Month: December 2022

Quek, Lake-Ee published the artcileDynamic 13C Flux Analysis Captures the Reorganization of Adipocyte Glucose Metabolism in Response to Insulin, Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks, the main research area is metabolome insulin glucose metabolism adipocyte dynamic carbon flux analysis; Biological Sciences; Flux Data; Metabolic Flux Analysis; Metabolomics.

Cellular metabolism is dynamic, but quantifying non-steady metabolic fluxes by stable isotope tracers presents unique computational challenges. Here, we developed an efficient 13C-tracer dynamic metabolic flux anal. (13C-DMFA) framework for modeling central carbon fluxes that vary over time. We used B-splines to generalize the flux parameterization system and to improve the stability of the optimization algorithm. As proof of concept, we investigated how 3T3-L1 cultured adipocytes acutely metabolize glucose in response to insulin. Insulin rapidly stimulates glucose uptake, but intracellular pathways responded with differing speeds and magnitudes. Fluxes in lower glycolysis increased faster than those in upper glycolysis. Glycolysis fluxes rose disproportionally larger and faster than the tricarboxylic acid cycle, with lactate a primary glucose end product. The uncovered array of flux dynamics suggests that glucose catabolism is addnl. regulated beyond uptake to help shunt glucose into appropriate pathways. This work demonstrates the value of using dynamic intracellular fluxes to understand metabolic function and pathway regulation.

iScience published new progress about Adipocyte. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Yang, Huan published the artcileSigma-1 receptor ablation impedes adipocyte-like differentiation of mouse embryonic fibroblasts, Safety of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is sigma 1 adipocyte differentiation embryonic fibroblast; Adipogenic induction; Body weight gain; Mouse embryonic fibroblast; Sigma-1 receptor.

The sigma-1 receptor (Sig1R) is a unique ligand-operated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein without any mammalian homolog. It has long been a pharmacol. target for intervention of psychiatric disorders, and recently garnered refreshed interest for its neuroprotective potential. Though reported to modulate various intracellular events, its influence on cell identity is little known. We explored a role for Sig1R in adipocyte differentiation. We induced adipogenic differentiation of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) with a differentiation medium. MEFs were isolated from Sigmar1-/- and Sigmar1+/+ mice. The induced adipocyte-like phenotype was detected through Western blots of master transcription factors (PPARγ, CEBPA, SREBP1, SREBP2), lipogenic proteins (FABP4, ACC1, ACAT2), and Oil-Red-O staining of lipids. We found that the induced upregulation of these proteins and lipid accumulation were severely mitigated in Sigmar1-/- (vs Sigmar1+/+) MEFs. Sig1R activation with a selective agonist (PRE084) increased Sig1R protein and further enhanced the induced adipocyte-like phenotype in Sigmar1+/+ MEFs. We also determined mouse body weight gain induced by high-fat diet for 6 mo, which was impeded in Sigmar1-/- (vs Sigmar1+/+) male mice. In summary, genetic ablation of Sig1R impairs, and agonist activation of Sig1R enhances adipocyte-like phenotype of induced MEFs. In vivo, Sig1R ablation impedes the body weight gain of male mice on high-fat diet. This study warrants further investigation of a previously unrecognized role for Sig1R in adipocyte differentiation.

Cellular Signalling published new progress about Adipocyte. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Safety of (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

D’souza, Kenneth published the artcileWhey peptides stimulate differentiation and lipid metabolism in adipocytes and ameliorate lipotoxicity-induced insulin resistance in muscle cells, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is whey peptide lipid adipocyte lipotoxicity insulin resistance muscle cell; PPAR; adipocytes; differentiation; insulin resistance; lipolysis; lipotoxicity; metabolism; mitochondria; myocytes; whey peptides.

Deregulation of lipid metabolism and insulin function in muscle and adipose tissue are hallmarks of systemic insulin resistance, which can progress to type 2 diabetes. While previous studies suggested that milk proteins influence systemic glucose homeostasis and insulin function, it remains unclear whether bioactive peptides generated from whey alter lipid metabolism and its accumulation in muscle and adipose tissue. Therefore, we incubated murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and C2C12 myotubes with a whey peptide mixture produced through pepsin-pancreatin digestion, mimicking peptides generated in the gut from whey protein hydrolysis, and examined its effect on indicators of lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Whey peptides, particularly those derived from bovine serum albumin (BSA), promoted 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation and triacylglycerol (TG) accumulation in accordance with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) upregulation. Whey/BSA peptides also increased lipolysis and mitochondrial fat oxidation in adipocytes, which was associated with the upregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ). In C2C12 myotubes, whey but not BSA peptides ameliorated palmitate-induced insulin resistance, which was associated with reduced inflammation and diacylglycerol accumulation, and increased sequestration of fatty acids in the TG pool. Taken together, our study suggests that whey peptides generated via pepsin-pancreatin digestion profoundly alter lipid metabolism and accumulation in adipocytes and skeletal myotubes.

Nutrients published new progress about Adipocyte. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Martinez, Alina M. published the artcileTunable Surfaces and Films from Thioester Containing Microparticles, Recommanded Product: Pentaerythritol tetra(3-mercaptopropionate), the main research area is tunable surface film thioester microparticle.

Reported here, thioester containing microparticles were designed with 40% excess thiol to enable thiol-thioester exchange to facilitate the formation of cohesive films from the particles. A thiol-Michael dispersion polymerization was used to generate thioester containing microparticles with a diameter of 4.0 ± 0.4μm. The particles were then swollen with a base at varying concentrations to activate the thiol-thioester exchange and subsequently compressed between two glass slides. Resultant films were characterized over time with profilometry and at. force microscopy (AFM) to infer particle coalescence at different catalyst loadings and times. Tensile tests were performed confirming the structural integrity of the particle-based films. Furthermore, microparticles were welded to a nondynamic network demonstrating feasibility in potential applications to generate materials containing differing mech. properties. Being able to control the functionality of particles, and thus mech. properties of the resultant films, is also important for applications in coatings, adhesives, and 3D printing where spatial patterning or selective material property control is needed.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces published new progress about Adhesives. 7575-23-7 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is Pentaerythritol tetra(3-mercaptopropionate), and the molecular formula is C17H28O8S4, Recommanded Product: Pentaerythritol tetra(3-mercaptopropionate).

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Li, Yi published the artcileReconfigurable Three-Dimensional Mesotructures of Spatially Programmed Liquid Crystal Elastomers and Their Ferromagnetic Composites, Safety of Pentaerythritol tetra(3-mercaptopropionate), the main research area is reconfigurable mesotructure programmed liquid crystal elastomer ferromagnetic composite.

Reversible programming of 3D soft mesostructures is desired for many applications including soft robotics and biomedical devices. The large, reversible shape changes of liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs), which result from the coupling between the alignment of liquid crystal (LC) mols. and the macroscopic deformation of polymer networks, have attracted much attention for such applications. Here, a facile and versatile strategy is introduced to create reconfigurable, freestanding 3D mesostructures of LCEs and magnetic LCE composites that are inaccessible with existing techniques via spatially programming LC mols. through mech. buckling. Demonstrations include exptl. and theor. results of more than 20 reconfigurable 3D LCE mesostructures of diverse configurations, from coils and spirals to structures that resemble fences and frameworks, with characteristic feature sizes and thicknesses ranging from micro to macro. The large, reversible shape-switching behaviors of these structures over multiple cycles are also demonstrated. An LCE gripper is shown to grab/release objects of both regular and irregular geometries. Furthermore, a robot of ferromagnetic LCE composites that simultaneously responds to magnetic and thermal stimuli for diverse biomimetic behaviors, especially crawling underneath a narrow crack, illustrates the integration of other functional materials to LCEs for multifunctional systems.

Advanced Functional Materials published new progress about Adhesives. 7575-23-7 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is Pentaerythritol tetra(3-mercaptopropionate), and the molecular formula is C17H28O8S4, Safety of Pentaerythritol tetra(3-mercaptopropionate).

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Correr-Sobrinho, Lourenco published the artcileStrengthening ceramic surfaces with the use of resin cements based on thiourethane oligomers, Recommanded Product: Pentaerythritol tetra(3-mercaptopropionate), the main research area is strengthening ceramic surface resin cement thiourethane oligomer.

This study evaluated the effects of thiourethane (TU) additives on the flexural strength (σf) and elastic modulus (Ef) of a resin cement, and on a possible strengthening of ceramic restorations. Methods : Two TUs (Aromatic and Aliphatic) were added at 0 (control-EC) or 20 wt% to photopolymerizable resin cements. RelyX Ultimate (RU) was the com. control. Flexural strength (σf) and elastic modulus (Ef) of the cements were measured in three-point bending (n = 8). Biaxial flexural strength (σbf) of ceramic disks with and without cement layering were determined using a ball-on-ring setup. The σbf of cement-coated specimens was calculated at positions z = 0 (ceramic surface, bonded interface) and z = -t2 (cement surface above ring). Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA/Tukey test (α = .05). Results : σf of AR was significantly higher than for AL and RU, and Ef was lower. The Ef of RU was significantly higher than all other groups. At z = 0, all resin-coated groups had higher σbf. The σbf of RU, AR, and AL were significantly higher than EC and unfilled resin group. At z = -t2, RU had significantly higher σbf. Significance : All resin cements were able to strengthen the ceramic, with the TU-modified material presenting similar results to the com. material.

Journal of Applied Polymer Science published new progress about Adhesives. 7575-23-7 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is Pentaerythritol tetra(3-mercaptopropionate), and the molecular formula is C17H28O8S4, Recommanded Product: Pentaerythritol tetra(3-mercaptopropionate).

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Gerdt, Philipp published the artcileAlternating Terpolymers through Cyclopolymerization and Subsequent Orthogonal Functionalization, Quality Control of 22483-09-6, the main research area is alternating terpolymer cyclopolymn orthogonal functionalization; Alternating Polymerization; Orthogonal Functionalization; Postmodification; RAFT Polymerization; Radical Polymerization.

A method for the synthesis of functionalized alternating copolymers by reversible deactivation radical polymerization was developed. Copolymerization by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer of hexenyl vinyl ether with a novel fluorinated divinyl monomer yields alternating cyclopolymers that can be chemoselectively modified by three distinct orthogonal functionalization reactions. Along the thiol-ene click reaction and amidation, a third functionalization was achieved via NHC-catalyzed transesterification or acylation resulting in a small library of ABC-type alternating terpolymers.

Angewandte Chemie, International Edition published new progress about Acylation. 22483-09-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is 2,2-Dimethoxyethanamine, and the molecular formula is C4H11NO2, Quality Control of 22483-09-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Van Damme, Ryan published the artcileChemical reversible crosslinking enables measurement of RNA 3D distances and alternative conformations in cells, Synthetic Route of 110-99-6, the main research area is RNA 3D measurement reversible crosslinking cell conformation.

Three-dimensional (3D) structures dictate the functions of RNA mols. in a wide variety of biol. processes. However, direct determination of RNA 3D structures in vivo is difficult due to their large sizes, conformational heterogeneity, and dynamics. Here we present a method, Spatial 2-Hydroxyl Acylation Reversible Crosslinking (SHARC), which uses chem. crosslinkers of defined lengths to measure distances between nucleotides in cellular RNA. Integrating crosslinking, exonuclease (exo) trimming, proximity ligation, and high throughput sequencing, SHARC enables transcriptome-wide tertiary structure contact maps at high accuracy and precision, revealing heterogeneous RNA structures and interactions. SHARC data provide constraints that improves Rosetta-based RNA 3D structure modeling at near-nanometer resolution Integrating SHARC-exo with other crosslinking-based methods, we discover compact folding of the 7SK RNA, a critical regulator of transcriptional elongation. These results establish a strategy for measuring RNA 3D distances and alternative conformations in their native cellular context.

Nature Communications published new progress about Acylation. 110-99-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is 2,2′-Oxydiacetic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Synthetic Route of 110-99-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Feng, Mi published the artcileDirect conversion of shrimp shells to O-acylated chitin with antibacterial and anti-tumor effects by natural deep eutectic solvents, Product Details of C4H6O5, the main research area is shrimp shell acylated chitin antibacterial antitumor deep eutectic solvent.

To obtain O-acylated chitin from shrimp shells directly, the used solvent should have multiple functions to remove calcium carbonate, protein, and acylated chitin. Herein, we use the acidic natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) with the ability to release H+ and various hydrogen bonding sites to achieve the above goal. The involved NADESs with three abilities of decalcification, deproteinization and acylation replaced acids, alkalis, catalysts, and acylation reagents in the conventional method. The exptl. results revealed that the components of the NADESs, experiment temperature and time played key roles in the purity and degree of substitution (DS) of O-acylated chitin. Meanwhile, the ratio of shrimp shells to NADESs and a small amount of water had little effect on the preparation of O-acylated chitin. With the optimal NADES (choline chloride/DL-malic acid 1 : 2, ChCl 1-DL Mal 2) treatment under the optimal conditions, the purity of O-malate chitin reached 98.6% with a DS of 0.46, exhibiting antibacterial and anti-tumor effects. The exptl. results showed that the removal of calcium carbonate and protein and acylation of chitin were carried out simultaneously. Mechanistic exploration using spectroscopy and experiments confirmed that H+ release from ChCl 1-DL Mal 2 was the main reason for the removal of calcium carbonate and initiation acylation reaction. The protein was degraded to amino acids because of the acidity of ChCl 1-DL Mal 2 and dissolved in the NADES due to hydrogen bonding formation with ChCl 1-DL Mal 2.

Green Chemistry published new progress about Acylation. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Product Details of C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Mafu, Lubabalo published the artcileSolvent-free synthesis of novel para-menthane-3,8-diol ester derivatives from citronellal using a polymer-supported scandium triflate catalyst, HPLC of Formula: 42822-86-6, the main research area is citronellal para menthane diol ester derivative solvent free synthesis; polymer supported scandium triflate catalyst acylation; PS-Sc(OTf)3; acylation; diesters; para-menthane-3,8-diol.

The use of natural resources as a chem. feedstock for the synthesis of added-value products is gaining interest; as such we report an environmentally friendly method for the synthesis of para-menthane-3,8-diol from natural citronellal oil in 96% yield, under solvent free aqueous conditions. The acylation of para-menthane-3,8-diol with various acid anhydrides over polymer-supported scandium triflate (PS-Sc(OTf)3) catalyst was subsequently developed, where both hydroxy groups of para-menthane-3,8-diol could be simultaneously acylated under mild reaction conditions to form the corresponding diesters in good yields. The advantages of this method include a simple procedure from natural resources, using solvent-free reaction conditions.

Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry published new progress about Acylation. 42822-86-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is 2-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-5-methylcyclohexanol, and the molecular formula is C10H20O2, HPLC of Formula: 42822-86-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts