Month: November 2022

Catechin inhibits glycated phosphatidylethanolamine formation by trapping dicarbonyl compounds and forming quinone was written by Han, Lipeng;Lin, Qingna;Liu, Guoqin;Han, Dongxue;Niu, Li;Su, Dongxiao. And the article was included in Food & Function in 2019.COA of Formula: C37H74NO8P The following contents are mentioned in the article:

It is important to inhibit food-derived potentially hazardous glycated lipids with natural products. A model reaction inhibition system was established, and products were identified with high-performance liquid chromatog.-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) to study the inhibitory effects of four types of catechins on the formation of glycated 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DPPE) products. The results show that the percentage inhibition of epicatechin (EC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin (EGC) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on the formation of carboxymethyl 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (CM-DPPE) are 38.84%, 33.31%, 20.71% and 22.66%, resp. The percentage inhibition of EC, ECG, EGC and EGCG on the formation of carboxyethyl 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (CE-DPPE) is 42.04%, 41.99%, 31.70% and 36.24%, resp. In addition, catechin can capture glyoxal (GO) and methylglyoxal (MGO) to produce multiple products. O-Benzoquinone, the oxidation products of catechin, also captures DPPE to produce quinone-DPPE adducts. Therefore, there are two inhibitory mechanisms of tea-derived catechin for glycated DPPE: (1) catechin inhibits the formation of CM-DPPE and CE-DPPE by trapping reactive GO and MGO; and (2) catechin is oxidized to o-benzoquinone. O-Benzoquinone reacts with DPPE through nucleophilic substitution, which competes with the reaction between glucose and DPPE. This study will provide a theor. basis for the use of natural products to inhibit the formation of food-derived glycated lipids. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate (cas: 923-61-5COA of Formula: C37H74NO8P).

(2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate (cas: 923-61-5) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.COA of Formula: C37H74NO8P

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Multifunctional Molecularly Imprinted Receptor-Based Polymeric Membrane Potentiometric Sensor for Sensitive Detection of Bisphenol A was written by Wang, Chan;Qi, Longbin;Liang, Rongning;Qin, Wei. And the article was included in Analytical Chemistry (Washington, DC, United States) in 2022.SDS of cas: 620-92-8 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based polymeric membrane potentiometric sensors have become an attractive tool for detection of organic species. However, the MIP receptors in potentiometric sensors developed so far are usually prepared by only using single functional monomers. This may lead to low affinities of the MIP receptors due to the lack of diversity of the functional groups, thus resulting in low detection sensitivity of the potentiometric sensors. Addnl., these classical MIP receptors are nonconductive polymers, which are undesirable for the fabrication of an electrochem. sensor. Herein, we describe a novel multifunctional MIP receptor-based potentiometric sensor. The multifunctional MIP receptor is prepared by using two functional monomers, methacrylic acid, and 3-vinylaniline with a dual functionality of both recognition and conduction properties. The poly(aniline) groups are introduced into the methacrylic acid-based MIP by postoxidn. of the aniline monomer. Such poly(aniline) groups not only serve as the addnl. functional groups for selective recognition, but also work as a conducting polymer. The obtained multifunctional MIP receptor shows a high binding capacity and an excellent electron-transfer ability. By using bisphenol A as a model, the proposed multifunctional MIP sensor exhibits a largely improved sensitivity and low noise levels compared to the conventional MIP sensor. We believe that the proposed MIP-based sensing strategy provides a general and facile way to fabricate sensitive and selective MIP-based electrochem. sensors. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4,4′-Methylenediphenol (cas: 620-92-8SDS of cas: 620-92-8).

4,4′-Methylenediphenol (cas: 620-92-8) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.SDS of cas: 620-92-8

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Gallic Acid: A Natural Phenolic Compound Exerting Antitumoral Activities in Colorectal Cancer via Interaction with G-Quadruplexes was written by Sanchez-Martin, Victoria;Plaza-Calonge, Maria del Carmen;Soriano-Lerma, Ana;Ortiz-Gonzalez, Matilde;Linde-Rodriguez, Angel;Perez-Carrasco, Virginia;Ramirez-Macias, Inmaculada;Cuadros, Marta;Gutierrez-Fernandez, Jose;Murciano-Calles, Javier;Rodriguez-Manzaneque, Juan Carlos;Soriano, Miguel;Garcia-Salcedo, Jose Antonio. And the article was included in Cancers in 2022.Recommanded Product: 27208-80-6 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Gallic acid, a natural phenolic compound in diet, interacts with DNA G-quadruplexes both in vitro and in vivo. In particular, gallic acid targets G-quadruplexes in ribosomal DNA and CMYC oncogene, affecting gene expression. This action leads to antitumoral effects in colorectal cancer. In a patient cohort with CRC, we demonstrate that gallic acid could be explored as a therapeutic agent. Natural phenolic compounds have gained momentum for the prevention and treatment of cancer, but their antitumoral mechanism of action is not yet well understood. In the present study, we screened the antitumoral potential of several phenolic compounds in a cellular model of colorectal cancer (CRC). We selected gallic acid (GA) as a candidate in terms of potency and selectivity and extensively evaluated its biol. activity. We report on the role of GA as a ligand of DNA G-quadruplexes (G4s), explaining several of its antitumoral effects, including the transcriptional inhibition of ribosomal and CMYC genes. In addition, GA shared with other established G4 ligands some effects such as cell cycle arrest, nucleolar stress, and induction of DNA damage. We further confirmed the antitumoral and G4-stabilizing properties of GA using a xenograft model of CRC. Finally, we succinctly demonstrate that GA could be explored as a therapeutic agent in a patient cohort with CRC. Our work reveals that GA, a natural bioactive compound present in the diet, affects gene expression by interaction with G4s both in vitro and in vivo and paves the way towards G4s targeting with phenolic compounds This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(3-Hydroxy-5-((E)-4-hydroxystyryl)phenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 27208-80-6Recommanded Product: 27208-80-6).

(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(3-Hydroxy-5-((E)-4-hydroxystyryl)phenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 27208-80-6) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.Recommanded Product: 27208-80-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Exposure of vitamins to UVB and UVA radiation generates singlet oxygen was written by Knak, Alena;Regensburger, Johannes;Maisch, Tim;Baeumler, Wolfgang. And the article was included in Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences in 2014.Reference of 65-22-5 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Deleterious effects of UV radiation in tissue are usually attributed to different mechanisms. Absorption of UVB radiation in cell constituents like DNA causes photochem. reactions. Absorption of UVA radiation in endogenous photosensitizers like vitamins generates singlet oxygen via photosensitized reactions. We investigated two further mechanisms that might be involved in UV mediated cell tissue damage. Firstly, UVB radiation and vitamins also generate singlet oxygen. Secondly, UVB radiation may change the chem. structure of vitamins that may change the role of such endogenous photosensitizers in UVA mediated mechanisms. Vitamins were irradiated in solution using monochromatic UVB (308 nm) or UVA (330, 355, or 370 nm) radiation. Singlet oxygen was directly detected and quantified by its luminescence at 1270 nm. All investigated mols. generated singlet oxygen with a quantum yield ranging from 0.007 (vitamin D₃) to 0.64 (nicotinamide) independent of the excitation wavelength. Moreover, pre-irradiation of vitamins with UVB changed their absorption in the UVB and UVA spectral range. Subsequently, mols. such as vitamin E and vitamin K₁, which normally exhibit no singlet oxygen generation in the UVA, now produce singlet oxygen when exposed to UVA at 355 nm. This interplay of different UV sources is inevitable when applying serial or parallel irradiation with UVA and UVB in experiments in vitro. These results should be of particular importance for parallel irradiation with UVA and UVB in vivo, e.g. when exposing the skin to solar radiation. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylisonicotinaldehyde hydrochloride (cas: 65-22-5Reference of 65-22-5).

3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylisonicotinaldehyde hydrochloride (cas: 65-22-5) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.Reference of 65-22-5

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

An efficient mixed-mode strong anion-exchange adsorbent based on functionalized polyethyleneimine for simultaneous solid phase extraction and purification of bisphenol analogues and monoalkyl phthalate esters in human urine was written by Huang, Chaonan;Yang, Jiajia;Ma, Jiping;Tan, Weiqiang;Wu, Lingxia;Shan, Bin;Wang, Shasha;Chen, Jiping;Li, Yun. And the article was included in Microchemical Journal in 2022.SDS of cas: 620-92-8 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

In this study, a mixed-mode strong anion-exchange (MAX) adsorbent was developed based on amine-functionalized poly(divinylbenzene) (PDVB) functionalized with polyethyleneimine (PEI) followed by quaternization with glycidyl Ph ether (named as PDVB-QPEI). Fourier Transform IR spectroscopy and nitrogen adsorption-desorption experiments indicated that the PDVB-QPEI was successfully synthesized with a BET sp. surface area (SBET) of 118.5 m² g-1, pore volume of 0.37 cm3 g-1, and pore size of 16.41 nm. High ion-exchange capacity (IEC) of 0.57 mmol g-1 was achieved. The important parameters influencing SPE efficiency were optimized, including adsorbent mass, pH of the sample, type and volume of washing solvent and eluent. The practical capability of this novel PDVB-QPEI MAX adsorbent was tested for solid phase extraction and purification of bisphenol analogs and monoalkyl phthalate esters (MPEs) in urine samples. Outstanding extraction and cleanup efficiency were achieved simultaneously for urine samples due to high selectivity of the PDVB-QPEI adsorbent for bisphenol analogs and MPEs. Recovery values ranged from 80.1% to 102.4% with precision (relative standard devition, n = 3) below 6% for these blank urine samples spiked at different levels. The limit of detections (LODs) obtained by HPLC-DAD were in the range of 3-9 ng mL-1. The PDVB-QPEI is superior to com. adsorbents (Oasis HLB, C18 and Oasis MAX). These results demonstrated the great potential application of the PDVB-QPEI adsorbent in routine anal. of bisphenol analogs and MPEs in complex samples. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4,4′-Methylenediphenol (cas: 620-92-8SDS of cas: 620-92-8).

4,4′-Methylenediphenol (cas: 620-92-8) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.SDS of cas: 620-92-8

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Xuanfei Baidu Decoction protects against macrophages induced inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis via inhibiting IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway was written by Wang, Yuying;Sang, Xiaoqing;Shao, Rui;Qin, Honglin;Chen, Xuanhao;Xue, Zhifeng;Li, Lin;Wang, Yu;Zhu, Yan;Chang, Yanxu;Gao, Xiumei;Zhang, Boli;Zhang, Han;Yang, Jian. And the article was included in Journal of Ethnopharmacology in 2022.Product Details of 27208-80-6 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Xuanfei Baidu Decoction (XFBD), one of the “three medicines and three prescriptions” for the clin. effective treatment of COVID-19 in China, plays an important role in the treatment of mild and/or common patients with dampness-toxin obstructing lung syndrome. The present work aims to elucidate the protective effects and the possible mechanism of XFBD against the acute inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis. We use TGF-β1 induced fibroblast activation model and LPS/IL-4 induced macrophage inflammation model as in vitro cell models. The mice model of lung fibrosis was induced by BLM via endotracheal drip, and then XFBD (4.6 g/kg, 9.2 g/kg) were administered orally resp. The efficacy and mol. mechanisms in the presence or absence of XFBD were investigated. The results proved that XFBD can effectively inhibit fibroblast collagen deposition, down-regulate the level of α-SMA and inhibit the migration of fibroblasts. IL-4 induced macrophage polarization was also inhibited and the secretions of the inflammatory factors including IL6, iNOS were down-regulated. In vivo experiments, the results proved that XFBD improved the weight loss and survival rate of the mice. The XFBD high-dose administration group had a significant effect in inhibiting collagen deposition and the expression of α-SMA in the lungs of mice. XFBD can reduce bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting IL-6/STAT3 activation and related macrophage infiltration. Xuanfei Baidu Decoction protects against macrophages induced inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis via inhibiting IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(3-Hydroxy-5-((E)-4-hydroxystyryl)phenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 27208-80-6Product Details of 27208-80-6).

(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(3-Hydroxy-5-((E)-4-hydroxystyryl)phenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 27208-80-6) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. Under carefully controlled conditions, simple alcohols can undergo intermolecular dehydration to give ethers. This reaction is effective only with methanol, ethanol, and other simple primary alcohols.Product Details of 27208-80-6

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Comparative evaluation of the effects of bisphenol derivatives on oxidative stress parameters in HepG2 cells was written by Ozyurt, Busra;Ozkemahli, Gizem;Yirun, Anil;Ozyurt, Aylin Balci;Bacanli, Merve;Basaran, Nursen;Kocer-Gumusel, Belma;Erkekoglu, Pinar. And the article was included in Drug and Chemical Toxicology (1977).SDS of cas: 620-92-8 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Bisphenol A (BPA) BPA is an endocrine-disrupting chem. that has a wide range of uses. Exposure to BPA can be by oral, inhalation, and parenteral routes. Although its use in several products is limited, there is still concern on its adverse health effects, particularly for susceptible populations like children. Alternative bisphenols, such as bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol F (BPF), are now being used instead of BPA, although there is little information on the toxicity of these bisphenols. BPF is used as a plasticizer in the production of several industrial materials as well as in the coating of drinks and food cans. BPS is used in curing fast-drying epoxy glues, as a corrosion inhibitor and as a reactant in polymer reactions. In this study, the possible toxic effects of BPA, BPS, and BPF in HepG2 cells were evaluated comparatively. For this purpose, their effects on cytotoxicity, production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidant/antioxidant parameters, and DNA damage have been examined The cytotoxicity potentials of different bisphenols were found to be as BPS > BPF > BPA. All bisphenol derivatives caused increases in intracellular ROS production We observed that all bisphenol derivatives cause an imbalance in some oxidant/antioxidant parameters. Bisphenols also caused significant DNA damage in order of BPF > BPA > BPS. We can suggest that both of the bisphenol derivatives used as alternatives to BPA also showed similar toxicities and may not be considered as safe alternatives. Mechanistic studies are needed to elucidate this issue. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4,4′-Methylenediphenol (cas: 620-92-8SDS of cas: 620-92-8).

4,4′-Methylenediphenol (cas: 620-92-8) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. A multistep synthesis may use Grignard-like reactions to form an alcohol with the desired carbon structure, followed by reactions to convert the hydroxyl group of the alcohol to the desired functionality.SDS of cas: 620-92-8

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Expression, purification, and kinetic characterization of the human strep-IDO1 was written by Saimi, Dilizhatai;Wang, Zhenfeng;Zhu, Qiangqiang;Lv, Jiadi. And the article was included in Translational Cancer Research in 2022.Application of 367-93-1 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Tryptophan catabolism leading to T cell suppression mediated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) is an important mechanism of tumor immune escape, and IDO1 inhibitors have attracted increasing attention as anticancer therapeutics. However, the phase III clin. trial (ECHO-301/KEYNOTE-252) of epacadostat (INCB024360) had disappointing outcomes. This revealed that purification of IDO1 with high purity is one of the major constraints that limit the development of its inhibitors. Pan-cancer anal. was used to elucidate the relationship between IDO1 function in tumor immunol. The recombinant pET28a-IDO1-strep plasmid and E. coli Rosetta (DE3) strain were used to express and strep-tactin beads to purify the strep-IDO1 protein. High performance liquid chromatog. (HPLC) was used to detect enzymic activity of IDO1. Ten female C57BL/6 mice was used to prepared polyclonal antibody. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot, and immunofluorescence were used to measure polyclonal antibody. We described an improved method for the purification of recombinant IDO1 protein based on the strep-tag using an E. coli expression system. We obtained large amount of IDO1 with enhanced purity by employing one-step purification through strep-tactin beads. The polyclonal antibody acquired immunized mice could specifically recognize both recombinant and endogenous IDO1. Purified human strep-IDO1 using the protocol described in our study could be used for further biochem. and structural analyses, which may facilitate functional research and further drug screening study on IDO1. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-(isopropylthio)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 367-93-1Application of 367-93-1).

(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-(isopropylthio)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 367-93-1) belongs to alcohols. Under appropriate conditions, inorganic acids also react with alcohols to form esters. To form these esters, a wide variety of specialized reagents and conditions can be used. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.Application of 367-93-1

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Nanosized non-proteinaceous complexes III and IV mimicking electron transfer of mitochondrial respiratory chain was written by Modenez, Iago A.;Macedo, Lucyano J. A.;Melo, Antonio F. A. A.;Pereira, Andressa R.;Oliveira, Osvaldo N. Jr.;Crespilho, Frank N.. And the article was included in Journal of Colloid and Interface Science in 2021.Synthetic Route of C37H74NO8P The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Synthetic biol. pursues the understanding of biol. processes and their possible mimicry with artificial bioinspired materials. A number of materials have already been used to mimic the active site of simple redox proteins, including nanosized iron oxides due to their redox properties. However, the mimicry of membrane redox protein complexes is still a challenge. Herein, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs), incorporated as non-proteinaceous complexes III and IV in a mitochondrial model membrane, catalyze electron transfer (ET) similarly to the natural complexes towards cytochrome c. The associated mol. mechanism is exptl. proven in solution and in a Langmuir-Blodgett film. A direct and entropy-driven ET, with rate constant of 2.63 ± 0.05 L mol^-1 at 25°C, occurs between the iron sites of the NPs and the cytochrome c heme group, not affecting the protein secondary and tertiary structures. This process requires an activation energy of 40.2 ± 1.5 kJ mol^-1 resulting in an overall Gibbs free energy of -55.3 kJ mol^-1. Furthermore, the protein-NP system is governed by electrostatic and non-polar forces that contribute to an associative mechanism in the transition state. Finally, the incorporated NPs in a model membrane were able to catalyze ET, such as the natural complexes in respiratory chain. This work presents an exptl. approach demonstrating that inorganic nanostructured systems may behave as embedded proteins in the eukaryotic cells membrane, opening the way for more sophisticated and robust mimicry of membrane protein complexes. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate (cas: 923-61-5Synthetic Route of C37H74NO8P).

(2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate (cas: 923-61-5) belongs to alcohols. A strong base can deprotonate an alcohol to yield an alkoxide ion (R―O−). For example, sodamide (NaNH2), a very strong base, abstracts the hydrogen atom of an alcohol. Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized without breaking carbon-carbon bonds only as far as the ketone stage. No further oxidation is seen except under very stringent conditions.Synthetic Route of C37H74NO8P

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Synthesis and Characterization of Partially and Fully Saturated Menaquinone Derivatives was written by Koehn, Jordan T.;Crick, Dean C.;Crans, Debbie C.. And the article was included in ACS Omega in 2018.COA of Formula: C10H22O The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Menaquinones (MK) contain both a redox active quinone moiety and a hydrophobic repeating isoprenyl side-chain of varying length and degrees of saturation This characteristic structure allows MKs to play a key role in the respiratory electron transport system of some prokaryotes by shuttling electrons and protons between membrane-bound protein complexes, which act as electron acceptors and donors. Hydrophobic MK mols. with partially and fully saturated isoprenyl side-chains are found in a wide range of eubacteria and Archaea and the structural variations of the MK analogs are evolutionarily conserved but poorly understood. For example, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, uses predominantly MK-9(II-H₂) (saturated at the second isoprene unit) as its electron carrier and depends on the synthesis of MK-9(II-H₂) for survival in host macrophages. Thus, MKs with partially saturated isoprenyl side-chains may represent a novel virulence factor. Naturally occurring longer MKs are very hydrophobic, while MK analogs that have a truncated (i.e., 1-3 isoprenes) isoprenyl side-chain are less hydrophobic. This improves their solubility in aqueous solutions allowing rigorous study of their structure and biol. activity. We present the synthesis and characterization of two partially saturated MK analogs, MK-2(II-H₂) I and MK-3(II-H₂) II, and two novel fully saturated MK derivatives, MK-2(I,II-H₄) III and MK-3(I,II,III-H₆) IV. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 3,7-Dimethyloctan-1-ol (cas: 106-21-8COA of Formula: C10H22O).

3,7-Dimethyloctan-1-ol (cas: 106-21-8) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.COA of Formula: C10H22O

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts