Month: December 2022

Wang, Yuqi published the artcileAn exclusion mechanism is epistatic to an internal detoxification mechanism in aluminum resistance in Arabidopsis, SDS of cas: 97-67-6, the main research area is Arabidopsis aluminum resistance detoxification; ALMT1; Epistasis; Malate; NIP1;2; Organic acid; Resistance mechanism; Root cell wall.

In Arabidopsis, the aluminum (Al) exclusion mechanism is mainly facilitated by ALMT1-mediated malate exudation and MATE-mediated citrate releases from the root. Recently, we have demonstrated that coordinated functioning between an ALMT1-mediated Al exclusion mechanism, via exudation of malate from the root tip, and a NIP1;2-facilitated internal detoxification mechanism, via removal of Al from the root cell wall and subsequent root-to-shoot Al translocation, plays critical roles in achieving overall Al resistance. However, the genetic relationship between ALMT1 and NIP1;2 in these processes remained unclear. Through genetic and physiol. analyses, we demonstrate that unlike ALMT1 and MATE, which function independently and additively, ALMT1 and NIP1;2 show an epistatic relationship in Al resistance. These results indicate that ALMT1 and NIP1;2 function in the same biochem. pathway, whereas ALMT1 and MATE in different ones. The establishment of the epistatic relationship and the coordinated functioning between the ALMT1 and NIP1;2-mediated exclusion and internal detoxification mechanisms are pivotal for achieving overall Al resistance in the non-accumulating Arabidopsis plant. We discuss and emphasize the indispensable roles of the root cell wall for the implementation of the Al exclusion mechanism and for the establishment of an epistatic relationship between the ALMT1-mediated exclusion mechanism and the NIP1;2-facilitated internal detoxification mechanism.

BMC Plant Biology published new progress about Alleles. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, SDS of cas: 97-67-6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Baytas, Ozan published the artcileMitochondrial enzyme GPT2 regulates metabolic mechanisms required for neuron growth and motor function in vivo, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, the main research area is GPT2 mitochondrial enzyme neuron growth.

The metabolic needs for postnatal growth of the human nervous system are vast. Recessive loss-of-function mutations in the mitochondrial enzyme glutamate pyruvate transaminase 2 (GPT2) in humans cause postnatal undergrowth of brain, and cognitive and motor disability. We demonstrate that GPT2 governs critical metabolic mechanisms in neurons required for neuronal growth and survival. These metabolic processes include neuronal alanine synthesis and anaplerosis, the replenishment of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates. We performed metabolomics across postnatal development in Gpt2-null mouse brain to identify the trajectory of dysregulated metabolic pathways: alterations in alanine occur earliest; followed by reduced TCA cycle intermediates and reduced pyruvate; followed by elevations in glycolytic intermediates and amino acids. Neuron-specific deletion of GPT2 in mice is sufficient to cause motor abnormalities and death pre-weaning, a phenotype identical to the germline Gpt2-null mouse. Alanine biosynthesis is profoundly impeded in Gpt2-null neurons. Exogenous alanine is necessary for Gpt2-null neuronal survival in vitro but is not needed for Gpt2-null astrocytes. Dietary alanine supplementation in Gpt2-null mice enhances animal survival and improves the metabolic profile of Gpt2-null brain but does not alone appear to correct motor function. In surviving Gpt2-null animals, we observe smaller upper and lower motor neurons in vivo. We also observe selective death of lower motor neurons in vivo with worsening motor behavior with age. In conclusion, these studies of the pathophysiol. of GPT2 Deficiency have identified metabolic mechanisms that are required for neuronal growth and that potentially underlie selective neuronal vulnerabilities in motor neurons.

Human Molecular Genetics published new progress about Alleles. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Recommanded Product: (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Bensard, Claire L. published the artcileRegulation of Tumor Initiation by the Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier, Product Details of C4H6O5, the main research area is Drosophila colorectal cancer mitochondrial pyruvate carrier Wnt beta catenin; cancer metabolism; carbohydrate metabolism; colon cancer; mitochondria; pyruvate metabolism; stem cell metabolism; tumor initiation.

Although metabolic adaptations have been demonstrated to be essential for tumor cell proliferation, the metabolic underpinnings of tumor initiation are poorly understood. We found that the earliest stages of colorectal cancer (CRC) initiation are marked by a glycolytic metabolic signature, including downregulation of the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC), which couples glycolysis and glucose oxidation through mitochondrial pyruvate import. Genetic studies in Drosophila suggest that this downregulation is required because hyperplasia caused by loss of the Apc or Notch tumor suppressors in intestinal stem cells can be completely blocked by MPC overexpression. Moreover, in two distinct CRC mouse models, loss of Mpc1 prior to a tumorigenic stimulus doubled the frequency of adenoma formation and produced higher grade tumors. MPC loss was associated with a glycolytic metabolic phenotype and increased expression of stem cell markers. These data suggest that changes in cellular pyruvate metabolism are necessary and sufficient to promote cancer initiation.

Cell Metabolism published new progress about Alleles. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Product Details of C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Fu, Xinyu published the artcileFailure to maintain acetate homeostasis by acetate-activating enzymes impacts plant development., Formula: C4H6O5, the main research area is Arabidopsis hypoxia acetate homeostasis metabolic flexibility carbon recovery.

In this study we demonstrate that in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), two distinctly localized acetate-activating enzymes, ACETYL-COA SYNTHETASE in plastids and ACETATE NON-UTILIZING1 in peroxisomes, function redundantly to prevent the accumulation of excess acetate. In contrast to the near wild-type morphol. and metabolic phenotypes of acs or acn1 mutants, the acs acn1 double mutant is delayed in growth and sterile, which is associated with hyperaccumulation of cellular acetate and decreased accumulation of acetyl-CoA-derived intermediates of central metabolism Using multiple mutant stocks and stable isotope-assisted metabolic analyses, we demonstrate the twin metabolic origins of acetate from the oxidation of ethanol and the nonoxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate, with acetaldehyde being the common intermediate precursor of acetate. Conversion from pyruvate to acetate is activated under hypoxic conditions, and ACS recovers carbon that would otherwise be lost from the plant as ethanol. Plastid-localized ACS metabolizes cellular acetate and contributes to the de novo biosynthesis of fatty acids and Leu; peroxisome-localized ACN1 enables the incorporation of acetate into organic acids and amino acids. Thus, the activation of acetate in distinct subcellular compartments provides plants with the metabolic flexibility to maintain physiol. levels of acetate and a metabolic mechanism for the recovery of carbon that would otherwise be lost as ethanol, for example following hypoxia.

Plant Physiology published new progress about Alleles. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Formula: C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Zhang, Chen published the artcileExtract methods, molecular characteristics, and bioactivities of polysaccharide from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), Quality Control of 59-23-4, the main research area is Medicago polysaccharide bioactivity; compositions; glycosidic linkage; immunomodulation; molecular weight; polysaccharide.

The polysaccharide isolated from alfalfa was considered to be a kind of macromol. with some biol. activities; however, its mol. structure and effects on immune cells are still unclear. The objectives of this study were to explore the extraction and purifying methods of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) polysaccharide (APS) and decipher its composition and mol. characteristics, as well as its activation to lymphocytes. The crude polysaccharides isolated from alfalfa by water extraction and alc. precipitation methods were purified by semipermeable membrane dialysis. Five batches of alfalfa samples were obtained from five farms (one composite sample per farm) and three replicates were conducted for each sample in determination The results from ion chromatog. (IC) anal. showed that the APS was composed of fucose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose, mannose, galactose, galacturonic acid (GalA), and glucuronic acid (GlcA) with a molar ratio of 2.6:8.0:4.7:21.3:3.2:1.0:74.2:14.9. The weight-average mol. weight (Mw), number-average mol. weight (Mn), and Z-average mol. weight (Mz) of APS were calculated to be 3.30 × 106, 4.06 × 105, and 1.43 × 108 g/mol, resp., according to the anal. by gel permeation chromatog.-refractive index-multiangle laser light scattering (GPC-RI-MALS). The findings of electron ionization mass spectrometry (EI-MS) suggest that APS consists of seven linkage residues, namely 1,5-Araf, galactose (T-D-Glc), glucose (T-D-Gal), 1,4-Gal-Ac, 1,4-Glc, 1,6-Gal, and 1,3,4-GalA, with molar proportions of 10.30%, 4.02%, 10.28%, 52.29%, 17.02%, 3.52%, and 2.57%, resp. Addnl., APS markedly increased B-cell proliferation and IgM secretion in a dose- and time-dependent manner but not the proliferation and cytokine (IL-2, -4, and IFN-γ) expression of T cells. Taken together, the present results suggest that APS are macromol. polymers with a molar mass (indicated by Mw) of 3.3 × 106 g/mol and may be a potential candidate as an immunopotentiating pharmaceutical agent or functional food.

Nutrients published new progress about Alfalfa. 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, Quality Control of 59-23-4.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

He, Honghua published the artcileIncreasing nitrogen supply to phosphorus-deficient Medicago sativa decreases shoot growth and enhances root exudation of tartrate to discharge surplus carbon dependent on nitrogen form, Formula: C4H6O5, the main research area is nitrogen carbon phosphorus shoot root exudation tartrate Medicago.

Aims: Carboxylate release by roots has been considered a strategy for mobilisation and acquisition of phosphorus (P). However, recently, it was argued that carboxylate release may be a way to discharge surplus carbon produced under conditions that limit plant growth. Plant P status may not be the main factor driving carboxylate release by roots. Instead, plant nitrogen (N) status and/or N:P ratio of the soil or plant may play a more important role in enhancing carboxylate release. A greenhouse pot experiment was performed to grow alfalfa in a P-deficient soil, supplied with two rates of P (0 and 20 mg kg-1) in combination with four forms of nitrogen (N) at five rates (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg kg-1), to explore the effects of P rate, N form, N rate, and their interactions on plant growth, P and N status, and carboxylate release, and to determine the factors driving carboxylate release. Nitrogen addition weakened the pos. effect of P addition on plant growth, and increased plant N and P concentrations; P addition increased plant P concentration, but weakened the effect of N addition on plant N concentration The amount of tartrate increased dramatically with increasing N rate, which decreased shoot growth, depending on N form. At high P supply, tartrate exudation correlated neg. with shoot biomass. Nitrogen addition to P-deficient alfalfa decreased shoot growth and enhanced the release of tartrate, likely to discharge surplus carbon; and the effects varied with N form.

Plant and Soil published new progress about Alfalfa. 97-67-6 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (S)-2-hydroxysuccinic acid, and the molecular formula is C4H6O5, Formula: C4H6O5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Liu, Xuegui published the artcileStructural characteristics of Medicago Sativa L. Polysaccharides and Se-modified polysaccharides as well as their antioxidant and neuroprotective activities, Application In Synthesis of 59-23-4, the main research area is Medicago selenium polysaccharide structure antioxidant neuroprotective activity; Antioxidant activity; Neuroprotective activity; Selenium polysaccharide.

Medicago Sativa L., a nutrient-rich plant used as feed for cattle and sheep, is widely planted globally. This study investigated the structural characteristics and activities of three kinds of novel polysaccharides (APS1, APS2 and APS3) isolated from the stems of M. sativa as well as its two selenium modified products (Se-APS2 and Se-APS3). APS1 (Mw = 13.4 KDa) and APS2 (Mw = 11.2 KDa) were composed of rhamnose, arabinose, mannose and galactose with different molar ratio, APS3 (Mw = 18.6 KDa) was composed of rhamnose, arabinose, fructose, mannose and galactose. All APS1-3 contained 1 → 3 : 1 → 6 : 1 → 4 : 1 → 2 glycosidic bonds in a ratio of 0.74:0.09:0.05:0.12, 0.34:0.20:0.36:0.10 and 0.63:0.17:0.06:0.14, resp. The selenium content of Se-APS2 (Mw = 9.0 KDa) and Se-APS3 (Mw = 10.2 KDa) were 1.05 and 2.57μg/mg, resp. Their surface morphol. and thermal stability were determined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and thermal anal. (TGA), resp. Further, the antioxidant and neuroprotective activities of the three natural polysaccharides and two Se-polysaccharides were studied. Interestingly, Se-polysaccharides not only exhibited higher antioxidant activity, but also higher neuroprotective activity compared to natural polysaccharides.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules published new progress about Alfalfa. 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, Application In Synthesis of 59-23-4.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Wu, Hongyan published the artcileExtraction optimization, physicochemical properties and antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of polysaccharides from roxburgh rose (Rosa roxburghii Tratt.) leaves, Formula: C6H12O6, the main research area is Rosa polysaccharide antioxidant physicochem property hypoglycemia; Biological activity; Extraction and purification; Polysaccharides from Rosa roxburghii Tratt. leaves.

The optimum extraction conditions of polysaccharides from roxburgh rose (Rosa roxburghii Tratt.) leaves (RLP) were obtained by response surface methodol. (RSM), which were a liquid to solid ratio of 21.16 mL/g, an extraction temperature of 81.32°C, and an extraction time of 90.49 min. An RLP yield of 11.04% was obtained under these conditions. DEAE-52 cellulose and Sepharose CL-6B columns were used to purify the RLP, and the purified polysaccharide components RLP-1.2 and RLP-2.1 were obtained. Both RLP-1.2 and RLP-2.1 were composed of galacturonic acid (GalA), glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal), and arabinose (Ara). However, the molar ratios of GalA, Glc, Gal, and Ara in RLP-1.2 and RLP-2.1 were different. At a concentration of 10 mg/mL, the α-amylase inhibitory activities of RLP-1.2 and RLP-2.1 reached 80.74% and 89.85% that of acarbose, resp., and the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of RLP-1.2 reached 87.91% that of acarbose. In addition, both RLP-1.2 and RLP-2.1 showed good antioxidant activity. These results suggested that RLP-1.2 and RLP-2.1 possess potential as natural hypoglycemic agents or natural antioxidants.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules published new progress about Alfalfa. 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, Formula: C6H12O6.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Shang, Hongmei published the artcileEffects of different extraction methods on the properties and activities of polysaccharides from Medicago sativa L. and extraction condition optimization using response surface methodology, Recommanded Product: (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, the main research area is Medicago polysaccharide extraction response surface methodol.

Polysaccharides from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L., MSPs) were extracted by four different methods: hot-water extraction (HWE), ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) and ultrasonic-enzyme-assisted extraction (UEAE). The exptl. results showed that the monosaccharide compositions of the four MSPs extracted by the different extraction methods were the same, but the monosaccharide proportions were different. MSPs extracted by the UEAE method possessed the largest extraction yield, the highest uronic acid content and the best antioxidant activities among the four MSPs analyzed. Addnl., the Plackett-Burman design (PBD) and response surface methodol. (RSM) were used to determine the optimum UEAE conditions for extracting MSPs, revealing optimal conditions at a pH of 5.7, a 58 min enzymolysis time, a 40 °C enzymolysis temperature and a 41 °C ultrasonic temperature; an MSPs yield of 12.95% was obtained under these extraction conditions.

Process Biochemistry (Oxford, United Kingdom) published new progress about Alfalfa. 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, Recommanded Product: (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Gao, Pinyi published the artcileStructural features, selenization modification, antioxidant and anti-tumor effects of polysaccharides from alfalfa roots, Name: (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, the main research area is Medicago root polysaccharide antioxidant selenization antitumor; Alfalfa polysaccharides; Anti-tumor activities; Antioxidant activities; Chemical structures; Selenization.

Hot water extraction and chromatog. purification methods were used to extract and purify two polysaccharides (RAPS-1 and RAPS-2) from the roots of alfalfa. Subsequently, RAPS-2 was modified using the HNO3/Na2SeO3 method to obtain Se-RAPS-2. The structural features, antioxidant and in vitro anti-tumor activities of the three polysaccharides were evaluated. The structural anal. revealed that RAPS-1 (Mw = 10.0 kDa) was composed of rhamnose, xylose, arabinose, galacturonic acid, mannose and glucose, whereas RAPS-2 (Mw = 15.8 kDa) consisted of rhamnose, xylose, galacturonic acid, mannose, glucose and galactose. RAPS-1 contained 1 → 2, 1 → 4, 1 → 3, and 1 → 6 or 1 → glycosidic bonds; however, while RAPS-2 lacked 1 → 4 glycosidic linkages. The mol. weight of Se-RAPS-2 was 11.0 kDa less than that of RAPS-2. The results of activities demonstrated that Se-RAPS-2 displayed superior antioxidant activity and inhibitory effect in HepG2 cells than RAPS-1 and RAPS-2.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules published new progress about Alfalfa. 59-23-4 belongs to class alcohols-buliding-blocks, name is (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal, and the molecular formula is C6H12O6, Name: (2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts