Month: November 2022

Transcriptome changes and potential immunotoxicity analysis in RAW264.7 macrophages caused by bisphenol F was written by Chen, Huiling;Zhang, Yanchao;Li, Xing;Zhang, Wei;He, Haoqi;Du, Bohai;Li, Tianlan;Tang, Huanwen;Liu, Yungang;Li, Li;Shi, Ming. And the article was included in Frontiers in Pharmacology in 2022.Formula: C13H12O2 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

As a viable substitute for bisphenol A (BPA), BPF has been widely used in the plastic industry and daily consumer goods, resulting in its detection in humans at a comparable concentration Evidence reveals that BPF and BPA may have similar toxic effects due to their similar structures. However, there is less information about BPF and its latent implications on the immune system, which is associated with many disorders. In this study, the in vitro toxicity of BPF on RAW264.7 macrophages was explored. The cells were treated with different concentrations of BPF (5, 10, 20, 50, 100, and 200 μM), the cell viability and apoptosis were detected, the gene expression profile was analyzed by wholetranscriptome sequencing, and the mRNA levels were detected by qRT-PCR. The results showed a high concentration of BPF could significantly reduce the survival rate of RAW264.7 macrophages. Although the medium concentration (20-50 μM) of BPF seemed to have no impact on the cell activity of macrophages, it caused the occurrence of apoptosis. The results of differential transcription showed that compared with the control group, 121 genes were upregulated and 82 genes were downregulated in the BPF group. The significantly changed gene functions were mainly concentrated in cell cycle, phagosome, lysosome, and antigen processing and presentation. These findings provide valuable information for correctly understanding the immunotoxicity risk of BPF and may help to improve the hazard identification of bisphenol compounds This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4,4′-Methylenediphenol (cas: 620-92-8Formula: C13H12O2).

4,4′-Methylenediphenol (cas: 620-92-8) belongs to alcohols. Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.Formula: C13H12O2

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Elasticity and phase behaviour of biomimetic membrane systems containing tetraether archaeal lipids was written by Vitkova, Victoria;Mitkova, Denitsa;Yordanova, Vesela;Pohl, Peter;Bakowsky, Udo;Staneva, Galya;Batishchev, Oleg. And the article was included in Colloids and Surfaces, A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects in 2020.Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Here we report on the bending elasticity and phase behavior of model lipid membranes containing tetraether archaeal lipids. The bending elasticity modulus of membranes composed of palmitoyl-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine and glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether extract from the archaeon Thermoplasma acidophilum′s plasma membrane is measured by anal. of the thermal shape fluctuations of nearly spherical giant unilamellar vesicles (tens of micrometers in size). The bending rigidity is reported to non-monotonically depend on the archaeal lipids′ concentration in the bilayer. At 50 wt% of tetraether lipids in the membrane we measure around 20% decrease of the bending modulus compared to the studied single-component phosphocholine bilayer. The membrane resistance to bending increases at archaeal lipids′ content higher than 70 wt%. These findings support the hypothesis about a probable looping conformation at very low amounts of bipolar lipids in the membrane and prevailing spanning tetraether mols. at higher concentrations Fluorescence microscopy reveals structural phase coexistence at low temperatures (6 °C) for 75 wt% of bolalipids in the bilayer. Laurdan spectroscopy measurements of large unilamellar vesicles (hundreds of nanometers in size) provide evidences for increased lipid ordering at the glycerol level induced by the presence of up to 90 wt% of bolalipid in the bilayer. The fatty acyl chain mobility probed by DPH fluorescence spectroscopy is significantly reduced in the presence of bolalipids. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate (cas: 923-61-5Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks).

(2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate (cas: 923-61-5) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.Category: alcohols-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Novel bisretinoids of human retina are lyso alkyl ether glycerophosphoethanolamine-bearing A2PE species was written by Kim, Hye Jin;Sparrow, Janet R.. And the article was included in Journal of Lipid Research in 2018.Formula: C37H74NO8P The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Bisretinoids are a family of fluorophores that form in photoreceptor cells′ outer segments by nonenzymic reaction of two vitamin A aldehydes (A2) with phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Bisretinoid fluorophores are the major constituents of the lipofuscin of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) that accumulate with age and contribute to some retinal diseases. Here, we report the identification of a previously unknown fluorescent bisretinoid. By ultra-performance LC (UPLC) coupled to photodiode array detection, fluorescence (FLR), and ESI-MS, we determined that this novel bisretinoid is 1-octadecyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero A2PE (alkyl ether lysoA2PE). This structural assignment was based on mol. mass (m/z 998), UV-visible absorbance maxima (340 and 440 nm), and retention time (73 min) and was corroborated by biomimetic synthesis using all-trans-retinal and glycerophosphoethanolamine analogs as starting materials. UPLC profiles of ocular extracts acquired from human donor eyes revealed that alkyl ether lysoA2PE was detectable in RPE, but not neural retina. LysoA2PE FLR spectra exhibited a significant hyperchromic shift in hydrophobic environments. The propensity for lysoA2PE to undergo photooxidation/degradation was less pronounced than A2E. In mechanistic studies, A2PE was hydrolyzed by phospholipase A2 and plasmalogen lysoA2PE was cleaved under acidic conditions. The characterization of these addnl. members of the bisretinoid family advances our understanding of the mechanisms underlying bisretinoid biogenesis. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate (cas: 923-61-5Formula: C37H74NO8P).

(2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate (cas: 923-61-5) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Formula: C37H74NO8P

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Novel nanohybrids for effervescence enhanced magnetic solid-phase microextraction of wide-polarity organic pollutants in roasted meat samples was written by Liu, Tingting;AgyeKum, Evans;Ma, Sai;Ye, Hanzhang;Li, Jiani;Gao, Ming;Ni, Min;Zhang, Xiaofan;Wang, Xuedong. And the article was included in Journal of Separation Science in 2021.Synthetic Route of C13H12O2 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

To simultaneously and efficiently extract pollutants with differential polarities, we herein fabricated and characterized a multifunctional nanocomposite. The novel nanohybrids used NiFe2O4 as magnetic cores, and NH2-MIL-101(Al), β-cyclodextrin and graphene oxide as functional components combined with magnetic cores. With the aid of graphene oxides large π-conjugated system, NH2-MIL-101(Al)s strong adsorption to moderately/strongly polar chems., and β-cyclodextrins specific recognition effect, the nanohybrids realized synergistically efficient extraction of polyaromatic hydrocarbons and bisphenols with a logKow range of 3-6. Combined with acidic and alk. sources, the nanohybrids-based effervescent tablets were prepared Based on effervescent reaction-enhanced nanohybrids-based efficient adsorption/extraction and high performance liquid chromatog. and fluorescence detection, we successfully developed an excellent microextraction method for the simultaneous determination of both polyaromatic hydrocarbons and bisphenols in roasted meat samples. Several important variables were optimized as follows: Na2CO3 and tartaric acid as acidic and alk. sources, 900μLof the mixed solvent (acetone and hexane at 2:1 by volume/volume) as the eluent, 5 min of elution time. Under optimized conditions, the novel method gave low limits of detection (0.07-0.30μg kg-1), satisfactory recoveries (86.9-103.9%), and high precision (relative standard deviations of 1.9-6.7%) in roasted lamb, beef, pork, chicken, and sausage samples. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4,4′-Methylenediphenol (cas: 620-92-8Synthetic Route of C13H12O2).

4,4′-Methylenediphenol (cas: 620-92-8) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.Synthetic Route of C13H12O2

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Single-lipid dynamics in phase-separated supported lipid bilayers was written by Woodward, Xinxin;Kelly, Christopher V.. And the article was included in Chemistry and Physics of Lipids in 2020.Electric Literature of C37H74NO8P The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Phase separation is a fundamental organizing mechanism on cellular membranes. Lipid phases have complex dependencies on the membrane composition, curvature, tension, and temperature Lipid diffusion rates vary by up to ten-fold between liquid-disordered (Ld) and liquid-ordered (Lo) phases depending on the membrane composition, measurement technique, and the surrounding environment. This manuscript reports the lipid diffusion on phase-separated supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) with varying temperature, composition, and lipid phase. Lipid diffusion is measured by single-particle tracking (SPT) and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) via custom data acquisition and anal. protocols that apply to diverse membranes systems. Traditionally, SPT is sensitive to diffuser aggregation, whereas the diffusion rates reported by FCS are unaffected by the presence of immobile aggregates. Within this manuscript, we report (1) improved single-particle tracking anal. of lipid diffusion, (2) comparison and consistency between diffusion measurement methods for non-Brownian diffusers, and (3) the application of these methods to measure the phase, temperature, and composition dependencies in lipid diffusion. We demonstrate improved SPT anal. methods that yield consistent FCS and SPT diffusion results even when most fluorescent lipids are frequently confined within aggregates within the membrane. With varying membrane composition and temperature, we demonstrate differences in diffusion between the Ld and Lo phases of SLBs. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate (cas: 923-61-5Electric Literature of C37H74NO8P).

(2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate (cas: 923-61-5) belongs to alcohols. The oxygen atom of the strongly polarized O―H bond of an alcohol pulls electron density away from the hydrogen atom. This polarized hydrogen, which bears a partial positive charge, can form a hydrogen bond with a pair of nonbonding electrons on another oxygen atom. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized at all without breaking carbon-carbon bonds, whereas primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or further oxidized to carboxylic acids.Electric Literature of C37H74NO8P

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Promotion of cell membrane fusion by cell-cell attachment through cell surface modification with functional peptide-PEG-lipids was written by Yoshihara, Akifumi;Watanabe, Sayumi;Goel, Isha;Ishihara, Kazuhiko;Ekdahl, Kristina N.;Nilsson, Bo;Teramura, Yuji. And the article was included in Biomaterials in 2020.Application of 923-61-5 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Cell fusion is a fundamental event in various biol. processes and has been applied to a number of biotechnologies. However, cell fusion efficiency is still low and strongly depends on cell lines and skills, though some improvements have been made. Our hypothesis is that two distinct cell membranes need to be brought together for cell membrane fusion, which is important for mimicking cell fusion in vitro. Here, we aimed to improve the homogeneous and heterogeneous cell fusion efficiency using a cell-cell attachment technique. We modified cellular membranes with two distinctive poly(ethylene glycol)-lipids (PEG-lipids) carrying oligopeptide, three repeated units of the EIAALEK and KIAALKE sequences (fuE3 and fuK3, resp.), which induce cell-cell attachment. The ratio and area of cell-cell attachment can be controlled through surface modification with fuE3-and fuK3-PEG-lipids by changing the number of each incorporated peptide. By combining this technique with the PEG-induced method, the cell fusion efficiency was significantly improved for homogeneous and heterogeneous cell fusion compared to conventional PEG-induced methods. For homogeneous CCRF-CEM cell fusion, the efficiency increased up to 64% from the 8.4% with the PEG-induced method. In addition, for heterogeneous cell fusion of myeloma cells and splenocytes, the efficiency increased up to 18% from almost zero. Thus, cell membrane fusion could be promoted effectively between closely contacted cell membranes induced by the cell-cell attachment technique. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate (cas: 923-61-5Application of 923-61-5).

(2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate (cas: 923-61-5) belongs to alcohols. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. Alcohols may be oxidized to give ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. These functional groups are useful for further reactions. Oxidation of organic compounds generally increases the number of bonds from carbon to oxygen (or another electronegative element, such as a halogen), and it may decrease the number of bonds to hydrogen.Application of 923-61-5

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Comparing the effects of bisphenol A, C, and F on bovine theca cells in vitro was written by Tyner, Miles D. W.;Maloney, Madeline O.;Kelley, Brendan J. B.;Combelles, Catherine M. H.. And the article was included in Reproductive Toxicology in 2022.SDS of cas: 620-92-8 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Endocrine disrupting chems. (EDCs) target aspects of hormone activity. Tightly coordinated crosstalk between two somatic cells of the ovary, granulosa and theca cells, governs steroid hormone production and plays a critical role in reproduction It is thus pertinent to understand the impact of EDCs on granulosa and theca cells. Bisphenol A (BPA), a well-known EDC, is widely used in the manufacturing of consumer products with humans routinely exposed. Strong evidence of the adverse effects of BPA on the female reproductive system has emerged and as a result, manufacturers have begun replacing BPA with other bisphenols, such as BPC and BPF. The safety of these analogs is currently unclear and should be investigated independently. Although much is known about the impact of BPA on granulosa cells, similar study of theca cells has been neglected. Further, there is a lack of studies on the impact of BPC and BPF on the female reproductive system. To fill these gaps, the present study compared the effect of BPA, BPC, and BPF on the viability and steroid production of theca cells from bovine, a clin. relevant model for human reproduction We show that BPC is more detrimental to theca cell viability and progesterone production compared to BPA. Surprisingly, we also found that BPF induces an increase in progesterone production compared to a decrease with BPA and BPC. To determine safety for the reproductive system, we conclude that a major shift away from BPA to bisphenol analogs should be investigated more thoroughly. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4,4′-Methylenediphenol (cas: 620-92-8SDS of cas: 620-92-8).

4,4′-Methylenediphenol (cas: 620-92-8) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic. Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming the alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid.SDS of cas: 620-92-8

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Analysis of lipid adsorption on nanoparticles by nanoflow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was written by Lee, Ju Yong;Wang, Hua;Pyrgiotakis, Georgios;DeLoid, Glen M.;Zhang, Zhenyuan;Beltran-Huarac, Juan;Demokritou, Philip;Zhong, Wenwan. And the article was included in Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry in 2018.Recommanded Product: (2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Nanoparticles (NPs) tend to adsorb matrix mols. like proteins and lipids incubated with biol. fluids, forming a biol. corona. While the formation and functions of protein corona have been studied extensively, little attention has been paid to lipid adsorption on NPs. However, lipids are also abundantly present in biol. fluids and play important roles in processes like cell signaling and angiogenesis. Therefore, in this study, we established the anal. procedure for study of lipid adsorption on three different types of NPs in two matrixes: human serum and heavy cream, using nanoflow liquid chromatog.-mass spectrometry (nanoflow LC-MS). Serum was chosen to represent the common environment the NPs would be present once entering human body, and heavy cream was the representative food matrix NPs may be added to improve the color or taste. Steps of liquid-liquid extraction were established and optimized to achieve maximum recovery of the adsorbed, standard lipids from the NPs. Then, the LC-MS/MS method was developed to attain base-line separation of the standard lipids that represent the major lipid classes. At last, the lipid adsorption profiles of the three NPs were compared. We found that the lipid adsorption profile on the same type of NP was significantly different between the two matrixes. The established method will help us investigate lipid adsorption on addnl. NPs and reveal how it could be affected by the physiochem. properties of NPs and the presence of proteins and other components in the biol. matrix. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate (cas: 923-61-5Recommanded Product: (2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate).

(2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate (cas: 923-61-5) belongs to alcohols. Because alcohols are easily synthesized and easily transformed into other compounds, they serve as important intermediates in organic synthesis. The most common reactions of alcohols can be classified as oxidation, dehydration, substitution, esterification, and reactions of alkoxides.Recommanded Product: (2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Quantum Chemical Calculation and Evaluation of Partition Coefficients for Classical and Emerging Environmentally Relevant Organic Compounds was written by Salthammer, Tunga;Grimme, Stefan;Stahn, Marcel;Hohm, Uwe;Palm, Wolf-Ulrich. And the article was included in Environmental Science & Technology in 2022.COA of Formula: C13H12O2 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Octanol/water (K_OW), octanol/air (K_OA), and hexadecane/air (K_HdA) partition coefficients are calculated for 67 organic compounds of environmental concern using computational chem. The extended CRENSO workflow applied here includes the calculation of extensive conformer ensembles with semiempirical methods and refinement through d. functional theory, taking into account solvation models, especially COSMO-RS, and thermostatistical contributions. This approach is particularly advantageous for describing large and nonrigid mols. With regard to K_OW and K_HdA, one can refer to many exptl. data from direct and indirect measurement methods, and very good matches with results from our quantum chem. workflow are evident. In the case of the K_OA values, however, good matches are only obtained for the exptl. determined values. Larger systematic deviations between data computed here and available, nonexperimental quant. structure-activity relationship literature data occur in particular for phthalic acid esters and organophosphate esters. From a critical anal. of the coefficients calculated in this work and comparison with available literature data, we conclude that the presented quantum chem. composite approach is the most powerful so far for calculating reliable partition coefficients because all phys. contributions to the conformational free energy are considered and the structure ensembles for the two phases are generated independently and consistently. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4,4′-Methylenediphenol (cas: 620-92-8COA of Formula: C13H12O2).

4,4′-Methylenediphenol (cas: 620-92-8) belongs to alcohols. Alcohols are among the most common organic compounds. They are used as sweeteners and in making perfumes, are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of other compounds, and are among the most abundantly produced organic chemicals in industry. Alcohols may be oxidized to give ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. These functional groups are useful for further reactions. Oxidation of organic compounds generally increases the number of bonds from carbon to oxygen (or another electronegative element, such as a halogen), and it may decrease the number of bonds to hydrogen.COA of Formula: C13H12O2

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Expression of the human molecular chaperone domain Bri2 BRICHOS on a gram per liter scale with an E. coli fed-batch culture was written by Schmuck, Benjamin;Chen, Gefei;Pelcman, Josef;Kronqvist, Nina;Rising, Anna;Johansson, Jan. And the article was included in Microbial Cell Factories in 2021.Formula: C9H18O5S The following contents are mentioned in the article:

The human Bri2 BRICHOS domain inhibits amyloid formation and toxicity and could be used as a therapeutic agent against amyloid diseases. For translation into clin. use, large quantities of correctly folded recombinant human (rh) Bri2 BRICHOS are required. To increase the expression and solubility levels of rh Bri2 BRICHOS it was fused to NT*, a solubility tag derived from the N-terminal domain of a spider silk protein, which significantly increases expression levels and solubility of target proteins. To increase the expression levels even further and reach the g/L range, which is a prerequisite for an economical production on an industrial scale, we developed a fed-batch expression protocol for Escherichia coli. A fed-batch production method for NT*-Bri2 BRICHOS was set up and systematically optimized. This gradual improvement resulted in expression levels of up to 18.8 g/L. Following expression, NT*-Bri2 BRICHOS was purified by chromatog. methods to a final yield of up to 6.5 g/L. After removal of the NT*-tag and separation into different oligomeric species, activity assays verified that different assembly states of the fed-batch produced rh Bri2 BRICHOS have the same ability to inhibit fibrillar and non-fibrillar protein aggregation as the reference protein isolated from shake flask cultures. The protocol developed in this work allows the production of large quantities of rh Bri2 BRICHOS using the solubility enhancing NT*-tag as a fusion partner, which is required to effectively conduct pre-clin. research. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-(isopropylthio)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 367-93-1Formula: C9H18O5S).

(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-(isopropylthio)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (cas: 367-93-1) belongs to alcohols. Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols.Formula: C9H18O5S

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts