Month: September 2022

With respect to acute toxicity, simple alcohols have low acute toxicities. Doses of several milliliters are tolerated. 7748-36-9, formula is C3H6O2, For pentanols, hexanols, octanols and longer alcohols, LD50 range from 2–5 g/kg (rats, oral). Ethanol is less acutely toxic.All alcohols are mild skin irritants. Synthetic Route of 7748-36-9

Cheong, Jae Eun;Zaffagni, Michela;Chung, Ivy;Xu, Yingjie;Wang, Yiqiang;Jernigan, Finith E.;Zetter, Bruce R.;Sun, Lijun research published 《 Synthesis and anticancer activity of novel water soluble benzimidazole carbamates》, the research content is summarized as follows. Metastases account for more than 90% of all cancer deaths and respond poorly to most therapies. There remains an urgent need for new therapeutic modalities for the treatment of advanced metastatic cancers. The benzimidazole methylcarbamate drugs, commonly used as anti-helmintics, have been suggested to have anticancer activity, but progress has been stalled by their poor water solubility and poor suitability for systemic delivery to disseminated cancers. We synthesized and characterized the anticancer activity of novel benzimidazoles containing an oxetane or an amine group to enhance solubility Among them, the novel oxetanyl substituted compound I demonstrated significant cytotoxicity toward a variety of cancer cell types including prostate, lung, and ovarian cancers with strong activity toward highly aggressive cancer lines (IC₅₀: 0.9-3.8 μM). Compound I achieved aqueous solubility of 361 μM. In a mouse xenograft model of a highly metastatic human prostate cancer, compound I (30 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the growth of established tumors (T/C: 0.36) without noticeable toxicity.

7748-36-9, Oxetan-3-ol is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C3H6O2 and its molecular weight is 74.08 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.
Oxetan-3-ol is a synthetic hydroxy compound with the chemical formula C6H12O3. It is an organic solvent that can be used in reactions involving vinyl alcohol and oxetane, such as ring-opening polymerization and cationic polymerization. Oxetan-3-ol has also been shown to react with ethyl bromoacetate to form the corresponding oxetane, which can be used as a bioisostere for chloropropane, a potential replacement for chlorofluorocarbons., Synthetic Route of 7748-36-9

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Some low molecular weight alcohols of industrial importance are produced by the addition of water to alkenes. 533-73-3, formula is C6H6O3, Ethanol, isopropanol, 2-butanol, and tert-butanol are produced by this general method. Two implementations are employed, the direct and indirect methods. Formula: C6H6O3

Cheng, Yun-Fei;Li, Hui-Jing;Zhang, Yin-Lin;Wu, Yan-Chao research published 《 A concise synthesis of marine natural product (-)-15-oxopuupehenol from (+)-sclarelide》, the research content is summarized as follows. A step-economical synthesis of (-)-15-oxopuupehenol, I, from cheap and readily available (+)-sclarelide is achieved with 20.3% overall yield in 9 steps. The key features of this synthetic mythol. include a palladium catalyzed tandem carbene migratory insertion reaction to construct the key skeleton, a DDQ-mediated isomerization/oxidation of allyl alc. to afford α, β-unsaturated ketone, and a NaOH-induced intramol. Michael addition followed by acetonide deprotection to give (-)-15-oxopuupehenol.

533-73-3, Benzene-1, 2, 4-triol, also known as hydroxyhydroquinone or 1, 2, 4-benzenetriol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxyquinols and derivatives. Hydroxyquinols and derivatives are compounds containing a 1, 2, 4-trihydroxybenzene moiety. Benzene-1, 2, 4-triol is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, benzene-1, 2, 4-triol can be found in tea. This makes benzene-1, 2, 4-triol a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
Benzene-1,2,4-triol is a benzenetriol carrying hydroxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 4. It has a role as a mouse metabolite.
1,2,4-Benzenetriol is a metabolite of benzene.
1,2,4-Benzenetriol is an intermediary metabolite of benzene that is present in roasted coffee beans. It is mutagenic and it causes cleaving of DNA single strands by the generation of reactive oxygen species.
1,2,4-Benzenetriol is a reactive molecule that has been shown to have hydrogen bonding interactions with copper chloride. It has been proposed as an inhibitor of methyltransferase, which is involved in the synthesis of methionine. Studies have shown that 1,2,4-Benzenetriol can also inhibit iron homeostasis and transfer reactions. The x-ray diffraction data for this compound shows that it forms a complex with the hydroxyl group. This complex is stabilized by hydrogen bonding interactions with the hydroxylic proton of the 1,2,4-benzenetriol molecule. 1,2,4-Benzenetriol has been shown to be toxic to HL-60 cells and K562 cells at concentrations greater than 5 mM. It has also been found to be effective against chlorogenic acids and other compounds in energy metabolism studies at concentrations between 0.5 and 2 mM., Formula: C6H6O3

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

In general, the hydroxyl group makes alcohols polar. 16545-68-9, formula is C3H6O, Because of hydrogen bonding, alcohols tend to have higher boiling points than comparable hydrocarbons and ethers. HPLC of Formula: 16545-68-9

Cheng, Kevin;Carroll, Patrick J.;Walsh, Patrick J. research published 《 Diastereoselective Preparation of Cyclopropanols Using Methylene Bis(iodozinc)》, the research content is summarized as follows. A diastereoselective synthesis of trans-2-substituted cyclopropanols is outlined. Bimetallic CH₂(ZnI)₂ was found to react with α-chloroaldehydes to give cyclopropanols in yields of 64-89% and dr’s ≥ 10:1. The high trans-selectivity resulted from equilibration of the cyclopropoxide intermediates.

16545-68-9, Cyclopropanol is a cyclopropane in which a hydrogen atom is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is a member of cyclopropanes and an aliphatic alcohol.
Cyclopropanol is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C3H6O and its molecular weight is 58.08 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.
Cyclopropanol is a cyclic organic compound that is synthesized from sodium hydroxide solution, nitrogen atoms, and carbonyl groups. Cyclopropanol has shown inhibitory effects on inflammatory bowel disease in rats. This drug also inhibits the production of hydrogen chloride and hydrochloric acid in the stomach, which can lead to ulcers. Cyclopropanol has been found to be effective against bowel diseases such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. This drug has been shown to have strong antioxidant properties, which may be due to its ability to reduce hydroxyl radicals., HPLC of Formula: 16545-68-9

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Simple alcohols are found widely in nature. Ethanol is the most prominent because it is the product of fermentation, a major energy-producing pathway. 7748-36-9, formula is C3H6O2, Other simple alcohols, chiefly fusel alcohols, are formed in only trace amounts. More complex alcohols however are pervasive, as manifested in sugars, some amino acids, and fatty acids. , Reference of 7748-36-9

Chen, Zhixiang;Jiang, Yongwen;Zhang, Li;Guo, Yinlong;Ma, Dawei research published 《 Oxalic Diamides and tert-Butoxide: Two Types of Ligands Enabling Practical Access to Alkyl Aryl Ethers via Cu-Catalyzed Coupling Reaction》, the research content is summarized as follows. A robust and practical protocol for preparing alkyl aryl ethers has been developed, which relies on using two types of ligands to promote Cu-catalyzed alkoxylation of (hetero)aryl halides. The reaction scope is very general for a variety of coupling partners, particularly for challenging secondary alcs. and (hetero)aryl chlorides. In case of coupling with aryl chlorides and bromides, two oxalic diamides serve as the powerful ligands. The tert-butoxide is first demonstrated as a ligand for Cu-catalyzed coupling reaction, leading to alkoxylation of aryl iodides complete at room temperature Addnl., a number of carbohydrate derivatives are applicable for this coupling reaction, affording the corresponding carbohydrate-aryl ethers in 29-98% yields.

Reference of 7748-36-9, Oxetan-3-ol is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C3H6O2 and its molecular weight is 74.08 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.
Oxetan-3-ol is a synthetic hydroxy compound with the chemical formula C6H12O3. It is an organic solvent that can be used in reactions involving vinyl alcohol and oxetane, such as ring-opening polymerization and cationic polymerization. Oxetan-3-ol has also been shown to react with ethyl bromoacetate to form the corresponding oxetane, which can be used as a bioisostere for chloropropane, a potential replacement for chlorofluorocarbons., 7748-36-9.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

In general, the hydroxyl group makes alcohols polar. Those groups can form hydrogen bonds to one another and to most other compounds. 527-07-1, formula is C6H11NaO7, Owing to the presence of the polar OH alcohols are more water-soluble than simple hydrocarbons. Methanol, ethanol, and propanol are miscible in water. Butanol, with a four-carbon chain, is moderately soluble. Quality Control of 527-07-1

Chen, Yuqiu;Meng, Xianglei;Cai, Yingjun;Liang, Xiaodong;Kontogeorgis, Georgios M. research published 《 Optimal Aqueous Biphasic Systems Design for the Recovery of Ionic Liquids》, the research content is summarized as follows. Ionic liquid-based aqueous biphasic systems (IL-ABS) have attracted much attention in both academia and industries due to their superior performance in many applications. In order to better utilize these novel biphasic liquid-liquid systems for recovering hydrophilic ILs from their dilute aqueous solutions, a machine learning (ML)-based ABS design method is proposed for such a purpose in this work. In this method, an ML-based model, i.e., artificial neural network (ANN)-group contribution (GC) model, is employed to predict the phase equilibrium behaviors of IL-ABS. Based on the integration with a computer-aided design technique, the optimal IL-ABS is determined by formulating and solving an optimization-based mixed-integer non-linear programming problem, where the structure of IL-ABS is denoted as the input vector in the ANN-GC model. As a proof of the concept, results of the recovery of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C₄mIm][Cl]) and n-butylpyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate ([C₄Py][TfO]) from aqueous solutions are presented. The ABS [C₄mIm][Cl]-H₂O-(NH₄)₂SO₃ (identified in this work) gives an IL recovery efficiency of 95.0 wt % and a salting-out agent input of 2.36 kg/kg IL recovery, and for the ABS [C₄mIm][Cl]-H₂O-K₂CO₃ (reported in the literature), they are 81.7 and 5.25, resp. For the second case, our proposed ABS [C₄Py][TfO]-H₂O-KH₂PO₄ gives an IL recovery efficiency of 95.6 wt % and a salting-out agent input of 1.81 kg/kg IL recovery, and for the reported ABS [C₄Py][TfO]-H₂O-(NH₄)₂SO₄, they are 80.6 and 3.16, resp.

527-07-1, Sodium Gluconate is the sodium salt of gluconic acid with chelating property. Sodium gluconate chelates and forms stable complexes with various ions, preventing them from engaging in chemical reactions.
Sodium gluconate is an organic sodium salt having D-gluconate as the counterion. It has a role as a chelator. It contains a D-gluconate.
D-Gluconic acid sodium salt is a glycol ether that is used as an injection solution. It has been shown to have antibacterial efficacy against wild-type strains of bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. The in vitro antimicrobial action of D-gluconic acid sodium salt was found to be due to its ability to inhibit bacterial growth by interfering with the synthesis of DNA. D-gluconic acid sodium salt also has been shown to have antihypertensive effects in rats through the inhibition of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) signaling pathway and erythrocyte proliferation. This drug also has been shown to bind benzalkonium chloride and x-ray diffraction data show that it is crystalline in nature. The analytical method for determining the concentration of D-gluconic acid sodium salt is by electrochemical impedance, Quality Control of 527-07-1

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

Simple alcohols are found widely in nature. Ethanol is the most prominent because it is the product of fermentation, a major energy-producing pathway. 72824-04-5, formula is C9H17BO2, Other simple alcohols, chiefly fusel alcohols, are formed in only trace amounts. More complex alcohols however are pervasive, as manifested in sugars, some amino acids, and fatty acids. , Computed Properties of 72824-04-5

Chen, Ye-Wei;Liu, Yang;Lu, Han-Yu;Lin, Guo-Qiang;He, Zhi-Tao research published 《 Palladium-catalyzed regio- and enantioselective migratory allylic C(sp³)-H functionalization》, the research content is summarized as follows. Here a catalytic protocol for the long-standing challenging enantioselective allylic C(sp³)-H functionalization was reported. Through palladium hydride-catalyzed chain-walking and allylic substitution, allylic C-H functionalization of a wide range of acyclic nonconjugated dienes was achieved in high yields (up to 93% yield), high enantioselectivities (up to 98:2 er), and with 100% atom efficiency. Exploring the reactivity of substrates with varying pKa values uncovers a reasonable scope of nucleophiles and potential factors controlling the reaction. A set of efficient downstream transformations to enantiopure skeletons showcase the practical value of the methodol. Mechanistic experiments corroborate the PdH-catalyzed asym. migratory allylic substitution process.

72824-04-5, Allylboronic acid pinacol ester is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C9H17BO2 and its molecular weight is 168.04 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.
Allylboronic acid pinacol ester is an allylation reagent that is used to produce aldehydes from ketones. It reacts with water, yielding the desired product and formaldehyde as a byproduct. The reaction proceeds through a sequence of steps, in which the boronate ester first reacts with water to form an allylboronate ion and hydrogen gas. This intermediate then reacts with potassium t-butoxide to produce the desired allyl alcohol and potassium borohydride. Finally, the palladium complex catalyst reduces the carbonyl group of the starting material, converting it into an aldehyde. Allylboronic acid pinacol ester is commercially available as a white solid, but can also be synthesized from 2-chloro-5-pinacolylborane (pinacol) in high yield using catalytic cross coupling reactions., Computed Properties of 72824-04-5

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

In general, the hydroxyl group makes alcohols polar. Those groups can form hydrogen bonds to one another and to most other compounds. 24034-73-9, formula is C20H34O, Owing to the presence of the polar OH alcohols are more water-soluble than simple hydrocarbons. Methanol, ethanol, and propanol are miscible in water. Butanol, with a four-carbon chain, is moderately soluble. Application of C20H34O

Chen, Ya-Hui;Huang, Ying-Chih;Yang, Shun-Fa;Yen, Hsu-Heng;Tsai, Horng-Der;Hsieh, Ming-Chia;Hsiao, Yi-Hsuan research published 《 Pitavastatin and metformin synergistically activate apoptosis and autophagy in pancreatic cancer cells》, the research content is summarized as follows. Pancreatic cancer is the seventh leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally. Metformin is the standard first-line of treatment for hyperglycemia in Type 2 diabetes, whereas pitavastatin is a cholesterol-lowering drug used to prevent cardiovascular diseases. Both these agents evidently exert anticancer effects on pancreatic cancer; however, it remains unclear whether cotreatment using them has additive or synergistic anticancer effects on pancreatic cancer. Thus, we herein used the ASPC-1 and PANC-1 cells and treated them with metformin and/or pitavastatin. We performed the cell viability assay, transwell migration assay, and cell cycle anal. using flow cytometry. Western blotting was used to determine protein levels. We found that cotreatment with metformin (30 mM) and pitavastatin (10μM) significantly reduced cell viability; caused G0/G1 cell cycle arrest; upregulated the expression levels of Bax, PCNA, cleaved PARP-1, cleaved caspase-3, LC3 II, and p27 Kip1/p21Cip1; and inhibited cell migration. The combination index value for cell viability indicated a synergistic interaction between metformin and pitavastatin. Moreover, cotreating the cells with metformin (30 mM) and pitavastatin (10μM) could preserve mitochondrial function, activate AMPK, and inhibit PI3K/mTOR than treatment with metformin or pitavastatin alone. These findings clearly indicated that metformin plus pitavastatin had a synergistic anticancer effect on pancreatic cancer cells, potentially caused due to the activation of AMPK and inhibition of PI3K/mTOR signaling. Altogether, our results provide that use of metformin plus pitavastatin maybe serve as a chemotherapeutic agent for human pancreatic cancer in future.

Application of C20H34O, Geranylgeraniol is a diterpenoid that is hexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7, 11 and 15 and a hydroxy group at position 1. It has a role as a plant metabolite, a volatile oil component and an antileishmanial agent. It is a diterpenoid and a polyprenol.

Geranylgeraniol, a precursor to geranylgeranylpyrophosphate, is an intermediate in the mevalonate pathway. Geranylgeraniol has been shown to prevent bone re-absorption, inhibition of osteoclast formation, and kinase activation in vitro. When working with statins, Geranylgeraniol can reduce the toxicity without inhibiting the cholesterol-producing effects. Geranylgeraniol has been documented to counteract the effects of fluvastatin by inhibiting activation of caspase-1 and production of IL-1. Additionally Geranylgeraniol has been found to induce apoptosis in HL-60 cells.
, 24034-73-9.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

In general, the hydroxyl group makes alcohols polar. Those groups can form hydrogen bonds to one another and to most other compounds. 72824-04-5, formula is C9H17BO2, Owing to the presence of the polar OH alcohols are more water-soluble than simple hydrocarbons. Methanol, ethanol, and propanol are miscible in water. Butanol, with a four-carbon chain, is moderately soluble. HPLC of Formula: 72824-04-5

Chen, Xuan;Zard, Samir Z. research published 《 Convergent Route to β-Amino Acids and to β-Heteroarylethylamines: An Unexpected Vinylation Reaction》, the research content is summarized as follows. Various protected β²-amino acids can be prepared by radical addition of β-phthalimido-α-xanthyl propionic acid, both as the free acid or as the Et ester. Successive radical additions provide access to more complex structures. In the case of the free acid, addition to certain heteroaromatics leads directly to β-heteroarylethylamines through spontaneous decarboxylation of the intermediate adduct. Forcing the decarboxylation in some cases generated a vinyl group by decarboxylative elimination of the phthalimido group.

HPLC of Formula: 72824-04-5, Allylboronic acid pinacol ester is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C9H17BO2 and its molecular weight is 168.04 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.
Allylboronic acid pinacol ester is an allylation reagent that is used to produce aldehydes from ketones. It reacts with water, yielding the desired product and formaldehyde as a byproduct. The reaction proceeds through a sequence of steps, in which the boronate ester first reacts with water to form an allylboronate ion and hydrogen gas. This intermediate then reacts with potassium t-butoxide to produce the desired allyl alcohol and potassium borohydride. Finally, the palladium complex catalyst reduces the carbonyl group of the starting material, converting it into an aldehyde. Allylboronic acid pinacol ester is commercially available as a white solid, but can also be synthesized from 2-chloro-5-pinacolylborane (pinacol) in high yield using catalytic cross coupling reactions., 72824-04-5.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts

In general, the hydroxyl group makes alcohols polar. 16545-68-9, formula is C3H6O, Because of hydrogen bonding, alcohols tend to have higher boiling points than comparable hydrocarbons and ethers. Application of C3H6O

Chen, Tao;Reich, Nicholas William;Bell, Noah;Finn, Patricia D.;Rodriguez, David;Kohler, Jill;Kozuka, Kenji;He, Limin;Spencer, Andrew G.;Charmot, Dominique;Navre, Marc;Carreras, Christopher W.;Koo-McCoy, Samantha;Tabora, Jocelyn;Caldwell, Jeremy S.;Jacobs, Jeffrey W.;Lewis, Jason Gustaf research published 《 Design of Gut-Restricted Thiazolidine Agonists of G Protein-Coupled Bile Acid Receptor 1 (GPBAR1, TGR5)》, the research content is summarized as follows. Bile acid signaling and metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract have wide-ranging influences on systemic disease. G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1, TGR5) is one of the major effectors in bile acid sensing, with demonstrated influence on metabolic, inflammatory and proliferative processes. The pharmacol. utility of TGR5 agonists has been limited by systemic target-related effects such as excessive gallbladder filling and blockade of gallbladder emptying. Gut-restricted TGR5 agonists, however, have the potential to avoid these side effects and consequently be developed into drugs with acceptable safety profiles. The authors describe the discovery and optimization of a series of gut-restricted TGR5 agonists that elicit a potent response in mice, with minimal gallbladder-related effects. The series includes 12 (4-(2,5-Dichloro-4-{[(4R)-4-[(4-cyclopropyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxalin-1-yl)carbonyl]-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl]methyl}-phenoxymethyl)-N-[(2S,3R,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexyl]-benzamide) (TGR5 EC₅₀: human, 143 nM; mouse, 1.2 nM), a compound with minimal systemic availability that may have therapeutic value to patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, non-alc. steatohepatitis or inflammatory bowel disease.

Application of C3H6O, Cyclopropanol is a cyclopropane in which a hydrogen atom is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is a member of cyclopropanes and an aliphatic alcohol.
Cyclopropanol is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C3H6O and its molecular weight is 58.08 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.
Cyclopropanol is a cyclic organic compound that is synthesized from sodium hydroxide solution, nitrogen atoms, and carbonyl groups. Cyclopropanol has shown inhibitory effects on inflammatory bowel disease in rats. This drug also inhibits the production of hydrogen chloride and hydrochloric acid in the stomach, which can lead to ulcers. Cyclopropanol has been found to be effective against bowel diseases such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. This drug has been shown to have strong antioxidant properties, which may be due to its ability to reduce hydroxyl radicals., 16545-68-9.

Referemce:
Alcohol – Wikipedia,
Alcohols – Chemistry LibreTexts