted a cold-water-soluble polysaccharide from Grifola frondosa (cGFP) and investigated its effects on the proliferation and apoptosis of human hepatoma HepG2 cells. MTT assay showed that cGFP induced apoptosis of HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometry anal. showed that cGFP induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells through S phase arrest. The distribution of cells at different apoptotic stages was determined by Annexin V-FITC and Propidium Iodide (PI) staining. SEM (SEM) results indicated that cGFP induced typical apoptotic morphol. features in HepG2. Mitochondrial membrane potential was reduced according to the screening of JC-1 staining. And western blot anal. of Bax, Bcl-2, cytochrome C (Cyto-c), caspase-3, and caspase-9 further demonstrated that the cGFP-induced apoptosis effect functioned through the mitochondrial pathway. Further anal. by qRT-PCR showed that Bax expression increased and Bcl-2 expression decreased. These findings suggested that cGFP could inhibit the proliferation of HepG2 cells and induce apoptosis mainly through the intrinsic activation mitochondrial pathway.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules published new progress about Antitumor agents. 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, HPLC of Formula: 59-23-4.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Sun, Weiguang published the artcileAspulvinone O, a natural inhibitor of GOT1 suppresses pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells growth by interfering glutamine metabolism, Safety of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is aspulvinone O antitumor GOT1 inhibitor glutamine pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; Aspulvinone O; GOT1 inhibitor; Glutamine metabolism; Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells.

Background: Distinctive from their normal counterparts, cancer cells exhibit unique metabolic dependencies on glutamine to fuel anabolic processes. Specifically, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells rely on an unconventional metabolic pathway catalyzed by aspartate transaminase 1 (GOT1) to rewire glutamine metabolism and support NADP (NADPH) production Thus, the important role of GOT1 in energy metabolism and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) balance demonstrates that targeting GOT1 may serve as an important therapeutic target in PDAC. Methods: To assay the binding affinity between Aspulvinone O (AO) and GOT1 proteins, the virtual docking, microscale thermophoresis (MST), cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) and drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) methods were employed. GOT1 was silenced in several PDAC cell lines. The level of OCR and ECR were assayed by seahorse. To evaluate the in vivo anti-tumor efficacy of AO, the xenograft model was built in CB17/scid mouse. Results: Screening of an inhouse natural compound library identified the AO as a novel inhibitor of GOT1 and repressed glutamine metabolism, which sensitizes PDAC cells to oxidative stress and suppresses cell proliferation. Virtual docking anal. suggested that AO could bind to the active site of GOT1 and form obvious hydrophobic interaction with Trp141 together with hydrogen bonds with Thr110 and Ser256. Further in vitro validation, including MST, CETSA and DARTS, further demonstrated the specific combining capacity of AO. We also show that the selective inhibition of GOT1 by AO significantly reduces proliferation of PDAC in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions: Taken together, our findings identify AO as a potent bioactive inhibitor of GOT1 and a novel anti-tumor agent for PDAC therapy.

Cell Communication and Signaling published new progress about Antitumor agents. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Safety of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Hussein, Khalid Abdallah published the artcileEffect of rosemary essential oil and Trichoderma koningiopsis T-403 VOCs on pathogenic fungi responsible for ginsengroot rot disease, Recommanded Product: rel-(1R,2R,4R)-1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol, the main research area is Trichoderma koningiopsis rosemary essential oil ginseng root rot disease; Rosemary; VOCs; antifungal activity; essential oil; ginseng root rot.

Rosemary essential oil was evaluated for antifungal potentiality against six major ginseng pathogens: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Sclerotinia nivalis, Cylindrocarpon destructans, Alternaria panax, Botrytis cinerea, and Fusarium oxysporum. The in vitro fungicidal effects of two commonly used fungicides, namely mancozeb and fenhexamid, and the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of Trichoderma koningiopsis T-403 on the mycelial growth were investigated. The results showed that rosemary essential oil is active against all of the pathogenic strains of ginseng root rot, whereas rosemary oil displayed high ability to inhibit the Sclerotinia spp. growth. The highest sensitivity was S. nivalis, with complete inhibition of growth at 0.1% volume/volume of rosemary oil, followed by Alternaria panax, which exhibited 100% inhibition at 0.3% volume/volume of the oil. Min. inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of rosemary oil ranged from 0.1% to 0.5% (volume/volume). Chem. anal. using GC-MS showed the presence of thirty-two constituents within rosemary oil from R. officinals L. Camphore type is the most frequent sesquiterpene in rosemary oil composition Mancozeb and fenhexamid showed their highest inhibition effect (45% and 30%, resp.) against A. panax. The T. koningiopsis T-403 showed its highest inhibition effect (84%) against C. destructans isolate. This study may expedite the application of antifungal natural substances from rosemary and Triehoderma in the prevention and control of phytopathogenic strains in ginseng root infections.

Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology published new progress about Alternaria panax. 124-76-5 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is rel-(1R,2R,4R)-1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol, and the molecular formula is C10H18O, Recommanded Product: rel-(1R,2R,4R)-1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Iwasawa, Shinya published the artcileThe prevalence of GALM mutations that cause galactosemia: A database of functionally evaluated variants, Formula: C6H12O6, the main research area is GALM mutation diagnosis galactosemia; GALM; Galactose; Galactose mutarotase; Genetics; Leloir pathway.

Galactosemia is a metabolic disorder that affects the appropriate metabolism of β-D-galactose. Deficiencies in three of the enzymes of the Leloir pathway, namely, GALT, GALK1, or GALE, are characterized as type I, II, and III galactosemia, resp. Recently, we reported a novel type of galactosemia (type IV galactosemia) due to biallelic GALM mutations. Genetic diagnosis is indispensable for diagnosing GALM deficiency because no biochem. diagnosis method has been established. Given that apparently pathogenic variants in GALM are found in public variant databases, we presumed the presence of pathogenic variants that have not been reported. In this study, we explore 67 GALM variants that are prevalent in the ExAC database, including 57 missense variants, 7 stop-gain variants, 2 frameshift variants, and 1 splice-site variant. We performed an in vitro expression assay and an enzyme activity assay. Among the 66 variants except for 1 splice-site variant, 29 produced no or faint protein expression and were judged as pathogenic variants. Furthermore, the remaining 37 variants were evaluated by enzyme activity assay. Two showed mildly reduced enzyme activity and were classified as benign. Based on our study, the estimated incidence of GALM deficiency is 1:228,411 in all populations, 1:10,388 in the African population, and 1:80,747 in the Japanese population. Our GALM mutation database is useful for the genetic diagnosis of GALM deficiency.

Molecular Genetics and Metabolism published new progress about Allele frequency. 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, Formula: C6H12O6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Baath, Simran published the artcileBiological Effects of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Drosophila melanogaster Malic Enzyme Locus, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is MEN IDH single nucleotide polymorphism heterozygous genotype Drosophila; Balancing selection; Drosophila melanogaster; Genetic background; Genetic variation; Malic enzyme; Single-nucleotide polymorphism.

A pair of amino acid polymorphisms within the Drosophila melanogaster Malic enzyme (Men) locus presents an interesting case of genetic variation that appears to be under selection. The two alleles at each site are biochem. distinct, but their biol. effects are unknown. One polymorphic site is near the active site and the other is buried within the protein. Strikingly, in twelve different populations, the first polymorphism is always found at approx. a 50:50 allelic frequency, whereas the second polymorphism is always found at approx. 90:10. The consistency of the frequencies between populations suggests that the polymorphisms are under selection and it is possible that balancing selection is at play. We used 16 lines of flies to create the nine genotypes needed to quantify both effects of the polymorphic sites and possible genetic background effects, which we found to be widespread. The alleles at each site differ, but in different biochem. characteristics. The first site significantly influences MEN Km and Vmax, whereas the second site affects the Km and the Vmax/Km ratio (relative activity). Interestingly, the rarest allele is the most biochem. distinct. We also assayed three more distal phenotypes, triglyceride concentration, carbohydrate concentration, and longevity. In all cases, the phenotypes of the heterozygous genotypes are intermediate between those of the resp. homozygotes suggesting that if balancing selection is maintaining the observed allele frequencies it is not through non-linear combinations of the biochem. phenotypes.

Biochemical Genetics published new progress about Allele frequency. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Karadayian, Analia G. published the artcileAlcohol hangover effects on brain cortex non-synaptic mitochondria and synaptosomes bioenergetics, Application of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is alc hangover effect brain cortex nonsynaptic mitochondria synaptosome bioenergetics; Alcohol hangover; Bioenergetics; Mitochondria; Synaptosomes; Uncoupling proteins.

Alc. hangover (AH) has been associated with oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. We herein postulate that AH-induced mitochondrial alterations can be due to a different pattern of response in synaptosomes and non-synaptic (NS) mitochondria. Mice received i.p. (i.p.) injections of ethanol (3.8 g/kg) or saline and were sacrificed 6 h afterward. Brain cortex NS mitochondria and synaptosomes were isolated by Ficoll gradient. Oxygen consumption rates were measured in NS mitochondria and synaptosomes by high-resolution respirometry. Results showed that NS-synaptic mitochondria from AH animals presented a 26% decrease in malate-glutamate state 3 respiration, a 64% reduction in ATP content, 28-37% decrements in ATP production rates (malate-glutamate or succinate-dependent, resp.), and 44% inhibition in complex IV activity. No changes were observed in mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨ) or in UCP-2 expression in NS-mitochondria. Synaptosome respiration driving proton leak (in the presence of oligomycin), and spare respiratory capacity (percentage ratio between maximum and basal respiration) were 30% and 15% increased in hangover condition, resp. Synaptosomal ATP content was 26% decreased, and ATP production rates were 40-55% decreased (malate-glutamate or succinate-dependent, resp.) in AH mice. In addition, a 24% decrease in ΔΨ and a 21% increase in UCP-2 protein expression were observed in synaptosomes from AH mice. Moreover, mitochondrial respiratory complexes I-III, II-III, and IV activities measured in synaptosomes from AH mice were decreased by 18%, 34%, and 50%, resp. Results of this study reveal that alterations in bioenergetics status during AH could be mainly due to changes in mitochondrial function at the level of synapses.

Alcohol (New York, NY, United States) published new progress about Alcohol hangover. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Application of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Abdel Rahman, Afaf N. published the artcileDietary Salvia officinalis leaves enhances antioxidant-immune-capacity, resistance to Aeromonas sobria challenge, and growth of Cyprinus carpio, Safety of rel-(1R,2R,4R)-1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol, the main research area is Salvia leaf supplement antioxidant resistance Aeromonas Cyprinus; Aeromonas sobria; Common carp; Common sage; Gene expression; Immune-antioxidant.

The current perspective is a pioneer to assess the efficacy of Salvia officinalis leave powder (SOLP) on growth, intestinal enzymes, physiol. and antioxidant status, immunol. response, and gene expression of Common carp (Cyprinus carpio). We also looked into fish resistance after being challenged with Aeromonas sobria, a pathogenic zoonotic bacteria. Fish (N = 120) were fed four different exptl. diets in triplicate for 8 wk. The control diet (SOLP0 – without SOLP); meanwhile, the other three diets included SOLP of 2, 4, and 8 g kg-1 concentrations (SOLP2, SOLP4, and SOLP8), resp. Findings demonstrated that fish fed SOLP4 and SOLP8 diets had better growth performance and improved digestion by noticeable enhancing lipase and amylase enzymes activity than other groups. Addnl., the antioxidant (superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) and immune activities (IgM, nitric oxide, and antiprotease) clarified a significant increase (p < 0.05) in SOLP4 and SOLP8 groups. Enriched diets with SOLP4 and SOLP8 exhibited better expression of splenic genes (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TLR-2, and SOD), intestinal genes (Slc26a6) and (PepT1 or Slc15a1), and muscular genes (IGF-1 and SOD), while MSTN was down-regulated. After 8 wk of the exptl. trial, C. carpio challenged by A. sobria exhibited the highest cumulative mortality (66.67%), while SOLP8-dietary intervention showed the best results in enhancing the fish resistance against A. sobria by lessening mortalities to 13.33% followed by SOLP4 diet (20%). The outcomes indicate that the expression of splenic, muscular, and intestinal genes confirm the efficacy of SOLP on enhancing growth, digestion, and immune-antioxidant status, and recommend the potential use of SOLP especially at 4 g kg-1 level as a valuable natural economic diet additive in C. carpio culture for sustaining aquaculture. Fish & Shellfish Immunology published new progress about Aeromonas sobria. 124-76-5 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is rel-(1R,2R,4R)-1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol, and the molecular formula is C10H18O, Safety of rel-(1R,2R,4R)-1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Hazarika, Hemanga published the artcileThe fabrication and assessment of mosquito repellent cream for outdoor protection, Recommanded Product: rel-(1R,2R,4R)-1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol, the main research area is mosquito repellent cream citronella oil.

Mosquito-borne infections like dengue, malaria, chikungunya, etc. are a nuisance and can cause profound discomfort to people. Due to the objectional side effects and toxicity associated with synthetic pyrethroids, N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), N,N-di-Et phenylacetamide (DEPA), and N,N-di Et benzamide (DEBA) based mosquito repellent products, we developed an essential oil (EO) based mosquito repellent cream (EO-MRC) using clove, citronella and lemongrass oil. Subsequently, a formulation characterization, bio-efficacy, and safety study of EO-MRC were carried out. Expression of Anti-OBP2A and TRPV1 proteins on mosquito head parts were studied by western blotting. In-silico screening was also conducted for the specific proteins. An FT-IR study confirmed the chem. compatibility of the EOs and excipients used in EO-MRC. The thermal behavior of the best EOs and their mixture was characterized by thermogravimetric anal. (TGA). GC-MS examination revealed various chem. components present in EOs. Efficacy of EO-MRC was correlated with 12% N,N-di-Et benzamide (DEBA) based marketed cream (DBMC). Complete protection time (CPT) of EO-MRC was determined as 228 min. Cytotoxicity study on L-132 cell line confirmed the non-toxic nature of EO-MRC upon inhalation. Acute dermal irritation study, acute dermal dose toxicity study, and acute eye irritation study revealed the non-toxic nature of EO-MRC. Non-target toxicity study on Danio rerio confirmed EO-MRC as safer for aquatic non-target animals. A decrease in the concentration of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was observed in transfluthrin (TNSF) exposed Wistar rats. While EO-MRC did not alter the AChE concentrations in the exposed animals. from western blotting confirmed that Anti-OBP2A and TRPV1 proteins were inhibited in TNSF exposed mosquitoes. Mosquitoes exposed to EO-MRC showed a similar expression pattern for Anti-OBP2A and TRPV1 as the control group. In silico study revealed eight identified compounds of the EOs play significant roles in the overall repellency property of the developed product. The study emphasizes the mosquito repellent activity of EO-MRC, which could be an effective, eco-friendly, and safer alternative to the existing synthetic repellents for personal protection against mosquitoes during field conditions.

Scientific Reports published new progress about Aedes albopictus. 124-76-5 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is rel-(1R,2R,4R)-1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol, and the molecular formula is C10H18O, Recommanded Product: rel-(1R,2R,4R)-1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Cotchakaew, Nuttavich published the artcileToxicity of several botanical essential oils and their combinations against females of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Anopheles minimus (theobald): oviposition deterrent, ovicidal and adulticidal efficacies, Application of rel-(1R,2R,4R)-1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol, the main research area is Aedes albopictus Anopheles minimus essential oil oviposition adulticidal toxicity.

To investigate the efficacies of 12 essential oil (EO) formulations from three Zingiberaceae plants (Alpinia galanga, Curcuma zedoaria, and Zingiber cassumunar) individually and in combination with an augmenting Eucalyptus globulus (E. globulus) EO against females of Aedes albopictus (Ae. albopictus) and Anopheles minimus (An. minimus). These formulations were evaluated for their ovicidal, oviposition deterrent and adulticidal activities against Ae. albopictus and An. minimus by a topical method, a double-choice method and a WHO susceptibility test, resp. It was found that all formulations of Zingiberaceae plants EOs augmented with E. globulus EO were more effective in oviposition deterrent, ovicidal, and adulticidal activities against the two mosquito species than all of the formulations used without E. globulus EO. Their oviposition deterrent, ovicidal and adulticidal activities were equivalent to those of 10% w/v cypermethrin. In contrast, 70% volume/volume Et alc. as a control alone was not effective at all. The highest synergistic effect in effective repellency against Ae. albopictus was achieved by 5% Alpinia galanga EO + 5% E. globulus EO and against An. minimus was 5% Zingiber cassumunar EO + 5% E. globulus EO. Moreover, the highest synergistic effects in ovicidal activities against Ae. albopictus and An. minimus were achieved by 10% Zingiber cassumunar EO + 10% E. globulus EO and 5% Curcuma zedoaria EO + 5% E. globulus EO, resp. For the adulticidal activities, the highest synergistic effect against two mosquitoes was achieved by 5% Curcuma zedoaria EO + 5% E. globulus EO. These results suggest that Zingiberaceae plant EOs augmented with E. globulus EO have a high potential to be developed into oviposition deterrent, ovicidal, and adulticidal agents for controlling populations of Ae. albopictus and An. minimus.

Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine published new progress about Aedes albopictus. 124-76-5 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is rel-(1R,2R,4R)-1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol, and the molecular formula is C10H18O, Application of rel-(1R,2R,4R)-1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Barnard, Donald R. published the artcileLaboratory evaluation of mosquito repellents against Aedes albopictus, Culex nigripalpus, and Ochlerotatus triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae), COA of Formula: C10H20O2, the main research area is mosquito repellent Aedes Culex Ochlerotatus; Autan Off Skinsations BiteBlocker mosquito repellent; GonE Natrapel NeemAura Sunswat mosquito repellent; MosquitoSafe Repel mosquito repellent.

Four synthetic mosquito repellents (Autan [10% KBR3023], IR3535 [7.5%], Off! [15% deet], Skinsations [7% deet]) and 8 natural (primarily plant extracts and/or essential oils) product-based repellents (Bite Blocker [2% soybean oil], ByGone, GonE!, Natrapel [10% citronella], Neem Aura, Sunswat, MosquitoSafe [25% geraniol], and Repel [26% p-menthane-3,8-diol]) were tested in the laboratory against Aedes albopictus Skuse, Culex nigripalpus Theobald, and Ochlerotatus triseriatus (Say). When estimated mean protection time (eMPT) responses for each repellent were averaged for all three mosquito species, Autan, Bite Blocker, Off!, and Repel prevented biting for ≥7.2 h; IR3535, MosquitoSafe, and Skinsations for 3.2-4.8 h; and ByGone, Natrapel, GonE, NeemAura, and SunSwat for 0.9-2.3 h. Against Ae. albopictus, the eMPT for Off! and Repel exceeded 7.0 h and ranged from 5.0 to 5.7 h for Autan, Bite Blocker, and Skinsations. Bygone, GonE, NeemAura, and SunSwat provided 0.2 h protection against Ae. albopictus and Oc. triseriatus, whereas Autan, Bite Blocker, Off!, and Repel prevented bites by Oc. triseriatus for ≥7.3 h. All 12 repellents provided an eMPT ≥2.8 h against Cx. nigripalpus (maximum: 8.5 h for Bite Blocker). When the average eMPT for each repellent (for all species) was divided by the eMPT for 7% deet (Skinsations), the order of repellent effectiveness and the corresponding repellency index (Ri) was Repel (1.7) > Bite Blocker (1.5) = Autan (1.5) = Off! (1.5) > Skinsations (1.0) > IR3535 (0.8) > MosquitoSafe (0.6) > Natrapel (0.5) > Neem Aura (0.3) = SunSwat (0.3) = Bygone (0.3) > GonE (0.2).

Journal of Medical Entomology published new progress about Aedes albopictus. 42822-86-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is 2-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-5-methylcyclohexanol, and the molecular formula is C10H20O2, COA of Formula: C10H20O2.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts